Psycholinguistic analysis of an e-suicide note

Öz

Although suicide cases are increasing today, studies on suicide are quite limited. In this study, it is aimed to handle a suicide case that occurred in our country from the perspective of forensic psychology in order to understand the structure of suicide cases reflected in the cyber field, which are not yet found in the literature. 11 e-suicide cases between January 1, 2014 and January 1, 2020, from 1,298 suicide attempts in Turkey's internet archive (public digital data shared on social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Youtube) and national newspapers to determine the case to be examined. scanned. Afterwards, the news obtained were examined in detail. The first case of e-suicide, which took place in our country and shared on social media, was selected for examination by random selection method among the cases covering all the details (sex, age, reason and method of suicide of the individual who committed suicide). The case discussed is a 35-year-old male. The online video document selected as data was transcribed and the semantic level theme analysis method was used with induction, and an in-depth psycholinguistic analysis was carried out. Categories according to the analysis results; classified as “feelings”, “perceptions”, “functions” and “phantasies”. It was reported that after the video sharing, the family arrived at the victim's house and was found hanging by a rope from the natural gas pipe. Forensic investigations have been made about the incident. As can be seen from this case, cyberspace suicide notes are publicly accessible and accessible. Evaluating a case in order to understand the dynamics of suicide will be functional given the available available data. However, scientific studies on this subject need to be increased. It is thought that the present findings provide in-depth information on the self-perception and relationships of the person leaving the e-suicide note. Due to the nature of the qualitative analysis, although the findings are not generalizable, the current findings can be evaluated in the determination and prevention studies of people with suicidal tendencies in practice environments and social media.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Forensic psychology
• e-suicide note
• cyberpsychology
• social media
• case study.

Bir e-intihar notunun psikodilbilimsel analizi

Öz

Günümüzde intihar vakaları artmasına rağmen intihar ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada henüz yazında çok bulunmayan, siber alana yansıyan intihar vakalarının yapısını anlayabilmek için ülkemizde meydana gelmiş bir intihar vakasının adli psikoloji bakış açısıyla ele alınması amaçlanmaktadır. İncelenecek vakayı belirlemek için Türkiye’nin internet arşivi (Facebook, Twitter, İnstagram ve Youtube gibi sosyal medyada paylaşılan kamuya açık dijital veriler) ve ulusal gazetelerinde yer alan 1.298 intihar girişimi haberinden,1 Ocak 2014 ve 1 Ocak 2020 tarihleri arasındaki 11 e-intihar vakası taranmıştır. Daha sonrasında elde edilen haberler detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Tüm detayları (intihar eden bireyin cinsiyeti, yaşı, kendini öldürme nedeni ve yöntemi) kapsayan vakalar içerisinden rastgele seçim yöntemiyle ülkemizde gerçekleşmiş sosyal medya üzerinden paylaşılan ilk e-intihar vakası incelenmek üzere seçilmiştir. Ele alınan vaka 35 yaşında bir erkektir. Veri olarak seçilen çevrim içi video belgesi, yazıya dökülerek, tümevarım ile anlamsal düzey tema analiz metodu kullanılmış olup, derinlemesine psikodilbilimsel analiz yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre kategoriler; “duygular”, “algılar”, “fonksiyonlar” ve “düşlemler” olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Video paylaşımının ardından ailenin, müntehirin evine ulaştığı ve müntehirin doğalgaz borusuna iple asılı halde bulunduğu bildirilmiştir. Olayla ilgili adli incelemeler yapılmıştır. Bu vakadan da görüldüğü üzere siber alan intihar notları kamuya açık, ulaşılabilir bir yapıdadır. İntiharın dinamiklerini anlayabilmek için bir vaka üzerinden değerlendirme yapmak mevcut erişilebilir veri gözetildiğinde işlevsel olacaktır. Bununla beraber bu konuyla ilgili bilimsel çalışmaların arttırılması gerekmektedir. Mevcut bulguların, e-intihar notu bırakan kişinin kendilik algısı ve diğerleriyle ilişkilerine yönelik derinlemesine bilgi sunduğu düşünülmektedir. Nitel analizin doğası gereği, bulgular genellenebilir olmamakla birlikte uygulama ortamlarında ve sosyal medyada intihar eğilimi olan kişilerin belirlenmesi ve önleme çalışmalarında mevcut bulgular değerlendirilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adli psikoloji
• e-intihar notu
• siber psikoloji
• sosyal medya
• vaka analizi.

Kaynakça

1. Bartol, C. R., Bartol, A. M. (2004). Psychology and law: Theory, research, and application. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
2. Behera, C., Kishore, S., Kaushik, R., Sikary, A. K., Satapathy, S. (2020).. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 52 Suicide announced on Facebook followed by uploading of a handwritten suicide note, 102061.
3. Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 3, pp.77-101.
4. Can, S. S., Sayıl, İ. (2004). Yineleyici intihar girişimleri [Recurrent suicide attempts]. Kriz Dergisi [Journal of Crisis]. 12(3), pp.53-62.
5. Canbolat, F. (2018). A Qualitative research on suicide notes: mental representations in suicide notes of men. [Unpublished Doctorate Thesis]. Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
6. Canter, D. (2010). Forensic Psychology: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford Press.
7. Cantor, C. H., Baume, P. J. (1998). Access to methods of suicide: what impact? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 32(1), pp.8-14.
8. Chen, Y.Y., Tsai, P., Huan Chen, P., Fan, C.C., Hung, G.C.L., Cheng, A. T. A. (2012). The impact of media reporting of the suicide of a singer on suicide rates in Taiwan. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology. 47(2), pp.215-221.

9. Choron, J. (1972). Suicide: An incisive look at self-destruction. New York, U.S.A.: Charles Scribners Sons.
10. Erdoğdu, M., Şentürk G., Şatıroğlu O.N. (2021). Bireysel olarak riskli gruplarda riskli alkol tüketimi; alkol kullanımının sağlığa etkisi [Risky alcohol consumption in individually risky groups; effects of alcohol use on health]. Adli Bilimler ve Suç Araştırmaları Dergisi [Journal of Forensic Sciences and Criminal Investigations]. 2b, pp.171-7.
11. Evans, D. (2006). An introductory dictionary of Lacanian psychoanalysis. New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library.
12. Fink, B. (1997). The Lacanian subject: Between language and jouissance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
13. Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and Melancholia. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XIV (1915): On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement, Papers on Metapsychology and Other Works, pp.237- 258.
14. Fu, K. W., Yip, P. S. F. (2008). Changes in reporting of suicide news after the promotion of the WHO media recommendations. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 38(5), pp.631-6.
15. Grigg, R. (2008). Lacan, Language and Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York.
16. Gudjonsson, G. H., Haward, L. R. (2016). Forensic psychology: A guide to practice. London: Routledge.
17. Isometsä, E. T., Lönnqvist, J. K. (1998). Suicide attempts preceding completed suicide. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 173(6), pp.531-5.
18. Karbeyaz, K., Akkaya, H., Balcı, Y., Urazel, B. (2014). İntihar notlarının analizi: Eskişehir deneyimi [Analyses of suicide notes: Eskişehir experience]. Noröpsikiatri Arsivi [Archives of Neuropsychiatry]. 51(3), pp.275-9.
19. Krysik, J. L., Finn, J. (2015). Etkili uygulama için sosyal hizmet araştırması. (Translated by E. Erbay). Ankara: Nika Publication House.
20. Leenaars, A. A., Edwin S. (2010). Shneidman on suicide. Suicidology Online, 1, pp.5-18.
21. Litman, R. E. (1996). Sigmund Freud on Suicide. In J. T. Maltsberger, M. J. Goldblatt. Essential Papers on Suicide (pp.200- 20). New York: New York University Press.
22. Maloney J., Pfuhlman, B., Arensman, E., Coffey, C., Gusmao, R., Scdmidtke A. (2014). How to adjust media recommendations on reporting suicidal behavior to new media developments. Archives of Suicide Research. 18, pp.156-169.
23. McClelland, L., Reicher, S., Booth, N. (2000). A last defence: The negotiation of blame within suicide notes. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 10, pp.225–240.
24. Neuman, W. L. (2012). Social Research Methods (Translated by S. Özge). İstanbul: Publication Room Press.
25. Osgood, C. E., Walker, E. G. (1959). Motivation and language behavior: A content analysis of suicide notes. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 59(1), pp.58-67.
26. Ovenstone I. M. K., Kreitman N. (1974). Two Syndromes of Suicide. British Journal of Psychiatry. 123, pp.35-9.
27. Palmieri, G., Forghieri, M., Ferrari, S., Pingani, L., Coppola, P., Colombini, N., Neimeyer, R. A. (2008). Suicide intervention skills in health professionals: A multidisciplinary comparison. Archives of Suicide Research. 12(3), pp.232-7.
28. Recalcati, M. (2012). Hate as a passion of being (R. McGlazer, Trans.). Qui Parle, 20(2), pp.151-182.
29. Roth, R., Abraham, J., Zinzow, H., Wisniewski, P., Khasawneh, A., Chalil Madathil, K. (2020). Evaluating news media reports on the 'Blue Whale Challenge' for adherence to suicide prevention safe messaging guidelines. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 4(CSCW1), pp.1-27.
30. Roudinesco, E. (1997). Jacques Lacan. New York: Colombia University Press.
31. Ruder, T. D., Hatch, G. M., Ampanozi, G., Thali, M. J., Fischer, N. (2011). Suicide announcement on Facebook. The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 32(5), pp.280–2.
32. Sanger, S., McCarthy Veach, P. (2008). The Interpersonal Nature of Suicide: A Qualitative Investigation of Suicide Notes. Archives of Suicide Research. 12(4), pp.352-365.
33. Sayıl, İ. (2000). İntihar davranışı, kriz ve krize müdahale [The behavior of suicide, crisis and interventions to crisis]. Ankara: Ankara University Psychiatric Crisis Application and Research Center Publications, pp.165-8.
34. Sisask, M., Värnik, A. (2012). Media roles in suicide prevention: A systematic review. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health. 9(1), pp.123-138.
35. Soleim, K. (2012). Who comes after the act. Retrieved from http://www.lacan.com/symptom13/who-comes.html.
36. Soron, T. R. (2019). “I will kill myself”–The series of posts in Facebook and unnoticed departure of a life. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 44, pp.55-7.
37. Steinberg, S. (2007). An introduction to communication processes. South Africa: Juta.
38. Tanrıvere, U. (2016). İntihar mektuplarının psikodilbilimsel içerik ve tür özellikleri bağlamında incelenmesi: adli dilbilimsel bir yaklaşım [Examining suicide letters in the context of psycholinguistic content and genre features: a forensic linguistic approach]. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Hacettepe University, Ankara.
39. Tura, S. M. (2013). Olmakta eksik: Lacan’da kastrasyon ve narsizm [Missing in being: Castration and narcissism in Lacan]. İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Publishing.
40. Turkey Statistical Institute. Statistics of Suicide, (January, 2021). Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Olum-Istatistikleri-2018-30701.
41. Turkish Language Association. Current Turkish Dictionary. (January, 2021). Retrieved from http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&view=gts.
42. World Health Organization. Suicide Data, (January, 2021). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/suicide-data.
43. Yang, A. C., Tsai, S. J., Yang, C. H., Shia, B. C., Fuh, J. L., Wang, S. J., Huang, N. E. (2013). Suicide and media reporting: a longitudinal and spatial analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 48(3), pp.427-435.
44. Yip Paul S.F., Fu, K.W., Yang Kris, C.T., Ip Brian, Y.T., Chan Cecilia, LW., Hawton, K. (2006). The effects of a celebrity suicide on suicide rates in Hong Kong. Journal of Affective Disorders. 93, pp.245-252.