Araştırma Makalesi
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Ethnic Identity, Acculturation, Religiosity of Turkish Immigrants in the United States and Their Relations to Life Satisfaction

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 63, 59 - 70, 31.10.2017

Öz

This study examines the differences in life satisfaction for Turkish immigrants in the United States. The religiosity, socio-economic status (SES), duration of residence, acculturation to heritage and host culture, and the degree of ethnic identification in the United States of Turkish immigrants are discussed as possible factors influence on life satisfaction. Data are obtained from 344 Turkish-born adult immigrants who live in the United States. The Questionnaire is filled with several measures; including demographic background, Vancouver Index of Acculturation, Multiethnic Identity Measure, and Satisfaction with Life Scale. On the whole, the Turkish immigrants were found to be quite satisfied with their life in the United States. Logistic regression models are computed to compare factors on life satisfaction. Initial differences are obtained in the first model among religiosity and SES. The final model indicates that an increased in participant‟s religiosity, being in higher SES, and more acculturation to host culture significantly explains the positive effect on life satisfaction. 

Kaynakça

  • Berry, John W. 1970. "Marginality, Stress and Ethnic Identification in an Acculturated Aboriginal Community." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1 (3): 239-252. Berry, John W. 2005. "Acculturation: Living Successfully in Two Cultures." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 29 (6): 697-712. Berry, John W., Uichol Kim, Thomas Minde, and Doris Mok. 1987. "Comparative Studies of Acculturative Stress." International Migration Review 21 (3, Special Issue: Migration and Health): 491-511. Birman, Dina, Edison J. Trickett, and Andrey Vinokurov. 2002. "Acculturation and Adaptation of Soviet Jewish Refugee Adolescents: Predictors of Adjustment Across Life Domains." American Journal of Community Psychology 30 (5): 585-607. Borjas, George J. 1989. "Economic Theory and International Migration." International Migration Review 23 (3): 457-485. Brislin, Richard W. 1986. "The Wording and Translation of Research Instruments." In Field Method in Cross-Cultural Research and Methodology Series, edited by Walter J. Lonner and John W. Berry. Vol. 8, 137-164. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Brubaker, Rogers, Mara Loveman, and Peter Stamatov. 2004. "Ethnicity as Cognition." Theory and Society 33 (1): 31-64. Bostancı, G. Ç. 2014. "Amerika'daki Birinci ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları." Bilig 70:105. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division of United Nations. 2013. International Migration Report 2013. Diener, Ed, Robert A. Emmons, Randy J. Larsen, and Sharon Griffin. 1985. "The Satisfaction with Life Scale." Journal of Personality Assessment 49 (1): 71-75. Dimitrova, Radosveta, Michael Bender, Athanasios Chasiotis, and Van de Vijver, Fons J.R. 2013. "Ethnic Identity and Acculturation of Turkish-Bulgarian Adolescents." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 37 (1): 1-10. Farver, Jo Ann M., Sonia K. Narang, and Bakhtawar R. Bhadha. 2002. "East Meets West: Ethnic Identity, Acculturation, and Conflict in Asian Indian Families." Journal of Family Psychology 16 (3): 338. Friedman, Mike and Vassilis Saroglou. 2010. "Religiosity, Psychological Acculturation to the Host Culture, Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptoms among Stigmatized and Non-Stigmatized Religious Immigrant Groups in Western Europe." Basic and Applied Social Psychology 32(2):185-195. Hovey, Joseph D. 2000a. "Acculturative Stress, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation in Mexican Immigrants." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 6(2):134-151. Koydemir, Selda. 2013. "Acculturation and Subjective Well-being: The Case of Turkish Ethnic Youth in Germany." Journal of Youth Studies 16 (4): 460-473. Liebkind, Karmela and Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti. 2000. "Acculturation and Psychological Well-being among Immigrant Adolescents in Finland: A Comparative Study of Adolescents from Different Cultural Backgrounds." Journal of Adolescent Research 15 (4): 446-469. Mahmud, S. H. and Axel Schölmerich. 2011. "Acculturation and Life Satisfaction: Immigrants in Germany." Psychology Research 1 (4): 278-286. Morawa, Eva, and Yesim Erim. 2014. "Acculturation and Depressive Symptoms among Turkish Immigrants in Germany." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11 (9): 9503-9521. doi:10.3390/ijerph110909503. Neto, Félix. 2001. "Satisfaction with Life among Adolescents from Immigrant Families in Portugal." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 30 (1): 53-67. Organista, Pamela B., Gerardo Marin, and Kevin M. Chun. 2010. "Acculturation." In The Psychology of Ethnic Groups in the United States, edited by Pamela B. Organista, Gerardo Marin and Kevin M. Chun, 99-134. Thousand oaks, California: Sage Publications. Pallant, Julie. 2011. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis using SPSS. China: Allen and Unwin. Phinney, Jean S. 1992. "The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A New Scale for use with Diverse Groups." Journal of Adolescent Research 7 (2): 156-176. Redfield, Robert, Ralph Linton, and Melville J. Herskovits. 1936. "Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation." American Anthropologist 38 (1): 149-152. Ryder, Andrew G., Lynn E. Alden, and Delroy L. Paulhus. 2000. "Is Acculturation Unidimensional or Bidimensional? A Head-to-Head Comparison in the Prediction of Personality, Self-Identity, and Adjustment." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (1): 49-65. Tabachnick, Barbara G., and Linda S. Fidell. 2007. Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. The Social Science Research Council. 1954. "Acculturation: An Exploratory Formulation Summer Seminar on Acculturation." American Anthropologist 56 (6, Part 1): 973-1000. The United States Census Bureau. "Selected Population Profile in the United States.", accessed July 28, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_3YR_S0201&prodType=table. Trimble, Joseph E. 2003. "Introduction: Social Change and Acculturation." In Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement, and Applied Research, edited by Kevin M. Chun, Pamela B. Organista and Gerardo Marin, 3-13. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Van Oudenhoven, Jan P. 2006. "Immigrants." In The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, edited by David L. Sam and John W. Berry, 163-180. New York: Cambridge University Press. Vedder, Paul, and Erkki Virta. 2005. "Language, Ethnic Identity, and the Adaptation of Turkish Immigrant Youth in the Netherlands and Sweden." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 29 (3): 317-337. Virta, Erkki, David L. Sam, and Charles Westin. 2004. "Adolescents with Turkish Background in Norway and Sweden: A Comparative Study of their Psychological Adaptation." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 45 (1): 15-25. Ward, Colleen. 2006. "Acculturation, Identity and Adaptation in Dual Heritage Adolescents." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30 (2): 243-259. Zagefka, Hanna and Rupert Brown. 2002. "The Relationship between Acculturation Strategies, Relative Fit and Intergroup Relations: Immigrant-Majority Relations in Germany." European Journal of Social Psychology 32 (2): 171-188.

AMERİKA’DA YAŞAYAN TÜRKLERDE ETNİK KİMLİK, KÜLTÜRLEŞME, DİNDARLIK VE BUNLARIN YAŞAM MEMNUNİYETİNE ETKİSİ

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 63, 59 - 70, 31.10.2017

Öz

Bu makalede Amerika‟da yaşayan Türk göçmenlerin yaşam memnuniyetleri açısından sergiledikleri farklılıklar incelenmektedir. Yaşam memnuniyetini etkileyen faktörler olarak Türk göçmenlerin dindarlığı, sosyo-ekonomik seviyeleri, Amerika‟daki yaşam süreleri, sahip oldukları miras kültürleri ve Amerikan ev sahibi kültürle kültürleşme süreçleri ve kendilerini etnik kimlikle tanımlama dereceleri ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Türkiye‟de doğup Amerika‟ya yerleşen 344 Türk göçmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri Vancouver Kültürleşme İndeksi, Çok Gruplu Etnik Kimlik Ölçeği ve Yaşam Memnuniyeti Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Bu ölçeklerin yanı sıra örnekleme demografik özelliklerini kapsayan anket uygulanmıştır. Genel olarak bakıldığında Amerika‟daki Türk göçmenlerin yaşam memnuniyetlerinin yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada lojistik regresyon testi kullanılmıştır. Buna göre ilk model, dindarlık derecesi ve sosyoekonomik seviye arasında farklılıkları göstermektedir. Son model ise dindarlığının, sosyo-ekonomik seviyenin ve ev sahibi kültürle kültürleşmenin artmasının yaşam memnuniyetini pozitif olarak etkilediğini açıklamaktadır. 

Kaynakça

  • Berry, John W. 1970. "Marginality, Stress and Ethnic Identification in an Acculturated Aboriginal Community." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1 (3): 239-252. Berry, John W. 2005. "Acculturation: Living Successfully in Two Cultures." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 29 (6): 697-712. Berry, John W., Uichol Kim, Thomas Minde, and Doris Mok. 1987. "Comparative Studies of Acculturative Stress." International Migration Review 21 (3, Special Issue: Migration and Health): 491-511. Birman, Dina, Edison J. Trickett, and Andrey Vinokurov. 2002. "Acculturation and Adaptation of Soviet Jewish Refugee Adolescents: Predictors of Adjustment Across Life Domains." American Journal of Community Psychology 30 (5): 585-607. Borjas, George J. 1989. "Economic Theory and International Migration." International Migration Review 23 (3): 457-485. Brislin, Richard W. 1986. "The Wording and Translation of Research Instruments." In Field Method in Cross-Cultural Research and Methodology Series, edited by Walter J. Lonner and John W. Berry. Vol. 8, 137-164. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Brubaker, Rogers, Mara Loveman, and Peter Stamatov. 2004. "Ethnicity as Cognition." Theory and Society 33 (1): 31-64. Bostancı, G. Ç. 2014. "Amerika'daki Birinci ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları." Bilig 70:105. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division of United Nations. 2013. International Migration Report 2013. Diener, Ed, Robert A. Emmons, Randy J. Larsen, and Sharon Griffin. 1985. "The Satisfaction with Life Scale." Journal of Personality Assessment 49 (1): 71-75. Dimitrova, Radosveta, Michael Bender, Athanasios Chasiotis, and Van de Vijver, Fons J.R. 2013. "Ethnic Identity and Acculturation of Turkish-Bulgarian Adolescents." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 37 (1): 1-10. Farver, Jo Ann M., Sonia K. Narang, and Bakhtawar R. Bhadha. 2002. "East Meets West: Ethnic Identity, Acculturation, and Conflict in Asian Indian Families." Journal of Family Psychology 16 (3): 338. Friedman, Mike and Vassilis Saroglou. 2010. "Religiosity, Psychological Acculturation to the Host Culture, Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptoms among Stigmatized and Non-Stigmatized Religious Immigrant Groups in Western Europe." Basic and Applied Social Psychology 32(2):185-195. Hovey, Joseph D. 2000a. "Acculturative Stress, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation in Mexican Immigrants." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 6(2):134-151. Koydemir, Selda. 2013. "Acculturation and Subjective Well-being: The Case of Turkish Ethnic Youth in Germany." Journal of Youth Studies 16 (4): 460-473. Liebkind, Karmela and Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti. 2000. "Acculturation and Psychological Well-being among Immigrant Adolescents in Finland: A Comparative Study of Adolescents from Different Cultural Backgrounds." Journal of Adolescent Research 15 (4): 446-469. Mahmud, S. H. and Axel Schölmerich. 2011. "Acculturation and Life Satisfaction: Immigrants in Germany." Psychology Research 1 (4): 278-286. Morawa, Eva, and Yesim Erim. 2014. "Acculturation and Depressive Symptoms among Turkish Immigrants in Germany." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11 (9): 9503-9521. doi:10.3390/ijerph110909503. Neto, Félix. 2001. "Satisfaction with Life among Adolescents from Immigrant Families in Portugal." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 30 (1): 53-67. Organista, Pamela B., Gerardo Marin, and Kevin M. Chun. 2010. "Acculturation." In The Psychology of Ethnic Groups in the United States, edited by Pamela B. Organista, Gerardo Marin and Kevin M. Chun, 99-134. Thousand oaks, California: Sage Publications. Pallant, Julie. 2011. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis using SPSS. China: Allen and Unwin. Phinney, Jean S. 1992. "The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A New Scale for use with Diverse Groups." Journal of Adolescent Research 7 (2): 156-176. Redfield, Robert, Ralph Linton, and Melville J. Herskovits. 1936. "Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation." American Anthropologist 38 (1): 149-152. Ryder, Andrew G., Lynn E. Alden, and Delroy L. Paulhus. 2000. "Is Acculturation Unidimensional or Bidimensional? A Head-to-Head Comparison in the Prediction of Personality, Self-Identity, and Adjustment." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (1): 49-65. Tabachnick, Barbara G., and Linda S. Fidell. 2007. Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. The Social Science Research Council. 1954. "Acculturation: An Exploratory Formulation Summer Seminar on Acculturation." American Anthropologist 56 (6, Part 1): 973-1000. The United States Census Bureau. "Selected Population Profile in the United States.", accessed July 28, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_3YR_S0201&prodType=table. Trimble, Joseph E. 2003. "Introduction: Social Change and Acculturation." In Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement, and Applied Research, edited by Kevin M. Chun, Pamela B. Organista and Gerardo Marin, 3-13. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Van Oudenhoven, Jan P. 2006. "Immigrants." In The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, edited by David L. Sam and John W. Berry, 163-180. New York: Cambridge University Press. Vedder, Paul, and Erkki Virta. 2005. "Language, Ethnic Identity, and the Adaptation of Turkish Immigrant Youth in the Netherlands and Sweden." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 29 (3): 317-337. Virta, Erkki, David L. Sam, and Charles Westin. 2004. "Adolescents with Turkish Background in Norway and Sweden: A Comparative Study of their Psychological Adaptation." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 45 (1): 15-25. Ward, Colleen. 2006. "Acculturation, Identity and Adaptation in Dual Heritage Adolescents." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30 (2): 243-259. Zagefka, Hanna and Rupert Brown. 2002. "The Relationship between Acculturation Strategies, Relative Fit and Intergroup Relations: Immigrant-Majority Relations in Germany." European Journal of Social Psychology 32 (2): 171-188.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Abdurrahim Güler

Tuğça Poyraz Tacoğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Mart 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 63

Kaynak Göster

APA Güler, A., & Poyraz Tacoğlu, T. (2017). AMERİKA’DA YAŞAYAN TÜRKLERDE ETNİK KİMLİK, KÜLTÜRLEŞME, DİNDARLIK VE BUNLARIN YAŞAM MEMNUNİYETİNE ETKİSİ. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(63), 59-70.