OPTIC NEUROPATHY IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA

Öz

Mid-facial injuries directly or indirectly could cause visual consequences. The diagnosis and timing of intervention is a crucial aspect of the treatment of these maxillofacial injuries, and the prognosis of these injuries directly depends on the approach of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon to manage these patients. This article presents the rationale and treatment modalities for traumatic optic neuropathy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Maxillofacial Trauma
• optic canal
• Traumatic optic neuropathy

ORAL VE MAKSILLOFASIYAL TRAVMADA OPTIK NÖROPATI

Öz

Orta yüz yaralanmalarında, direkt veya indirekt görme bozukluğuna sebep olabilir. Böyle yaralanmalarda ve ona bağlı gelişen nöropatide ayrıntı tanı ve medikal veya cerrahi müdahale zamanlanması hastanın tedavi başarısı için en önemli faktördür. Bu derleme, travmatik optik nöropati, tedavi gerekçe ve yaklaşımlarına göre açıklamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Maksillofasiyal Travma
• optik kanal
• Travmatik optik nöropati

Kaynakça

1. 1. Kaur A, Agrawal A. Paediatric ocular trauma. Current science, 2005;89:43-46.
2. 2. MacEwen CJ, Baines PS, Desai P. Eye injuries in children: the current picture. British journal of ophthalmology, 1999;83:933-936.
3. 3. Moreira CA, Debert-Ribeiro M, Belfort R. Epidemiological study of eye injuries in Brazilian children. Archives of Ophthalmology, 1988;106:781-784.
4. 4. Organization WH. Universal eye health: a global action plan, 2014-2019. 2013.
5. 5. Podbielski DW, Surkont M, Tehrani NN, et al. Pediatric eye injuries in a Canadian emergency department. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology, 2009;44:519-522.
6. 6. Poon A, Ng J, Lam DS, et al. Epidemiology of severe childhood eye injuries that required hospitalisation. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 1998:371-374.
7. 7. Koc F, Erden V, Sefi Yurdakul N. Causes of low vision and blindness in a Turkish adult population: the Izmir eye study. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2018;24:161-168.
8. 8. Anderson RL, Panje WR, Gross CE. Optic nerve blindness following blunt forehead trauma. Ophthalmology, 1982;89:445-455.

9. 9. Wang BH, Robertson BC, Girotto JA, et al. Traumatic optic neuropathy: a review of 61 patients. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2001;107:1655-1664.
10. 10. Altenmüller E, Cornelius C, Uhl H. Flash-evoked visual potentials in the early diagnosis of optic nerve injury due to craniofacial fractures. EEG-EMG Zeitschrift fur Elektroenzephalographie, Elektromyographie und verwandte Gebiete, 1991;22:224-229.
11. 11. Seiff SR, Berger MS, Pitts LH, et al. Computed tomographic evaluation of the optic canal in sudden traumatic blindness. American journal of ophthalmology, 1984;98:751-755.
12. 12. Lee KF, Nor NIM, Yaakub A, et al. Traumatic optic neuropathy: a review of 24 patients. International journal of ophthalmology, 2010;3:175.
13. 13. Kumaran AM, Sundar G, Chye LT. Traumatic optic neuropathy: a review. Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction, 2015;8:031-041.
14. 14. Holmes MD, Sires BS. Flash visual evoked potentials predict visual outcome in traumatic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 2004;20:342-346.
15. 15. Urolagin SB, Kotrashetti SM, Kale TP, et al. Traumatic optic neuropathy after maxillofacial trauma: a review of 8 cases. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery, 2012;70:1123-1130.
16. 16. Osborne N, Chidlow G, Layton C, et al. Optic nerve and neuroprotection strategies. Eye, 2004;18:1075-1084.
17. 17. Tezel G, Yang X, Yang J, et al. Role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 in the death of retinal ganglion cells following optic nerve crush injury in mice. Brain research, 2004;996:202- 212.
18. 18. Kurimoto T, Yin Y, Omura K, et al. Longdistance axon regeneration in the mature optic nerve: contributions of oncomodulin, cAMP, and pten gene deletion. Journal of Neuroscience, 2010;30:15654-15663.
19. 19. Chen H, Weber AJ. BDNF enhances retinal ganglion cell survival in cats with optic nerve damage. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2001;42:966-974.
20. 20. Kipnis J, Yoles E, Schori H, et al. Neuronal survival after CNS insult is determined by a genetically encoded autoimmune response. Journal of Neuroscience, 2001;21:4564-4571.
21. 21. Kashkouli MB, Pakdel F, Sanjari MS, et al. Erythropoietin: a novel treatment for traumatic optic neuropathy—a pilot study. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2011;249:731-736.
22. 22. Wu N, Yin Z, Wang Y. Traumatic optic neuropathy therapy: an update of clinical and experimental studies. Journal of International Medical Research, 2008;36:883-889.
23. 23. Hall ED. The neuroprotective pharmacology of methylprednisolone. Journal of neurosurgery, 1992;76:13-22.
24. 24. Lieberman DM, Jan TA, Ahmad SO, et al. Effects of corticosteroids on functional recovery and neuron survival after facial nerve injury in mice. Archives of facial plastic surgery, 2011;13:117-124.
25. 25. Breslin K, Agrawal D. The use of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury: a review of the evidence, controversies, and recommendations. Pediatric emergency care, 2012;28:1238-1245.
26. 26. Alderson P, Roberts I. Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2005.
27. 27. Steinsapir KD, Goldberg RA. Traumatic optic neuropathy. Survey of ophthalmology, 1994;38:487-518.
28. 28. Pringle J. Atrophy of the optic nerve following diffused violence to the skull. Br Med J, 1922;2:156-151.
29. 29. Crompton MR. Visual lesions in closed head injury. Brain : a journal of neurology, 1970;93:785-792
30. 30. Hooper RS. Orbital complications of head injury. The British journal of surgery, 1951;39:126-138.
31. 31. Wohlrab TM, Maas S, De Carpentier J. Surgical decompression in traumatic optic neuropathy. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 2002;80:287-293.
32. 32. Takagi Y, MiYaMoTo S. Penetration of the Optic Nerve and Falciform Ligament by an Internal Carotid Artery-Ophthalmic Artery Aneurysm. Neurologia medico-chirurgica, 2013:cr2012-0424.
33. 33. Call NB. Decompression of the optic nerve in the optic canal. A transorbital approach. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery, 1986;2:133-137.
34. 34. Wang D-h, Zheng C-q, Qian J, et al. Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for the treatment of traumatic optic nerve neuropathy. ORL, 2008;70:130-133.
35. 35. Chou P, Sadun A, Chen Y, et al. Clinical experiences in the management of traumatic optic neuropathy. Neuro-ophthalmology, 1996;16:325-336.
36. 36. Rajiniganth M, Gupta AK, Gupta A, et al. Traumatic optic neuropathy: visual outcome following combined therapy protocol. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 2003;129:1203-1206.
37. 37. He Z, Li Q, Yuan J, et al. Evaluation of transcranial surgical decompression of the optic canal as a treatment option for traumatic optic neuropathy. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, 2015;134:130-135.
38. 38. Yang Y, Wang H, Shao Y, et al. Extradural anterior clinoidectomy as an alternative approach for optic nerve decompression: anatomic study and clinical experience. Operative Neurosurgery, 2006;59(suppl_4):ONS-253- ONS-262.
39. 39. Dhaliwal SS, Sowerby LJ, Rotenberg BW. Timing of endoscopic surgical decompression in traumatic optic neuropathy: a systematic review of the literature. Paper presented at: International forum of allergy & rhinology, 2016.
40. 40. Peng A, Li Y, Hu P, et al. Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy in children. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2011;75:992- 998.
41. 41. Ropposch T, Steger B, Meço C, et al. The effect of steroids in combination with optic nerve decompression surgery in traumatic optic neuropathy. The Laryngoscope, 2013;123:1082-1086.