Etiological spectrum and imaging findings of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in children

Şükriye Yılmaz; Hasan Bulut; Berna Ucan

Etiological spectrum and imaging findings of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in children

Abstract

Aims: Pediatric non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (pNTIH) is an important cause of acute neurological morbidity with an etiological spectrum distinct from that of adults. This study aimed to evaluate the imaging findings, etiological distribution, and age-related characteristics of pNTIH in children. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study included 56 pediatric patients aged 0-18 years who were diagnosed with pNTIH between September 2022 and January 2026. Radiological evaluation included computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and advanced vascular imaging modalities, including CT angiography (CTA), MR angiography (MRA), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Etiologies were determined using a combination of clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings. Results: Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was the most common etiology (23.2%), followed by cerebral aneurysm (14.3%) and venous ischemia-related hemorrhage (12.5%). AVM, venous ischemia, and cavernoma-related hemorrhages were more common in older children, whereas treatment related hemorrhage was more frequent in infants. Increasing age was associated with a higher likelihood of AVM-related hemorrhage (OR=1.14; 95% CI, 1.01-1.29; p=0.032). CTA was performed in 71.4% of patients, MRA in 53.6%, and DSA in 26.8%. Early mortality occurred in 3 patients (5.4%). Conclusion: Non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in children demonstrates age-dependent etiological variation. Early multimodality imaging is essential for accurate etiological diagnosis and timely management.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pediatric Emergency

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Şükriye Yılmaz
0000-0002-5777-6147
Türkiye

Hasan Bulut
0000-0003-1492-1006
Türkiye

Berna Ucan ^*
0000-0002-2109-139X
Türkiye

Publication Date

July 16, 2026

Submission Date

March 27, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 8, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 8 Number: 4

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA64CW52ME

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yılmaz, Ş., Bulut, H., & Ucan, B. (2026). Etiological spectrum and imaging findings of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in children. Anatolian Current Medical Journal, 8(4), 675-681. https://izlik.org/JA64CW52ME

AMA

1.Yılmaz Ş, Bulut H, Ucan B. Etiological spectrum and imaging findings of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in children. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. 2026;8(4):675-681. https://izlik.org/JA64CW52ME

Chicago

Yılmaz, Şükriye, Hasan Bulut, and Berna Ucan. 2026. “Etiological Spectrum and Imaging Findings of Non-Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage in Children”. Anatolian Current Medical Journal 8 (4): 675-81. https://izlik.org/JA64CW52ME.

EndNote

Yılmaz Ş, Bulut H, Ucan B (July 1, 2026) Etiological spectrum and imaging findings of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in children. Anatolian Current Medical Journal 8 4 675–681.

IEEE

[1]Ş. Yılmaz, H. Bulut, and B. Ucan, “Etiological spectrum and imaging findings of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in children”, Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 675–681, July 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA64CW52ME

ISNAD

Yılmaz, Şükriye - Bulut, Hasan - Ucan, Berna. “Etiological Spectrum and Imaging Findings of Non-Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage in Children”. Anatolian Current Medical Journal 8/4 (July 1, 2026): 675-681. https://izlik.org/JA64CW52ME.

JAMA

1.Yılmaz Ş, Bulut H, Ucan B. Etiological spectrum and imaging findings of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in children. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. 2026;8:675–681.

MLA

Yılmaz, Şükriye, et al. “Etiological Spectrum and Imaging Findings of Non-Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage in Children”. Anatolian Current Medical Journal, vol. 8, no. 4, July 2026, pp. 675-81, https://izlik.org/JA64CW52ME.

Vancouver

1.Şükriye Yılmaz, Hasan Bulut, Berna Ucan. Etiological spectrum and imaging findings of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in children. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj [Internet]. 2026 Jul. 1;8(4):675-81. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA64CW52ME