BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2013, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 83 - 110, 01.06.2013

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adhar, R. and Leigh, I., ‘Religious Freedom in the Liberal State’, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 2013.
  • Ahmed v Inner London Education Authority (1978) QB 36, 41.
  • Al-Nashif v Bulgaria, 20 June 2002 (No. 50963/99).
  • Altıparmak, K. & Karahanoğulları, O., ‘after Şahin: the Debate on Headscarves is not Over’, European Constitutional Law Review 2 (2006) 268.
  • Anagnostou, D. and Psychogiopoulou, E. (eds.), ‘The European Court of Human Rights and the Rights of Marginalized Individuals and Minorities in National Context’, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009.
  • Appleby, R.S., ‘the Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation’, Row- man & Littlefield, 1999.
  • Arai-Takahashi, Y., “The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine and the Principle of Proportionality in the Jurisprudence of the ECHR”, Cambridge University Press, 1st ed., 2002.
  • Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom, No. 7050/75, Comm. Rep. 1978, 19 DR 5.
  • Arwick, E., ‘Researching New Religious Movements: Responses and Redefinitions’, Routledge, Barker, E., ‘New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction’, Rose of Sharon Press, 1st ed., 1989.
  • Barker, E., “New Religions Movements’ in Smelser, N.J. & Baltes, P.B. (eds.), International Encyclopaedia of the Social and Behavioural Science’, 16: 10631-34, Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Beckford, J, A., New religious Movements and Rapid Social Change, sage Publications, 1st ed., 1988.
  • Boyle, K, Sheen, J., Freedom of Religion or Belief: A World Report, Routledge, 1997. 316-17.
  • Chappell v. UK Application No. 12587/86 (1987) 53 DR 241.
  • Chryssides, G. & Wilkins, M.Z. (eds.), ‘Reader in New Religious Movements: Readings in the Study of New Religious Movements’, Continuum International Publishing, 2006.
  • Chryssides, G.D., ‘Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements’, 2nd edition, Scarecrow Press, 2012.
  • Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia, 5 April 2007, No. 18147/02.
  • Church of the New Faith (Scientology) v. The Commissioner for Payroll Tax ALJRt 57 (1983) 785.
  • Church of X v. the United Kingdom, app. No. 3798/68, 13Y.B. Eur. Conv. On H.R. 306.
  • Cole-Durham, W. and Ferrari, S. (eds.), ‘Law on Religion and the State in Post-Communist Europe’, Peeters Publishers, 2004.
  • Cumper, P., ‘The Protection of Religious Rights under Section 13 of the Human Rights Act ’, [2000] Public Law, 254.
  • Cumper, P., ‘The Rights of Religious Minorities: The Legal Regulation of New Religious Move- ments, Minority rights’ in the ‘New’ Europe, 165-183, Kluwer Law International, 1999.
  • D v. France No 10180/82, 35 DR 1993 (1983).
  • Darby v. Sweden, Commission’s Report, 9 May 1989, A 187.
  • Daschke, D. and Ashcroft, W.M. (eds.), ‘New Religious Movements: A Documentary Reader’, New York University Press, 2005.
  • Deutscher Bundestag, Final Report of the Enquete Commission on ‘So-called Sects and Psycho- groups’: New Religions and Ideological Communities and Psychogroups in the Federal Republic of Germany, available at: < http://www.agpf.de/Bundestag-Enquete-english.pdf>. Doe, N., ‘Law and Religion in Europe: a Comparative Introduction’, Oxford University Press, Evans, C., ‘Freedom of religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights’, Oxford University Press, 1st ed. 2001.
  • Evans, M.D., ‘Freedom of Religion and the European Convention on Human Rights: Approaches, Trends and Tensions’, in Cane, P., Evans, C. and Robinson, Z. (eds.), ‘Law and Religion in Theoretical and Historical Context’, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 291-315.
  • Founding Church of Scientology v. United States 409 F.2d 1146 (D.D.Cir. 1969).
  • Franz, D., ‘US Immigration Court Grants Asylum to German scientologist’, New York Times, Nov. 1997, at 13.
  • Garay, A., “Liberte religieuse et proselytisme: 1’experience Europeene”, Revue trimestriclle des droits de l’homme 17. Germany, ‘country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1998’, published by the Bureau of
  • Democracy, Human Rights and Labour of the State Department, 26 Feb. 1999.
  • Glasenapp v. Germany (1987) 9 EHRR 25.
  • Gldani Members of Congregation of Jehova Witnesses v. Georgia, 3 May 2007, No. 71156/01.
  • Greenawalt, K., ‘Religion as a Concept in Constitutional Law’, 72 California Law Review, 753 (1984).
  • Gunn, J., ‘Adjudicating Rights of Conscience under the European Convention on Human Rights’, in ‘Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives’, Van de Vyver, J.D. and Witte Jr., J. (eds.), the Hague, M. Nijhoff, 1996.
  • Hamilton, C., ‘Family, Law and Religion’, Sweet & Maxwell, 1995, pp. 1-11.
  • Handyside v. United Kingdom, Judgement of 7 December 1976, Series A, No. 24; (1979-80) EHHR 737.
  • Harris, D.J., O’Boyle, M., Bates, E.P., Buckley, C.M., ‘Harris, O’Boyle & Warbrick Law of the European Convention On Human Rights’, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 2009.
  • Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, 26 October 2000 (No. 30958/96).
  • Hill, M., Sandberg, R. and Doe, N. (eds.), ‘Religion and Law in the United Kingdom’, Kluwer Law International, 2011, p. 65.
  • Holy Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church v. Bulgaria, 16 September 2010, No. 35677/04.
  • Iban, I, C., ‘Religious Tolerance and Freedom in Continental Europe’, Ratio Juris. Vol. 10 No. March 1997 (90-107).
  • Introvigne, M., ‘Something Peculiar about France: Anti-Cult Campaigns in Western Europe and French Religious Exceptionalism’, in Lewis (ed.), ‘The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements’, Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 206-119.
  • ISKCON v. UK No 20490/92 hudoc (1994).
  • Jehovah Witnesses of Moscow and Others v. Russian, 10 June 2010 (No. 302/02).
  • Kent, S.A., ‘the French and German versus American Debate over “New Religions”, Scientology, and Human Rights’, Marburg Journal of Religion, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2001.
  • Kimlya and others v. Russia, no. 76836/01 and 32782/03, 1 October 2009.
  • Knight, S., ‘Freedom of Religion, minorities, and the Law’, Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Kokkinakis v. Greece (1994) 17 EHHR 379.
  • Kuznetsov v. Russia, no. 184/02, paras 73-74, 11 January 2007.
  • Lewis, J.R. (ed.), ‘Scientology’, Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Lewis, J.R. and Lewis, S.M., ‘Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide’, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Lewis, J.R., ‘Violence and New Religious Movements’, Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Leyla Şahin v. Turkey (GC), 18 March 2011 (No. 30814/06).
  • Luca, N., ‘Is there a Unique French Policy of Cults? A European Perspective’, in Richardson, J.T. (ed.), ‘Regulating Religion: Case Studies from around the Globe’, pp. 58-79, Springer, 2013.
  • Lucas, P.C. and Robbins, T. (eds.), ‘New Religious Movements in the Twenty-First Century: Legal, Political and Social Changes in Global Perspective’, Routledge, 2004.
  • Martin, W.R., ‘The Kingdom of the Cults’, Bethany House, 2003; Gallagher, E.V., ‘The New
  • Religious Movements Experience in America’, Greenwood Press, 2004.
  • McGoldrick, ‘Human Rights and Religion: the Islamic Headscarf Debate in Europe, Oxford: Hart, 2006.
  • McKay, G., ‘Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe’, Verlag Peter Lang, 2009.
  • Melton, G.J., ‘Scientology in Europe: Testing the Faith of a New Religion’ in Davis, D. and Besier, G., ‘International Perspectives on Freedom and Equality of Belief’, pp. 69-84, Baylor U.P., 2002, pp. 69-84.
  • Melton, J.G., ‘An Introduction to New Religions’ in Lewis, J.R., (ed.), ‘the Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements’, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia and Others v. Moldova, 13 December 2001, No. 45701/99
  • Supreme Holy Council of the Muslim Community v. Bulgaria, 16 December 2004, No 39023/97.
  • Mirolubovs and others v. Latvia, 15 September 2009, No. 798/05.
  • Moreno, P., The Status of Religious Freedom in OSCE countries, (the Rutherford Institute) 1997.
  • Mowbray, A., ‘European Convention on Human Rights’, Oxford University Press, 3rd ed., 2012.
  • Official Church of Scientology website: at 07 November 2013.
  • Omkarananda and Devine Light Zentrum v. Switzerland Application No. 8118/77 (1981) 25 DR 105.
  • Otto-Preminger-Institute v. Austria, (1995) 19 EHRR 34.
  • Parliamentary Assembly Report on Sects and NRMs, Rapporteur: Sir John Hunt, 29 November , Doc. 6535.
  • Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) (House of Commons) “20 May, 1998” Vol. 312 cc 989-1076.
  • R (Hodkin and Church of Scientology Religious Education College Inc.) v. Registrar General for Births, Deaths and Marriages, Dec 12, [2012] EWHC 3635 Admin.
  • R v. Registrar General, ex parte Segerdal [1970] 2 QB 679.
  • R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Moon (1995) 8 Admin LR 477, 480.
  • Religionsgemeinschaft der Zeugen Jehovas and Others v. Austria (no. 40825/98), 31 July 2008.
  • Richardson, J., ‘the Deformation of New Religions: Impact of Societal and Organizational Factors’, in Robbins, W., Shepherd, W.C. & McBride, J. (eds.), ‘Cults, Culture and the Law: Perspectives on New Religious Movements’, Scholars Publishing, 1985.
  • Richardson, J.T. and Van Driel, B., ‘Journalists’ Attitudes towards New Religious Movements’, Review of Religious Research, Vol. 39, No. 2, Mass Media and Unconventional Religions (Dec. ). Richardson, J.T., ‘Law’, in Ebaugh, H.R. (ed.), Handbook of Religion and Social Institution’, pp. 227-240, Springer, 2005, p. 236.
  • Sandberg, R., ‘Law and Religion’, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Shahpanahi, N., ‘Margin of Appreciation in Context of Freedom of Religion (Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights) in the Interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights’, University of Toronto, 2011.
  • Stedman v. UK No 29107/95 hudoc (1997); 23 EHRR CD 168.
  • Svyato-Mykhaylivska Parafiya v. Ukraine, 14 June 2007, No. 77703/01.
  • Sweeney, J.A., ‘Freedom of Religion and Democratic Transition’, in Buyse, A. & Hamilton, M. (eds.), ‘Transitional Jurisprudence and the ECHR: Justice, Politics and Rights’, Cambridge University Press, 2011, P. 103.
  • Sweeney, J.A., ‘The European Court of Human Rights in the Post-Cold War Era: Universality in Transition’, Routledge, 2011.
  • The Moscow Branch of the Salvation Army v. Russia, 5 October 2006, No. 72881/01.
  • ‘The Scientology Organisation’, paper submitted by the German delegation at the OSCE Human Dimension Seminar on Constitutional and Administrative aspects on the Freedom of Religion, Warsaw, 16-19 April 1996.
  • Thomas v. Review Board, 450 U.S. 707 (1981), at 714.
  • U.S. Department of State, 2007 Report on Religious Freedom: United Kingdom available at
  • at 07 November 2013.
  • Urban, H.B., ‘The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion’, Princeton University Press, 2011, p. 201.
  • US stars accuse Bonn of Nazi View on Scientology, The Daily Telegraph, 10 January 1997, p.14.
  • Vogt v. Germany (1996) 21 EHRR 205.
  • Wessinger, C., ‘Charismatic Leaders in New Religions’, pp. 80-96 in Hammer, O. and Rothstein, M. (eds.), ‘The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements’, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • White, R.C.A. and Ovey, C., ‘The European Convention on Human Rights’, Oxford U.P., 2010.
  • Wilson, ‘the Social Dimensions of Sectarianism’, op. cit., p. 239. Wilson, B, R., “The social Dimensions of Sectarianism – Sect and NRMs in Contemporary Society, OUP, 1st ed. 1992.
  • Wingrove v. UK, (1997) 24 EHRR 1.
  • X and the Church of Scientology v. Sweden, App. No. 7805/77, 16 Eur. Comm’n H.R. Dec. & Rep. 68, 70 (1978). X v. UK No 5442/72, 1 DR 41 (1971). X v. UK No 8160/78, 22 DR 27 (1981). X v. UK No 8231/78, 28 DR 5 (1982).
  • Yourow, H.C., ‘The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in the Dynamics of European Human Rights Jurisprudence, Kluver Publishers, 1996.

New Religious Movements and Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in the European Convention on Human Rights’ Jurisprudence

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 83 - 110, 01.06.2013

Öz

This paper critically examines the attitude of the Council of Europe through the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to New Religious Movements (NRMs) sometimes referred to as ‘cults’. On the whole, in contemporary Europe, NMRs seem to have been particularly vulnerable to persecution especially since the collapse of the Soviet Empire and the subsequent integration of many Eastern European states into the Council of Europe. Even though the Strasbourg organs initially limited religious freedoms to the individual, it now accepts that a religious organization also enjoys the right to religious freedom as representative of its members. In spite of this, by and large, NRMs have been denied recognition as bona fide religious institutions in Europe. This is mainly due to the fact that the European Court allows its member states a wide margin of appreciation in such matters. The Church of Scientology has been used as an example to illustrate the challenges faced by such organizations striving for recognition. This paper also considers the approach adopted by the British courts which represent a more moderate and measured approach towards NRMs

Kaynakça

  • Adhar, R. and Leigh, I., ‘Religious Freedom in the Liberal State’, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 2013.
  • Ahmed v Inner London Education Authority (1978) QB 36, 41.
  • Al-Nashif v Bulgaria, 20 June 2002 (No. 50963/99).
  • Altıparmak, K. & Karahanoğulları, O., ‘after Şahin: the Debate on Headscarves is not Over’, European Constitutional Law Review 2 (2006) 268.
  • Anagnostou, D. and Psychogiopoulou, E. (eds.), ‘The European Court of Human Rights and the Rights of Marginalized Individuals and Minorities in National Context’, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009.
  • Appleby, R.S., ‘the Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation’, Row- man & Littlefield, 1999.
  • Arai-Takahashi, Y., “The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine and the Principle of Proportionality in the Jurisprudence of the ECHR”, Cambridge University Press, 1st ed., 2002.
  • Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom, No. 7050/75, Comm. Rep. 1978, 19 DR 5.
  • Arwick, E., ‘Researching New Religious Movements: Responses and Redefinitions’, Routledge, Barker, E., ‘New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction’, Rose of Sharon Press, 1st ed., 1989.
  • Barker, E., “New Religions Movements’ in Smelser, N.J. & Baltes, P.B. (eds.), International Encyclopaedia of the Social and Behavioural Science’, 16: 10631-34, Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Beckford, J, A., New religious Movements and Rapid Social Change, sage Publications, 1st ed., 1988.
  • Boyle, K, Sheen, J., Freedom of Religion or Belief: A World Report, Routledge, 1997. 316-17.
  • Chappell v. UK Application No. 12587/86 (1987) 53 DR 241.
  • Chryssides, G. & Wilkins, M.Z. (eds.), ‘Reader in New Religious Movements: Readings in the Study of New Religious Movements’, Continuum International Publishing, 2006.
  • Chryssides, G.D., ‘Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements’, 2nd edition, Scarecrow Press, 2012.
  • Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia, 5 April 2007, No. 18147/02.
  • Church of the New Faith (Scientology) v. The Commissioner for Payroll Tax ALJRt 57 (1983) 785.
  • Church of X v. the United Kingdom, app. No. 3798/68, 13Y.B. Eur. Conv. On H.R. 306.
  • Cole-Durham, W. and Ferrari, S. (eds.), ‘Law on Religion and the State in Post-Communist Europe’, Peeters Publishers, 2004.
  • Cumper, P., ‘The Protection of Religious Rights under Section 13 of the Human Rights Act ’, [2000] Public Law, 254.
  • Cumper, P., ‘The Rights of Religious Minorities: The Legal Regulation of New Religious Move- ments, Minority rights’ in the ‘New’ Europe, 165-183, Kluwer Law International, 1999.
  • D v. France No 10180/82, 35 DR 1993 (1983).
  • Darby v. Sweden, Commission’s Report, 9 May 1989, A 187.
  • Daschke, D. and Ashcroft, W.M. (eds.), ‘New Religious Movements: A Documentary Reader’, New York University Press, 2005.
  • Deutscher Bundestag, Final Report of the Enquete Commission on ‘So-called Sects and Psycho- groups’: New Religions and Ideological Communities and Psychogroups in the Federal Republic of Germany, available at: < http://www.agpf.de/Bundestag-Enquete-english.pdf>. Doe, N., ‘Law and Religion in Europe: a Comparative Introduction’, Oxford University Press, Evans, C., ‘Freedom of religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights’, Oxford University Press, 1st ed. 2001.
  • Evans, M.D., ‘Freedom of Religion and the European Convention on Human Rights: Approaches, Trends and Tensions’, in Cane, P., Evans, C. and Robinson, Z. (eds.), ‘Law and Religion in Theoretical and Historical Context’, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 291-315.
  • Founding Church of Scientology v. United States 409 F.2d 1146 (D.D.Cir. 1969).
  • Franz, D., ‘US Immigration Court Grants Asylum to German scientologist’, New York Times, Nov. 1997, at 13.
  • Garay, A., “Liberte religieuse et proselytisme: 1’experience Europeene”, Revue trimestriclle des droits de l’homme 17. Germany, ‘country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1998’, published by the Bureau of
  • Democracy, Human Rights and Labour of the State Department, 26 Feb. 1999.
  • Glasenapp v. Germany (1987) 9 EHRR 25.
  • Gldani Members of Congregation of Jehova Witnesses v. Georgia, 3 May 2007, No. 71156/01.
  • Greenawalt, K., ‘Religion as a Concept in Constitutional Law’, 72 California Law Review, 753 (1984).
  • Gunn, J., ‘Adjudicating Rights of Conscience under the European Convention on Human Rights’, in ‘Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives’, Van de Vyver, J.D. and Witte Jr., J. (eds.), the Hague, M. Nijhoff, 1996.
  • Hamilton, C., ‘Family, Law and Religion’, Sweet & Maxwell, 1995, pp. 1-11.
  • Handyside v. United Kingdom, Judgement of 7 December 1976, Series A, No. 24; (1979-80) EHHR 737.
  • Harris, D.J., O’Boyle, M., Bates, E.P., Buckley, C.M., ‘Harris, O’Boyle & Warbrick Law of the European Convention On Human Rights’, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 2009.
  • Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, 26 October 2000 (No. 30958/96).
  • Hill, M., Sandberg, R. and Doe, N. (eds.), ‘Religion and Law in the United Kingdom’, Kluwer Law International, 2011, p. 65.
  • Holy Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church v. Bulgaria, 16 September 2010, No. 35677/04.
  • Iban, I, C., ‘Religious Tolerance and Freedom in Continental Europe’, Ratio Juris. Vol. 10 No. March 1997 (90-107).
  • Introvigne, M., ‘Something Peculiar about France: Anti-Cult Campaigns in Western Europe and French Religious Exceptionalism’, in Lewis (ed.), ‘The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements’, Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 206-119.
  • ISKCON v. UK No 20490/92 hudoc (1994).
  • Jehovah Witnesses of Moscow and Others v. Russian, 10 June 2010 (No. 302/02).
  • Kent, S.A., ‘the French and German versus American Debate over “New Religions”, Scientology, and Human Rights’, Marburg Journal of Religion, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2001.
  • Kimlya and others v. Russia, no. 76836/01 and 32782/03, 1 October 2009.
  • Knight, S., ‘Freedom of Religion, minorities, and the Law’, Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Kokkinakis v. Greece (1994) 17 EHHR 379.
  • Kuznetsov v. Russia, no. 184/02, paras 73-74, 11 January 2007.
  • Lewis, J.R. (ed.), ‘Scientology’, Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Lewis, J.R. and Lewis, S.M., ‘Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide’, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Lewis, J.R., ‘Violence and New Religious Movements’, Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Leyla Şahin v. Turkey (GC), 18 March 2011 (No. 30814/06).
  • Luca, N., ‘Is there a Unique French Policy of Cults? A European Perspective’, in Richardson, J.T. (ed.), ‘Regulating Religion: Case Studies from around the Globe’, pp. 58-79, Springer, 2013.
  • Lucas, P.C. and Robbins, T. (eds.), ‘New Religious Movements in the Twenty-First Century: Legal, Political and Social Changes in Global Perspective’, Routledge, 2004.
  • Martin, W.R., ‘The Kingdom of the Cults’, Bethany House, 2003; Gallagher, E.V., ‘The New
  • Religious Movements Experience in America’, Greenwood Press, 2004.
  • McGoldrick, ‘Human Rights and Religion: the Islamic Headscarf Debate in Europe, Oxford: Hart, 2006.
  • McKay, G., ‘Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe’, Verlag Peter Lang, 2009.
  • Melton, G.J., ‘Scientology in Europe: Testing the Faith of a New Religion’ in Davis, D. and Besier, G., ‘International Perspectives on Freedom and Equality of Belief’, pp. 69-84, Baylor U.P., 2002, pp. 69-84.
  • Melton, J.G., ‘An Introduction to New Religions’ in Lewis, J.R., (ed.), ‘the Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements’, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia and Others v. Moldova, 13 December 2001, No. 45701/99
  • Supreme Holy Council of the Muslim Community v. Bulgaria, 16 December 2004, No 39023/97.
  • Mirolubovs and others v. Latvia, 15 September 2009, No. 798/05.
  • Moreno, P., The Status of Religious Freedom in OSCE countries, (the Rutherford Institute) 1997.
  • Mowbray, A., ‘European Convention on Human Rights’, Oxford University Press, 3rd ed., 2012.
  • Official Church of Scientology website: at 07 November 2013.
  • Omkarananda and Devine Light Zentrum v. Switzerland Application No. 8118/77 (1981) 25 DR 105.
  • Otto-Preminger-Institute v. Austria, (1995) 19 EHRR 34.
  • Parliamentary Assembly Report on Sects and NRMs, Rapporteur: Sir John Hunt, 29 November , Doc. 6535.
  • Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) (House of Commons) “20 May, 1998” Vol. 312 cc 989-1076.
  • R (Hodkin and Church of Scientology Religious Education College Inc.) v. Registrar General for Births, Deaths and Marriages, Dec 12, [2012] EWHC 3635 Admin.
  • R v. Registrar General, ex parte Segerdal [1970] 2 QB 679.
  • R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Moon (1995) 8 Admin LR 477, 480.
  • Religionsgemeinschaft der Zeugen Jehovas and Others v. Austria (no. 40825/98), 31 July 2008.
  • Richardson, J., ‘the Deformation of New Religions: Impact of Societal and Organizational Factors’, in Robbins, W., Shepherd, W.C. & McBride, J. (eds.), ‘Cults, Culture and the Law: Perspectives on New Religious Movements’, Scholars Publishing, 1985.
  • Richardson, J.T. and Van Driel, B., ‘Journalists’ Attitudes towards New Religious Movements’, Review of Religious Research, Vol. 39, No. 2, Mass Media and Unconventional Religions (Dec. ). Richardson, J.T., ‘Law’, in Ebaugh, H.R. (ed.), Handbook of Religion and Social Institution’, pp. 227-240, Springer, 2005, p. 236.
  • Sandberg, R., ‘Law and Religion’, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Shahpanahi, N., ‘Margin of Appreciation in Context of Freedom of Religion (Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights) in the Interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights’, University of Toronto, 2011.
  • Stedman v. UK No 29107/95 hudoc (1997); 23 EHRR CD 168.
  • Svyato-Mykhaylivska Parafiya v. Ukraine, 14 June 2007, No. 77703/01.
  • Sweeney, J.A., ‘Freedom of Religion and Democratic Transition’, in Buyse, A. & Hamilton, M. (eds.), ‘Transitional Jurisprudence and the ECHR: Justice, Politics and Rights’, Cambridge University Press, 2011, P. 103.
  • Sweeney, J.A., ‘The European Court of Human Rights in the Post-Cold War Era: Universality in Transition’, Routledge, 2011.
  • The Moscow Branch of the Salvation Army v. Russia, 5 October 2006, No. 72881/01.
  • ‘The Scientology Organisation’, paper submitted by the German delegation at the OSCE Human Dimension Seminar on Constitutional and Administrative aspects on the Freedom of Religion, Warsaw, 16-19 April 1996.
  • Thomas v. Review Board, 450 U.S. 707 (1981), at 714.
  • U.S. Department of State, 2007 Report on Religious Freedom: United Kingdom available at
  • at 07 November 2013.
  • Urban, H.B., ‘The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion’, Princeton University Press, 2011, p. 201.
  • US stars accuse Bonn of Nazi View on Scientology, The Daily Telegraph, 10 January 1997, p.14.
  • Vogt v. Germany (1996) 21 EHRR 205.
  • Wessinger, C., ‘Charismatic Leaders in New Religions’, pp. 80-96 in Hammer, O. and Rothstein, M. (eds.), ‘The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements’, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • White, R.C.A. and Ovey, C., ‘The European Convention on Human Rights’, Oxford U.P., 2010.
  • Wilson, ‘the Social Dimensions of Sectarianism’, op. cit., p. 239. Wilson, B, R., “The social Dimensions of Sectarianism – Sect and NRMs in Contemporary Society, OUP, 1st ed. 1992.
  • Wingrove v. UK, (1997) 24 EHRR 1.
  • X and the Church of Scientology v. Sweden, App. No. 7805/77, 16 Eur. Comm’n H.R. Dec. & Rep. 68, 70 (1978). X v. UK No 5442/72, 1 DR 41 (1971). X v. UK No 8160/78, 22 DR 27 (1981). X v. UK No 8231/78, 28 DR 5 (1982).
  • Yourow, H.C., ‘The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in the Dynamics of European Human Rights Jurisprudence, Kluver Publishers, 1996.
Toplam 97 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Joseph Zand Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Zand, J. (2013). New Religious Movements and Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in the European Convention on Human Rights’ Jurisprudence. Ankara Bar Review, 6(2), 83-110.
AMA Zand J. New Religious Movements and Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in the European Convention on Human Rights’ Jurisprudence. Ankara Bar Review. Haziran 2013;6(2):83-110.
Chicago Zand, Joseph. “New Religious Movements and Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in the European Convention on Human Rights’ Jurisprudence”. Ankara Bar Review 6, sy. 2 (Haziran 2013): 83-110.
EndNote Zand J (01 Haziran 2013) New Religious Movements and Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in the European Convention on Human Rights’ Jurisprudence. Ankara Bar Review 6 2 83–110.
IEEE J. Zand, “New Religious Movements and Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in the European Convention on Human Rights’ Jurisprudence”, Ankara Bar Review, c. 6, sy. 2, ss. 83–110, 2013.
ISNAD Zand, Joseph. “New Religious Movements and Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in the European Convention on Human Rights’ Jurisprudence”. Ankara Bar Review 6/2 (Haziran 2013), 83-110.
JAMA Zand J. New Religious Movements and Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in the European Convention on Human Rights’ Jurisprudence. Ankara Bar Review. 2013;6:83–110.
MLA Zand, Joseph. “New Religious Movements and Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in the European Convention on Human Rights’ Jurisprudence”. Ankara Bar Review, c. 6, sy. 2, 2013, ss. 83-110.
Vancouver Zand J. New Religious Movements and Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in the European Convention on Human Rights’ Jurisprudence. Ankara Bar Review. 2013;6(2):83-110.