Araştırma Makalesi
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İnternete Erişim Hakkı

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 80 Sayı: 3, 141 - 173, 25.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1159396

Öz

İnternetin hayatımızın bir parçası haline gelmesi ile birlikte bu teknolojiye erişimin bir hak olarak düzenlenip düzenlenemeyeceği de tartışma konusu olmuştur. İnternete erişimin bir hak olduğunu savunan yazarların bir kısmı bu hakkın mevcut temel haklardan türediğini, diğer kısmı ise tek başına bir hak olarak düzenlenmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır. COVID-19 döneminde internete erişime duyulan ihtiyaç “dijital uçurum”u belirgin hale getirmiştir. İnternete erişime sahip olanlarla olmayanlar arasında temel hakların kullanılması açısından olduğu gibi ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel alanlardaki uçurum derinleşmiştir. Uluslararası hukukta henüz bir istisna dışında temel hak olarak düzenlenmeyen internete erişim hakkı, yerel hukuklarda anayasal denetim organlarının kararlarıyla ya da evrensel hizmet kanunlarıyla korunmaktadır. Günümüzde sadece Yunanistan Anayasası internete erişimi bir hak olarak düzenlemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akıllıoğlu, Tekin. İnsan Hakları - Kavram, Kaynakları ve Koruma Sistemleri. 2. baskı. Ankara: İmaj Kitabevi, 2010.
  • Algan, Bülent. Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Hakların Korunması. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Anders, Wendy. “Costa Rica’s High Court Orders Changes to Internet Speed Restrictions”. The Costa Rica Star. Erişim 19 Ekim 2021. https://news.co.cr/costa-ricas-high-court-orders-changes-internet-speed-restrictions/63366/.
  • Avcı, Artun. Türkiye’de İnternet ve İfade Özgürlüğü. İstanbul: Legal Yayıncılık, 2013.
  • Ayaz, Taner ve Şevki Işıklı. “Bir İnsan hakkı Olarak İnternet Erişimi: herkes için İnternet Tartışması.” ISOPHOS, no. 4 (2020): 1-17.
  • Aybay, Rona. İnsan Hakları Seçilmiş Makaleler. İstanbul: Pencere Yayınları, 2010.
  • Best, Michael L. “Can the Internet Be a Human Right?” Human Rgihts & Human Welfare 4, sy 1 (2004): 23-31.
  • Bilaney, Kunal, ve Gauri Thampi. “Internet Access as an Independent Human Right: A Palpable Consequence of the Covid-19 Pandemic?” Kathmandu School of Law Review, 2020, 82-97. https://doi.org/10.46985/kslr.v8i2.2154.
  • Cerf, Winton G. “Internet Access Is Not a Human Right.” New York Times, 04 Ocak 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/opinion/internet-access-is-not-a-human-right.html.
  • Dijk, Jan A.G.M. van. “A Theory of Digital Divide.” Içinde The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective, editör Massimo Ragnedda ve lenn.W. Muschert, 2013. 29-51. Routledge Advances in Sociology 73. London, New York: Routledge.
  • Erdoğan, Mustafa. İnsan Hakları Teorisi ve Hukuku. 5. baskı. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi, 2016.
  • Freeman, Micheal. İnsan Hakları: Disiplinler Arası bir Yaklaşım. Çeviren Erkan Koca ve Asena Topçubaşı. Ankara: Birleşik Yayınevi, 2008.
  • Gözler, Kemal. İnsan Hakları Hukuku. Bursa: Ekin Basın yayın Dağıtım, 2017.
  • Hert, Paul De, ve Dariusz Kloza. “Internet (Access) as a New Fundamental Right. Inflating the Current Rights Rramework?” European Jornal of Law and Technology 3, no. 3 (2012): 1-23.
  • Joyce, Daniel. “Internet Freedom and Human Rights.” European Journal of International Law 26, no. 2 (Mayıs 2015): 493-514. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chv021.
  • Kapani, Münci. Kamu Hürriyetleri. 7. baskı. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 1993.
  • Karanicolas, Michael. “Bridging the Divide: Understanding and Implementing Access to the Internet as a Human Right.” The Journal of Community Informatics 10, no. 2 (2014). https://doi.org/10.15353/joci.v10i2.2648.
  • Kent, Bülent. “Telekomünikasyon Sektöründe Evrensel Hizmet Kavramı.” Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 16, no. 2 (Nisan 2012): 169-98.
  • Kurt, Z. Emre. “Ucuz, Sansürsüz ve Hızlı İnternete Erişim Hakkı.” Ankara Barosu Dergisi 72, no. 2 (Nisan 2015): 287-93.
  • La Rue, Frank. “Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development.” UN, 16 Mayıs 2011. https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_HRD-9970-2016149.
  • Lai, John ve Nicole O. Widmar. “Revisiting the Digital Divide in the COVID‐19 Era.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 43, no. 1 (Mart 2021): 458-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13104.
  • Land, Molly. “Toward an International Law of the Internet.” Harvard International Law Journal 54, no. 2 (458 393M.S.): 66.
  • Lucchi, Nicola. “Access to Network Services and Pretection of Constitutional Rights: Recognizing the Essetial Role of Internet Access for Freedom of Expression.” Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law 19, no. 3 (2011): 645-78.
  • Lucchi, Nicola. Nicola Lucchi, “The Role of Internet Access in Enabling Individual’s Rights and Freedoms.” EUI RSCAS, 2013/47, Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF) - http://hdl.handle.net/1814/27435.
  • Mathiesen, Kay. “Human Rights for the Digital Age.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 29, no. 1 (02 Ocak 2014): 2-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2014.863124.
  • Oyedemi, Toks. “Internet Access as Citizen’s Right? Citizenship in the Digital Age.” Citizenship Studies 19, no. 3-4 (03 Nisan 2015): 450-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.970441.
  • Pollicino, Oreste. “The Right to Internet Access: Quid Iuris?” Içinde The Cambridge Handbook of New Human Rights, editör Andreas von Arnauld, Kerstin von der Decken ve Mart Susi. 263-75. Cambridge University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676106.021.
  • Ramsetty, Anita ve Cristin Adams. “Impact of the Digital Divide in the Age of COVID-19.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 27, no. 7 (01 Temmuz 2020): 1147-48. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa078.
  • Reglitz, Merten. “The Human Right to Free Internet Access.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 37, no. 2 (Mayıs 2020): 314-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12395.
  • Shandler, Ryan ve Daphna Canetti. “A Reality of Vulnerability and Dependence: Internet Access as a Human Right.” Israel Law Review 52, no. 1 (Mart 2019): 77-98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223718000262.
  • Silva, Alberto J. Cerda. “Internet Freedom Is Not Enough: Towards an Internet Based on Human Rights.” SUR - International Journal of Human Rights 10, no. 18 (2013): 17-31.
  • Skepys, Brian. “Is There a Human Right to the Internet?.” Journal of Politics and Law 5, no. 4 (29 Kasım 2012): 15-29. https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v5n4p15.
  • Sostero, Matteo, Santo Milasi, John Hurley, Enrique Fernandez-Macias ve Martina Bisello. “JRC Technical Report: Teleworkability and the COVID-19 Crisis: A New Digital Divide?.” European Commission, 2020.
  • Sunay, Reyhan. Hukuk ve Siyaset Ekseninde İnsan Hakları. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Wang, Xiaowei. “A Human Right to Internet Access: A Gewirthian Approach.” Frontiers of Philosophy in China 11, no. 2 (2019): 6952-70.
  • Wang, Xiaowei. “Time to Think about Human Right to the Internet Access: A Beitz’s Approach”. Journal of Politics and Law 6, no. 3 (29 Ağustos 2013): 67-77. https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v6n3p67.
  • Warschauer, Mark. “Demystifying the Digital Divide.” Scientific American 289, no. 2 (Ağustos 2003): 42-47.
  • Wicker, Stephen B., ve Stephanie M. Santoso. “Access to the Internet Is a Human Right.” ACM Transactions in Accessible Computing 56, no. 6 (Haziran 2013): 43-46. https://doi.org/10.1145/2461256.2461271.
  • Winter, Jennifer S. “Is Internet Access a Human Right? Linking Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Development with Global Human Rights Efforts.” The Global Studies Journal 5, no. 3 (2013): 35-48.

Right to Internet Access

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 80 Sayı: 3, 141 - 173, 25.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1159396

Öz

As soon as the internet become a part of our everyday life, whether access to this technology shall be considered a right or not, has been a point of debate. Those who support the right to internet access can be divided into two groups. First group claims that this right is a derivative of long-established rights whereas the second group claims that the right to internet access shall be a standalone right. The need for internet access during COVID-19 highlighted the “digital divide”. The distance between the individuals who does not have internet access and those who have has grown both regarding the enjoyment of fundamental rights as well as the economic, social, or cultural aspects of their lives. In domestic law internet access is protected by constitutional review organs or under universal service acts. Only the Greek Constitution stipulates right to internet access as a standalone right.

Kaynakça

  • Akıllıoğlu, Tekin. İnsan Hakları - Kavram, Kaynakları ve Koruma Sistemleri. 2. baskı. Ankara: İmaj Kitabevi, 2010.
  • Algan, Bülent. Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Hakların Korunması. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Anders, Wendy. “Costa Rica’s High Court Orders Changes to Internet Speed Restrictions”. The Costa Rica Star. Erişim 19 Ekim 2021. https://news.co.cr/costa-ricas-high-court-orders-changes-internet-speed-restrictions/63366/.
  • Avcı, Artun. Türkiye’de İnternet ve İfade Özgürlüğü. İstanbul: Legal Yayıncılık, 2013.
  • Ayaz, Taner ve Şevki Işıklı. “Bir İnsan hakkı Olarak İnternet Erişimi: herkes için İnternet Tartışması.” ISOPHOS, no. 4 (2020): 1-17.
  • Aybay, Rona. İnsan Hakları Seçilmiş Makaleler. İstanbul: Pencere Yayınları, 2010.
  • Best, Michael L. “Can the Internet Be a Human Right?” Human Rgihts & Human Welfare 4, sy 1 (2004): 23-31.
  • Bilaney, Kunal, ve Gauri Thampi. “Internet Access as an Independent Human Right: A Palpable Consequence of the Covid-19 Pandemic?” Kathmandu School of Law Review, 2020, 82-97. https://doi.org/10.46985/kslr.v8i2.2154.
  • Cerf, Winton G. “Internet Access Is Not a Human Right.” New York Times, 04 Ocak 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/opinion/internet-access-is-not-a-human-right.html.
  • Dijk, Jan A.G.M. van. “A Theory of Digital Divide.” Içinde The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective, editör Massimo Ragnedda ve lenn.W. Muschert, 2013. 29-51. Routledge Advances in Sociology 73. London, New York: Routledge.
  • Erdoğan, Mustafa. İnsan Hakları Teorisi ve Hukuku. 5. baskı. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi, 2016.
  • Freeman, Micheal. İnsan Hakları: Disiplinler Arası bir Yaklaşım. Çeviren Erkan Koca ve Asena Topçubaşı. Ankara: Birleşik Yayınevi, 2008.
  • Gözler, Kemal. İnsan Hakları Hukuku. Bursa: Ekin Basın yayın Dağıtım, 2017.
  • Hert, Paul De, ve Dariusz Kloza. “Internet (Access) as a New Fundamental Right. Inflating the Current Rights Rramework?” European Jornal of Law and Technology 3, no. 3 (2012): 1-23.
  • Joyce, Daniel. “Internet Freedom and Human Rights.” European Journal of International Law 26, no. 2 (Mayıs 2015): 493-514. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chv021.
  • Kapani, Münci. Kamu Hürriyetleri. 7. baskı. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 1993.
  • Karanicolas, Michael. “Bridging the Divide: Understanding and Implementing Access to the Internet as a Human Right.” The Journal of Community Informatics 10, no. 2 (2014). https://doi.org/10.15353/joci.v10i2.2648.
  • Kent, Bülent. “Telekomünikasyon Sektöründe Evrensel Hizmet Kavramı.” Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 16, no. 2 (Nisan 2012): 169-98.
  • Kurt, Z. Emre. “Ucuz, Sansürsüz ve Hızlı İnternete Erişim Hakkı.” Ankara Barosu Dergisi 72, no. 2 (Nisan 2015): 287-93.
  • La Rue, Frank. “Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development.” UN, 16 Mayıs 2011. https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_HRD-9970-2016149.
  • Lai, John ve Nicole O. Widmar. “Revisiting the Digital Divide in the COVID‐19 Era.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 43, no. 1 (Mart 2021): 458-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13104.
  • Land, Molly. “Toward an International Law of the Internet.” Harvard International Law Journal 54, no. 2 (458 393M.S.): 66.
  • Lucchi, Nicola. “Access to Network Services and Pretection of Constitutional Rights: Recognizing the Essetial Role of Internet Access for Freedom of Expression.” Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law 19, no. 3 (2011): 645-78.
  • Lucchi, Nicola. Nicola Lucchi, “The Role of Internet Access in Enabling Individual’s Rights and Freedoms.” EUI RSCAS, 2013/47, Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF) - http://hdl.handle.net/1814/27435.
  • Mathiesen, Kay. “Human Rights for the Digital Age.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 29, no. 1 (02 Ocak 2014): 2-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2014.863124.
  • Oyedemi, Toks. “Internet Access as Citizen’s Right? Citizenship in the Digital Age.” Citizenship Studies 19, no. 3-4 (03 Nisan 2015): 450-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.970441.
  • Pollicino, Oreste. “The Right to Internet Access: Quid Iuris?” Içinde The Cambridge Handbook of New Human Rights, editör Andreas von Arnauld, Kerstin von der Decken ve Mart Susi. 263-75. Cambridge University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676106.021.
  • Ramsetty, Anita ve Cristin Adams. “Impact of the Digital Divide in the Age of COVID-19.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 27, no. 7 (01 Temmuz 2020): 1147-48. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa078.
  • Reglitz, Merten. “The Human Right to Free Internet Access.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 37, no. 2 (Mayıs 2020): 314-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12395.
  • Shandler, Ryan ve Daphna Canetti. “A Reality of Vulnerability and Dependence: Internet Access as a Human Right.” Israel Law Review 52, no. 1 (Mart 2019): 77-98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223718000262.
  • Silva, Alberto J. Cerda. “Internet Freedom Is Not Enough: Towards an Internet Based on Human Rights.” SUR - International Journal of Human Rights 10, no. 18 (2013): 17-31.
  • Skepys, Brian. “Is There a Human Right to the Internet?.” Journal of Politics and Law 5, no. 4 (29 Kasım 2012): 15-29. https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v5n4p15.
  • Sostero, Matteo, Santo Milasi, John Hurley, Enrique Fernandez-Macias ve Martina Bisello. “JRC Technical Report: Teleworkability and the COVID-19 Crisis: A New Digital Divide?.” European Commission, 2020.
  • Sunay, Reyhan. Hukuk ve Siyaset Ekseninde İnsan Hakları. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Wang, Xiaowei. “A Human Right to Internet Access: A Gewirthian Approach.” Frontiers of Philosophy in China 11, no. 2 (2019): 6952-70.
  • Wang, Xiaowei. “Time to Think about Human Right to the Internet Access: A Beitz’s Approach”. Journal of Politics and Law 6, no. 3 (29 Ağustos 2013): 67-77. https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v6n3p67.
  • Warschauer, Mark. “Demystifying the Digital Divide.” Scientific American 289, no. 2 (Ağustos 2003): 42-47.
  • Wicker, Stephen B., ve Stephanie M. Santoso. “Access to the Internet Is a Human Right.” ACM Transactions in Accessible Computing 56, no. 6 (Haziran 2013): 43-46. https://doi.org/10.1145/2461256.2461271.
  • Winter, Jennifer S. “Is Internet Access a Human Right? Linking Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Development with Global Human Rights Efforts.” The Global Studies Journal 5, no. 3 (2013): 35-48.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

İsmail Yüksel 0000-0001-8740-3520

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 80 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yüksel, İsmail. “İnternete Erişim Hakkı”. Ankara Barosu Dergisi 80, sy. 3 (Ağustos 2022): 141-73. https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1159396.