Araştırma Makalesi

Predicting recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer with an explainable artificial intelligence model

Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3 28 Eylül 2025
PDF İndir
TR EN

Predicting recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer with an explainable artificial intelligence model

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to predict the recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer and identify its most representative risk factors using an explainable artificial intelligence model. Methods: The publicly available Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Recurrence dataset from the University of California Irvine Machine Learning Repository, comprising 383 patients and 17 features, was employed. Five classifiers, -Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, Support Vector Classifier and Logistic Regression-, were employed to predict the recurrence. Permutation feature importance (PFI) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) explainable artificial intelligence methods were used to determine the features that had the most impact on the prediction result. Results: The Random Forest algorithm outperformed others, achieving an accuracy of 97.39% and an Area under the Curve of 0.993. Response to treatment, ATA risk stratification, tumor stage and patient age were determined as the factors with the highest contribution to the model prediction process through SHAP and permutation importance analyses, and this finding was consistent with the prognostic markers stated in the literature. Conclusion: The proposed explainable machine learning framework has shown satisfactory results in predicting DTC recurrence while identifying clinically important features. This approach can offer valuable support to clinicians in early identification of high-risk patients and personalization of surveillance strategies.

Keywords

Differentiated thyroid cancer , recurrence , machine learning , explainable artificial intelligence , shapley , permutation feature importance

Kaynakça

  1. Dralle H, Machens A, Basa J, Fatourechi S, Hay ID, et al. Follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15077.
  2. Zhao H, Liu CH, Cao Y, Zhang LY, Zhao Y, Liu YW, et al. Survival prognostic factors for differentiated thyroid cancer patients, with pulmonary metastases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol. 2022;12:990154.
  3. Na’ara S, Amit M, Fridman E, Gil Z. Contemporary management of recurrent nodal disease in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2016;7(1):e0006.
  4. Clark E, Price S, Lucena T, Haberlein B, Wahbeh A, Seetan R. Predictive analytics for thyroid cancer recurrence: a machine learning approach. Knowledge. 2024;4(4):557-570.
  5. Schindele A, Krebold A, Heiß U, Nimptsch K, Pfaehler E, Berr C, et al. Interpretable machine learning for thyroid cancer recurrence prediction: Leveraging XGBoost and SHAP analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2025;186:112049.
  6. Medas F, Canu GL, Boi F, Lai ML, Erdas E, Calò PG. Predictive factors of recurrence in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: A retrospective analysis on 579 patients. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11(9):1230.
  7. Adlung L, Cohen Y, Mor U, Elinav E. Machine learning in clinical decision making. Med. 2021;2(6):642-665. Taha K. Machine learning in biomedical and health big data: a comprehensive survey with empirical and experimental insights. J Big Data. 2025;12(1):61.
  8. Wang H, Zhang C, Li Q, Tian T, Huang R, Qiu J, et al. Development and validation of prediction models for papillary thyroid cancer structural recurrence using machine learning approaches. BMC Cancer. 2024;24(1):427.
  9. Borzooei S, Briganti G, Golparian M, Lechien JR, Tarokhian A. Machine learning for risk stratification of thyroid cancer patients: a 15-year cohort study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2024;281(4):2095-2104.
  10. Setiawan KE. Predicting recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer: a comparative analysis of various machine learning models including ensemble methods with chi-squared feature selection. Commun Math Biol Neurosci. 2024;2024:55.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Öztürk, A. C., Akkur, E., & Çizmecioğullari, S. (2025). Predicting recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer with an explainable artificial intelligence model. Archives of Current Medical Research, 6(3), 280-287. https://doi.org/10.47482/acmr.1677545