Non-linear Analysis of Deformation Behaviour of HA/PLCL Porous Bio-composites

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 11 - 17, 03.09.2021

Fatin Hazwani Mohamad Azahar , Mitsugu Todo Nor Aiman Nor Izmin

Öz

It is well-known that the biology of bone mainly consists of the inorganic minerals, therefore bioceramics with similar constituent to that inorganic minerals of bone, e.g., hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] (HA) are extensively used for the scaffold fabrication. Recently, biodegradable synthetic polymers (biopolymer) are commonly used as composite materials to enhance the mechanical properties of pure HA porous scaffold. In this present work, HA based scaffold incorporated biopolymer namely, Poly(L-Lactide-co-ε-Caprolactone) (PLCL) is developed in an attempt to overcome the brittleness of pure HA scaffold. Further, two theoretical models are developed to express the non-linearity of the load-displacement curve obtained from the three-point bending test. Finally, the surface morphology of this material is observed using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). HA/PLCL material is observed to have a non-linear deformation where Model II depicts better accuracy compared to Model I with 9.6% RMS error while 11.61% RMS error for Model I. Due to the overestimation values given by Model I, Model II seems to have a better prediction on the load-displacement curve. The morphological structure of HA/PLCL shows two layers of interconnecting pores where the addition of polymer has enhanced the mechanical properties by providing ductility.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biomaterials, Porous, PLCL, Deformation, Nonlinear

Kaynakça

• [1] D. W. Hutmacher and A. J. Garcia, “Scaffold-based bone engineering by using genetically modified cells,” Gene, vol. 347, no. 1. Elsevier, pp. 1–10, Feb. 28, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.12.040.
• [2] A. G. Mikos and J. S. Temenoff, “Formation of highly porous biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering,” Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 114–119, 2000, doi: 10.2225/vol3-issue2-fulltext-5.
• [3] M. C. Hacker and A. G. Mikos, “Trends in Tissue Engineering Research,” Tissue Engineering, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 2049–2057, 2006, doi: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2049.
• [4] A. J. Salgado, O. P. Coutinho, and R. L. Reis, “Bone tissue engineering: State of the art and future trends,” Macromolecular Bioscience, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 743–765, 2004, doi: 10.1002/mabi.200400026.
• [5] M. Todo, J. E. Park, H. Kuraoka, J. W. Kim, K. Taki, and M. Ohshima, “Compressive deformation behavior of porous PLLA/PCL polymer blend,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 44, no. 15, pp. 4191–4194, 2009, doi: 10.1007/s10853-009-3546-0.
• [6] M. Todo, P. Yos, T. Arahira, and A. Myoui, “Development and characterization of porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds reinforced with polymeric secondary phase for bone tissue engineering,” Biomaterials and Tissue Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2018.
• [7] M. C. Azevedo, R. L. REIS, M. B. Claase, D. W. Grijpma, and J. Feijen, “Development and properties of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite composite biomaterials,” Journal of Material Science. Material in Medicine, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 103–107, 2003.
• [8] V. Guarino et al., “The role of hydroxyapatite as solid signal on performance of PCL porous scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B : Applied Biomaterials, vol. 86B, no. 2, pp. 548–557, 2008.
• [9] H.-W. Kim, Jonathan C. Knowles, and Hyoun-Ee Kim, “Hydroxtapatite/poly (e-caprolactone) composite coatings on hydroxyapatite porous bone scaffold for drug delivery,” Biomaterials, vol. 25, no. 7–8, pp. 1279–1287, 2004.
• [10] V. Mourinno and A. R. Boccaccini, “Bone tissue engineering therapeutics-controlled drug delivery in three dimensional scaffolds,” Journal of the Royal Society Interface, vol. 7, no. 43, pp. 209–227, 2010.
• [11] S. Levenberg and R. Langer, “Advances in Tissue Engineering,” Current Topics in Developmental Biology, vol. 61, pp. 113–134, Jan. 2004, doi: 10.1016/S0070-2153(04)61005-2.
• [12] R. Langer and J. Vacanti, “Tissue Engineering,” Science, vol. 260, no. 5110, pp. 920–926, 1993.
• [13] B. Huang, G. Caetano, C. Vyas, J. J. Blaker, C. Diver, and P. Bártolo, “Polymer-ceramic composite scaffolds: The effect of hydroxyapatite and β-tri-calcium phosphate,” Materials, vol. 11, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.3390/ma11010129.
• [14] Y. Phanny and M. Todo, “Development and characterization of poly(ε-caprolactone) reinforced porous hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering,” Key Engineering Materials, vol. 529–530, no. 1, pp. 447–452, 2013.
• [15] B. F. Ju, K. T. Wan, and K. K. Liu, “Indentation of a square elastomeric thin film by a flat-ended cylindrical punch in the presence of long-range intersurface forces,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 96, no. 11, pp. 6159–6163, 2004, doi: 10.1063/1.1812822.
• [16] ASTM International, “Astm Designation: D 7264/D 7264M-07 Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. i, no. C, pp. 1–11, 2007, doi: 10.1520/D7264.