Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

HAYVAN HAKLARI VE YABAN HAYATI GEÇİTLERİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 84 - 104, 30.09.2021

Öz

Türkiye’de 5199 sayılı Hayvan Hakları Koruma Kanunu bulunmaktadır. İlgili kanuna istinaden, hayvanlara işkence etmek ya da hayvanları öldürmek gibi eylemlere karşı sadece idari para cezasına hükmedilmektedir. Son yıllarda hayvanlara karşı yapılan olumsuz davranışlara yönelik kamuoyu farkındalığında artış görülmekte ve söz konusu ihlallerin kabahat olmasından ziyade suç olarak düzenlenmesine yönelik ciddi bir toplumsal talep oluşmaya başlamıştır. Kent içi ve şehirlerarası karayollarında hayvanların karıştığı trafik kazaları sonucu yaralanma ya da can kaybının olduğu çok sayıda vaka ile karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu vakalar neticesinde kentsel ve/veya kırsal ekosistemde ciddi sorunlar ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Kırsal alanda antropojen etkiler nedeniyle bölünmüş ekosistemleri tekrar birbirine bağlayarak sorunları en aza indirmeye çalışan yaban hayatı geçitleri, çok disiplinli araştırma ve uygulama süreçlerine sahiptir. Bu araştırmada çeşitli ülkelerin örnek teşkil edebilecek hayvan hakları yasaları incelenmiş, hayvan hakkı ihlalleri ile ilgili bölümler irdelenmiş, habitat bölünmesine neden olan şehirlerarası karayollarında uygulanabilecek yaban hayatı geçitlerinin tesis öncesi araştırma süreçleri, tesis aşamasındaki zorluklar ve tesis sonrası beklenen faydalar üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu sürecin nasıl yönetilmesi gerektiği hukuki zeminde ve planlama & tasarım aşamalarında ele alınmış ve öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Act on Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (2009). Web Sitesi: https://www.bmu.de/en/law/federal-nature-conservation-act-bnatschg/. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021. DEU.
  • Açık, D. (2020). Türkiye'de yaban hayvanlarının güvenli geçiş rotası: Ekolojik köprüler. Anadolu Ajansı, 10.07.2020. Web Sitesi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turkiyede-yaban-hayvanlarinin-guvenli-gecis-rotasi-ekolojik-kopruler/1905688. Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2021.
  • Anadolu Ajansı (2020). Türkiye ekolojik köprülerle donatıldı. Web Sitesi: https://www.trthaber.com/foto-galeri/turkiye-ekolojik-koprulerle-donatildi/27183/sayfa-1.html. Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020.
  • Animal Welfare Act, (2006). Web Sitesi: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/45/contents. Erişim Tarihi: 08.04.2021. UK.
  • Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, (1986). Web Sitesi: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/14/contents. Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2021. UK.
  • Anonymous (2021a). Web Sitesi: https://opr.ca.gov/ceqa/. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021.
  • Anonymous, (2021b). Web Sitesi: https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/SAFETEA-LU_0.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021.
  • Arıkan, E. (2014). Hayvan refahı, hayvan hakları, hayvan hukuku. Galatasaray Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kamu Hukuku Ana Bilim Dalı. Basılmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Arıkan, E. (2016). Hayvan Hakları İnsan Hukuku. Ekin Basım Yayın Evi, ISBN: 9786053273936. Australian Government Department of the Environment, (2016). National Recovery Plan for the Mountain Pygmy-possum Burramys parvus. ISBN 978-1-74242-487-3.
  • Bennett, A. F. (1991). Roads, roadsides and wildlife conservation: a review. Pages 99–118 in D. A. Saunders and R. J. Hobbs, editors. Nature conservation 2: the role of corridors. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia.
  • Benson, J.F.; Sikich, J.A.; Riley, S.P. (2016). Individual and population level resource selection patterns of mountain lions preying on mule deer along an urban-wildland gradient. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0158006.
  • Bhatia, S.; Athreya, V.; Grenyer, R.; Macdonald, D.W. (2013). Understanding the role of representations of human–leopard conflict in Mumbai through media-content analysis. Conserv. Biol. 2013, 27, 588–594. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12037.
  • Chilson, P. (2003). Cutting Edge: Right of way. Audubon magazine, June, 2003.
  • Code Penal, (1994). Web Sitesi: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGITEXT000006070719/. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021. FR.
  • Crooks, K.R. (2002). Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat fragmentation. Conserv. Biol. 2002, 16,488–502.
  • Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (2019). Biyolojik Çeşitlilik. Web Sitesi: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/destek/icerikler/06_b-yoloj-k_ces-tl-l-k_brosur-20191128080609.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2021.
  • Dickie, G. (2017). As Banff's famed wildlife overpasses turn 20, the world looks to Canada for conservation inspiration. Canadian Geographic, December, 4th, 2017. Web Sitesi: https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/banffs-famed-wildlife-overpasses-turn-20-world-looks-canada-conservation-inspiration. Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020.
  • Dilaver, Z., Öztekin, M., Yılmaz, M. (2020). Soğuksu Milli Parkında Yer Alan Bazı Doğal Taksonların Süs Bitkisi Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Bursa Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg.,34(Özel Sayı), s. 197-215.
  • Dönmez, B. (2013). Hayvanlara yönelik işlenen suçlar. Yaşar Üniversitesi e-Dergisi, 8 (Özel), 903-926. Eigenbrod, F., Hecnar, S. J., and Fahrig, L. (2009). Quantifying the road-effect zone: threshold effects of a motorway on anuran populations in Ontario, Canada. Ecology and Society 14(1): 24.
  • Endangered Species Act (1973). Web Sitesi: https://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/esa.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021. USA.
  • Forman, R. T. T. (2000). Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States. Conservation Biology, 14:31–35.
  • Forman, R. T. T. and Deblinger, R. D. (2000). The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (USA) suburban highway. Conservation Biology 14:36–46.
  • Forman, R. T. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H., Fahrig, L., France, R., Goldman, C. R., Heanue, K., Jones, J. A., Swanson, F. J., Turrentine, T. and Winter, T. C. (2002). Road ecology. Science and solutions. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
  • Gehrt, S.D.; Brown, J.L.; Anchor, C. (2011). Is the urban coyote a misanthropic synanthrope? The case from Chicago. Cities Environ. CATE 2011, 4, 3.
  • GPO (2011). Web Sitesi: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2011-title49/pdf/USCODE-2011-title49-subtitleX-chap805-sec80502.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2021. USA.
  • Halil, Y. (2006). Hayvan haklarına bakış. TBB Dergisi, sayı 62, 212-229.
  • Hayvanları Koruma Kanunu (2004). Web Sitesi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5199-20100611.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021. TR.
  • Hedges, B. (2017). National Geographic Image Collection.
  • Huijser, M. P., J. W. Duffield, A. P. Clevenger, R. J. Ament, and P. T. McGowen. (2009). Cost–benefit analyses of mitigation measures aimed at reducing collisions with large ungulates in the United States and Canada; a decision support tool. Ecology and Society 14(2): 15.
  • Hursthouse, R. (2006). Applying Virtue Ethics to Our Treatment of the Other Animals. The Practice of Virtue. Classic and Contemporary Readings in Virtue Ethics, ed. Jennifer Welchman. Hackett Publishing Company.
  • International Database and Gallery of Structures, (2021). Wildlife crossing list. Web Sitesi: https://structurae.net/en/structures/bridges/wildlife-crossings/list. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021.
  • Lombardi, J.V.; Comer, C.E.; Scognamillo, D.G.; Conway, W.C. (2017). Coyote, fox, and bobcat response to anthropogenic and natural landscape features in a small urban area. Urban Ecosyst. 2017, 20, 1239–1248.
  • Mansergh, I. M., and Scotts, D. J. (1989). Habitat continuity and social organisation of the mountain pygmy-possum restored by tunnel. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:701–707.
  • National Environmental Policy Act (2021). Web Sitesi: https://www.epa.gov/nepa. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021.
  • Natural England Commissioned Report NECR181 (2015). Green Bridges. Web Sitesi: file:///C:/Users/CASPER/Downloads/NECR181_edition_1%20(1).pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021.
  • Regan, T. (1986). A case for animal rights. In M.W. Fox & L.D. Mickley (Eds.), Advances in animal welfare science 1986/87 (pp. 179-189). Washington, DC: The Humane Society of the United States.
  • Regan, T. and Singer, P. (1989). Animal rights and human obligations: Duties in regard to animals. ISBN-13: 978-0130368645. Prentice Hall.
  • Reijnen, R., Foppen, R.; Terbraak, C. and Thissen, J. (1995). The effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. III. Reduction of density in relation to the proximity of main roads. Journal of Applied Ecology 32:187–202.
  • Riley, S.P.; Sauvajot, R.M.; Fuller, T.K.; York, E.C.; Kamradt, D.A.; Bromley, C.; Wayne, R.K. (2003). Effects of urbanization and habitat fragmentation on bobcats and coyotes in southern California. Conserv. Biol.,17, 566–576. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01458.x.
  • Scruton, R. (2006). Animal Rights and Wrongs, Demos, 2006.
  • Singer, P. (2005). Hayvan özgürleşmesi, Çev. Hayrullah Doğan, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Singh, P.; Gopalaswamy, A.M.; Karanth, K.U. (2010). Factors influencing densities of striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) in arid regions of India. J. Mammal, 91, 1152–1159.
  • Sözüer, A. (2019). Türk Ceza Hukuku Reformu Dünü Bugünü ve Yarını. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol.21, 3031-3050.
  • The Constitution Of India (2020). Web Sitesi: https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021. IND.
  • Theriault, M. (2001). Great Maritime Inventions 1833 – 1950. Goose Lane, 94p. ISBN-13: 978-0864923240.
  • Tierschutzgesetz (1972). Web Sitesi: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tierschg/BJNR012770972.html. Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2021. DEU.
  • U. S. Department of Agriculture (2020). Innovative Strategies to Reduce the Costs of Effective Wildlife Overpasses. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station Albany, California.
  • Van Der Ree, R., Heinze, D., McCarthy, M. and Mansergh, I. (2009). Wildlife Tunnel Enhances Population Viability. Ecology and Society, 14 (2): 7. DOI: 10.5751/ES-02957-14020.
  • Vartan, S. (2019). How wildlife bridges over highways make animals—and people—safer? National Geographic Magazine, April, 2019.
  • Welchman, J. (2006). The Practice of Virtue. Classic and Contemporary Readings in Virtue Ethics, ed. Jennifer Welchman. Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981). Web Sitesi: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/69. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021. UK.
  • Yeni Zelanda Hayvan Refahı Kanunu (1999). Animal Welfare Act 1999. Web Sitesi: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0142/latest/whole.html#DLM49664. Erişim Tarihi: 04.06.2021. NZ.
  • Young, J. K., Golla, J., Draper, J. P., Broman, D., Blankenship, T., & Heilbrun, R. (2019). Space Use and Movement of Urban Bobcats. Animals, 9(5), 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9050275.

ANIMAL RIGHTS AND WILDLIFE CROSSINGS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 84 - 104, 30.09.2021

Öz

There is Animal Rights Protection Law No. 5199 in Turkey. According to the relevant law, only administrative fines are imposed for acts such as torturing or killing animals. However, there has been an increase in public awareness of antagonistic behavior towards animals in recent years. As a result, there has been a severe social demand to regulate such violations as crimes rather than misdemeanors. There are many cases of injury or loss of life due to traffic accidents involving animals on urban and rural highways. As a result of these cases, serious problems may arise in the urban and/or rural ecosystem. Therefore, wildlife crossings, which try to minimize issues by reconnecting ecosystems that were divided due to anthropogenic effects in rural areas, have multidisciplinary research and implementation processes. In this study, exemplary animal rights laws of various countries, sections on animal rights violations were examined. Furthermore, pre-establishment research processes of wildlife crossings that could be applied on intercity highways, which cause habitat division, difficulties in the establishment phase, and expected benefits after the establishment were emphasized. Finally, suggestions on managing the process were discussed in terms of the legal and planning & design phases.

Kaynakça

  • Act on Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (2009). Web Sitesi: https://www.bmu.de/en/law/federal-nature-conservation-act-bnatschg/. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021. DEU.
  • Açık, D. (2020). Türkiye'de yaban hayvanlarının güvenli geçiş rotası: Ekolojik köprüler. Anadolu Ajansı, 10.07.2020. Web Sitesi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turkiyede-yaban-hayvanlarinin-guvenli-gecis-rotasi-ekolojik-kopruler/1905688. Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2021.
  • Anadolu Ajansı (2020). Türkiye ekolojik köprülerle donatıldı. Web Sitesi: https://www.trthaber.com/foto-galeri/turkiye-ekolojik-koprulerle-donatildi/27183/sayfa-1.html. Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020.
  • Animal Welfare Act, (2006). Web Sitesi: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/45/contents. Erişim Tarihi: 08.04.2021. UK.
  • Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, (1986). Web Sitesi: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/14/contents. Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2021. UK.
  • Anonymous (2021a). Web Sitesi: https://opr.ca.gov/ceqa/. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021.
  • Anonymous, (2021b). Web Sitesi: https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/SAFETEA-LU_0.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021.
  • Arıkan, E. (2014). Hayvan refahı, hayvan hakları, hayvan hukuku. Galatasaray Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kamu Hukuku Ana Bilim Dalı. Basılmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Arıkan, E. (2016). Hayvan Hakları İnsan Hukuku. Ekin Basım Yayın Evi, ISBN: 9786053273936. Australian Government Department of the Environment, (2016). National Recovery Plan for the Mountain Pygmy-possum Burramys parvus. ISBN 978-1-74242-487-3.
  • Bennett, A. F. (1991). Roads, roadsides and wildlife conservation: a review. Pages 99–118 in D. A. Saunders and R. J. Hobbs, editors. Nature conservation 2: the role of corridors. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia.
  • Benson, J.F.; Sikich, J.A.; Riley, S.P. (2016). Individual and population level resource selection patterns of mountain lions preying on mule deer along an urban-wildland gradient. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0158006.
  • Bhatia, S.; Athreya, V.; Grenyer, R.; Macdonald, D.W. (2013). Understanding the role of representations of human–leopard conflict in Mumbai through media-content analysis. Conserv. Biol. 2013, 27, 588–594. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12037.
  • Chilson, P. (2003). Cutting Edge: Right of way. Audubon magazine, June, 2003.
  • Code Penal, (1994). Web Sitesi: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGITEXT000006070719/. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021. FR.
  • Crooks, K.R. (2002). Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat fragmentation. Conserv. Biol. 2002, 16,488–502.
  • Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (2019). Biyolojik Çeşitlilik. Web Sitesi: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/destek/icerikler/06_b-yoloj-k_ces-tl-l-k_brosur-20191128080609.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2021.
  • Dickie, G. (2017). As Banff's famed wildlife overpasses turn 20, the world looks to Canada for conservation inspiration. Canadian Geographic, December, 4th, 2017. Web Sitesi: https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/banffs-famed-wildlife-overpasses-turn-20-world-looks-canada-conservation-inspiration. Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020.
  • Dilaver, Z., Öztekin, M., Yılmaz, M. (2020). Soğuksu Milli Parkında Yer Alan Bazı Doğal Taksonların Süs Bitkisi Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Bursa Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg.,34(Özel Sayı), s. 197-215.
  • Dönmez, B. (2013). Hayvanlara yönelik işlenen suçlar. Yaşar Üniversitesi e-Dergisi, 8 (Özel), 903-926. Eigenbrod, F., Hecnar, S. J., and Fahrig, L. (2009). Quantifying the road-effect zone: threshold effects of a motorway on anuran populations in Ontario, Canada. Ecology and Society 14(1): 24.
  • Endangered Species Act (1973). Web Sitesi: https://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/esa.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021. USA.
  • Forman, R. T. T. (2000). Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States. Conservation Biology, 14:31–35.
  • Forman, R. T. T. and Deblinger, R. D. (2000). The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (USA) suburban highway. Conservation Biology 14:36–46.
  • Forman, R. T. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H., Fahrig, L., France, R., Goldman, C. R., Heanue, K., Jones, J. A., Swanson, F. J., Turrentine, T. and Winter, T. C. (2002). Road ecology. Science and solutions. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
  • Gehrt, S.D.; Brown, J.L.; Anchor, C. (2011). Is the urban coyote a misanthropic synanthrope? The case from Chicago. Cities Environ. CATE 2011, 4, 3.
  • GPO (2011). Web Sitesi: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2011-title49/pdf/USCODE-2011-title49-subtitleX-chap805-sec80502.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2021. USA.
  • Halil, Y. (2006). Hayvan haklarına bakış. TBB Dergisi, sayı 62, 212-229.
  • Hayvanları Koruma Kanunu (2004). Web Sitesi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5199-20100611.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021. TR.
  • Hedges, B. (2017). National Geographic Image Collection.
  • Huijser, M. P., J. W. Duffield, A. P. Clevenger, R. J. Ament, and P. T. McGowen. (2009). Cost–benefit analyses of mitigation measures aimed at reducing collisions with large ungulates in the United States and Canada; a decision support tool. Ecology and Society 14(2): 15.
  • Hursthouse, R. (2006). Applying Virtue Ethics to Our Treatment of the Other Animals. The Practice of Virtue. Classic and Contemporary Readings in Virtue Ethics, ed. Jennifer Welchman. Hackett Publishing Company.
  • International Database and Gallery of Structures, (2021). Wildlife crossing list. Web Sitesi: https://structurae.net/en/structures/bridges/wildlife-crossings/list. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021.
  • Lombardi, J.V.; Comer, C.E.; Scognamillo, D.G.; Conway, W.C. (2017). Coyote, fox, and bobcat response to anthropogenic and natural landscape features in a small urban area. Urban Ecosyst. 2017, 20, 1239–1248.
  • Mansergh, I. M., and Scotts, D. J. (1989). Habitat continuity and social organisation of the mountain pygmy-possum restored by tunnel. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:701–707.
  • National Environmental Policy Act (2021). Web Sitesi: https://www.epa.gov/nepa. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021.
  • Natural England Commissioned Report NECR181 (2015). Green Bridges. Web Sitesi: file:///C:/Users/CASPER/Downloads/NECR181_edition_1%20(1).pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021.
  • Regan, T. (1986). A case for animal rights. In M.W. Fox & L.D. Mickley (Eds.), Advances in animal welfare science 1986/87 (pp. 179-189). Washington, DC: The Humane Society of the United States.
  • Regan, T. and Singer, P. (1989). Animal rights and human obligations: Duties in regard to animals. ISBN-13: 978-0130368645. Prentice Hall.
  • Reijnen, R., Foppen, R.; Terbraak, C. and Thissen, J. (1995). The effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. III. Reduction of density in relation to the proximity of main roads. Journal of Applied Ecology 32:187–202.
  • Riley, S.P.; Sauvajot, R.M.; Fuller, T.K.; York, E.C.; Kamradt, D.A.; Bromley, C.; Wayne, R.K. (2003). Effects of urbanization and habitat fragmentation on bobcats and coyotes in southern California. Conserv. Biol.,17, 566–576. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01458.x.
  • Scruton, R. (2006). Animal Rights and Wrongs, Demos, 2006.
  • Singer, P. (2005). Hayvan özgürleşmesi, Çev. Hayrullah Doğan, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Singh, P.; Gopalaswamy, A.M.; Karanth, K.U. (2010). Factors influencing densities of striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) in arid regions of India. J. Mammal, 91, 1152–1159.
  • Sözüer, A. (2019). Türk Ceza Hukuku Reformu Dünü Bugünü ve Yarını. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol.21, 3031-3050.
  • The Constitution Of India (2020). Web Sitesi: https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021. IND.
  • Theriault, M. (2001). Great Maritime Inventions 1833 – 1950. Goose Lane, 94p. ISBN-13: 978-0864923240.
  • Tierschutzgesetz (1972). Web Sitesi: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tierschg/BJNR012770972.html. Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2021. DEU.
  • U. S. Department of Agriculture (2020). Innovative Strategies to Reduce the Costs of Effective Wildlife Overpasses. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station Albany, California.
  • Van Der Ree, R., Heinze, D., McCarthy, M. and Mansergh, I. (2009). Wildlife Tunnel Enhances Population Viability. Ecology and Society, 14 (2): 7. DOI: 10.5751/ES-02957-14020.
  • Vartan, S. (2019). How wildlife bridges over highways make animals—and people—safer? National Geographic Magazine, April, 2019.
  • Welchman, J. (2006). The Practice of Virtue. Classic and Contemporary Readings in Virtue Ethics, ed. Jennifer Welchman. Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981). Web Sitesi: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/69. Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2021. UK.
  • Yeni Zelanda Hayvan Refahı Kanunu (1999). Animal Welfare Act 1999. Web Sitesi: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0142/latest/whole.html#DLM49664. Erişim Tarihi: 04.06.2021. NZ.
  • Young, J. K., Golla, J., Draper, J. P., Broman, D., Blankenship, T., & Heilbrun, R. (2019). Space Use and Movement of Urban Bobcats. Animals, 9(5), 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9050275.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Osman Zeybek 0000-0002-2752-407X

Abdulsamet Keser 0000-0001-6057-0986

Yalcin Yildirim 0000-0002-3556-088X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Zeybek, O., Keser, A., & Yildirim, Y. (2021). HAYVAN HAKLARI VE YABAN HAYATI GEÇİTLERİ. Akademia Doğa Ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 84-104.

Akademia Doğa ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, yayın faaliyetini sadece akademik öncelikler doğrultusunda yapmaktadır. Bu nedenle yazarlardan herhangi bir isimde yayın ücreti almamakta ve tüm okuyuculara ücretsiz olarak ulaşmaktadır.