Prevalence of Cryptosporı̇dı̇um spp. in Dogs in The Aegean Region

Öz

Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoal parasite that can cause significant gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. Those parasites cause infection, especially in young and immunosuppressed animals in many mammals, poultry, reptiles, and humans, Cryptosporidium spp. Localised in the digestive system, epithelial cells threaten human and animal health with their zoonotic properties. The study's animal material consisted of 200 dogs of different breeds, ages and genders, including healthy (n=50) and diarrhoea (n=150). Stool samples of the dogs used in the study were stained with modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique and examined under a microscope. It was concluded that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 15.5% in faecal samples taken from dogs and that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 14% and 16%, respectively, in healthy and diarrheal dogs, and it was concluded that it could be used as a reference to future studies in dogs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cryptosporidium
• dog
• prevalance

Kaynakça

1. Asahi, H., Koyama, T., Arai, H., Funakoshi, Y., Yamaura, H., Shirasaka, R., & Okutomi, K. (1991). Biological nature of Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from a cat. Parasitology Research, 77(3), 237-240. DOI: 10.1007/BF00930864
2. Bajer, A., Toczylowska, B., Bednarska, M., & Sinski, E. (2012). Effectiveness of water treatment for the removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. Epidemiology & Infection, 140(11), 2014-2022. DOI:10.1017/S0950268811002780
3. Baldursson, S., & Karanis, P. (2011). Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks–an update 2004–2010. Water Research, 45(20), 6603-6614. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.013
4. Batchelor, D. J., Tzannes, S., Graham, P. A., Wastling, J. M., Pinchbeck, G. L., & German, A. J. (2008). Detection of endoparasites with zoonotic potential in dogs with gastrointestinal disease in the UK. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 55(2), 99-104. DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2007.01005.x
5. Bennett, M., Baxby, D., Blundell, N., Gaskell, C. J., Hart, C. A., & Kelly, D. F. (1985). Cryptosporidiosis in the domestic cat. The Veterinary Record, 116(3), 73-74. DOI: 10.1136/vr.116.3.73
6. Berger, S. A., & Marr, J. S. (2006). Human parasitic diseases sourcebook. Jones & Bartlett Learning. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182006242033
7. Bresciani, K. D. S., da Costa, A. J., Navarro, I. T., Toniollo, G. H., Sakamoto, C. A. M., Arantes, T. P., & Gennari, S. M. (2008). Canine toxoplasmosis: clinical and pathological aspects. Semina: ciências agrárias, 29(1), 189-202. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2008v29n1p189
8. Bugg, R. J., Robertson, I. D., Elliot, A. D., & Thompson, R. C. A. (1999). Gastrointestinal parasites of urban dogs in Perth, Western Australia. The Veterinary Journal, 157(3), 295-301. DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.1998.0327

9. Cirak, V. Y., & Bauer, C. (2004). Comparison of conventional coproscopical methods and commercial coproantigen ELISA kits for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in dogs and cats. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 117(9-10), 410-413. PMID: 15495932.
10. Cui, Z., Dong, H., Wang, R., Jian, F., Zhang, S., Ning, C., & Zhang, L. (2018). A canine model of experimental infection with Cryptosporidium canis. Experimental parasitology, 195, 19-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.019
11. Elwin, K., Hadfield, S. J., Robinson, G., & Chalmers, R. M. (2012). The epidemiology of sporadic human infections with unusual cryptosporidia detected during routine typing in England and Wales, 2000–2008. Epidemiology & Infection, 140(4), 673-683. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268811000860
12. Fayer, R., Trout, J. M., Xiao, L., Morgan, U. M., Lal, A. A., & Dubey, J. P. (2001). Cryptosporidium canis n. sp. from domestic dogs. Journal of Parasitology, 87(6), 1415-1422. DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1415:CCNSFD]2.0.CO;2
13. FitzGerald, L., Bennett, M., Ng, J., Nicholls, P., James, F., Elliot, A., ... & Ryan, U. (2011). Morphological and molecular characterisation of a mixed Cryptosporidium muris/Cryptosporidium felis infection in a cat. Veterinary parasitology, 175(1-2), 160-164. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.003
14. Fontanarrosa, M. F., Vezzani, D., Basabe, J., & Eiras, D. F. (2006). An epidemiological study of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs from Southern Greater Buenos Aires (Argentina): age, gender, breed, mixed infections, and seasonal and spatial patterns. Veterinary parasitology, 136(3-4), 283-295. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.012
15. Greene, C. E., Jacobs, G. J., & Prickett, D. (1990). Intestinal malabsorption and cryptosporidiosis in an adult dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 197(3), 365-367. PMID: 2391274.
16. Hall EJ, Day MJ. Diseases of the small intestine. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, Cote E (eds). Textbook Of Veterinary Internal Medicine dıseases of the dog and the cat. 8th edition, Elsevier, Missouri USA 2017. ISBN: 9780323312110
17. Hamnes, I. S., Gjerde, B., & Robertson, L. (2006). Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in dairy calves in three areas of Norway. Veterinary parasitology, 140(3-4), 204-216. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.024
18. Hamnes, I. S., Gjerde, B. K., Forberg, T., & Robertson, L. J. (2007). Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in suckling piglets in Norway. Veterinary Parasitology, 144(3-4), 222-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.011
19. Huber, F., Bomfim, T. C. B., & Gomes, R. S. (2005). Comparison between natural infection by Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia sp. in dogs in two living situations in the West Zone of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Veterinary Parasitology, 130(1-2), 69-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.03.012
20. Koudela, B., & Jiří, V. (1997). Experimental cryptosporidiosis in kids. Veterinary Parasitology, 71(4), 273-281. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00024-1
21. Lindsay, D. S., & Zajac, A. M. (2004). Cryptosporidium infections in cats and dogs. Compendıum On Continuing Education For The Practısıng Veterinarıan-North American Edition, 26(11), 864-876.
22. Lucio-Forster, A., Griffiths, J. K., Cama, V. A., Xiao, L., & Bowman, D. D. (2010). Minimal zoonotic risk of cryptosporidiosis from pet dogs and cats. Trends in parasitology, 26(4), 174-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.004
23. de Lucio, A., Amor-Aramendía, A., Bailo, B., Saugar, J. M., Anegagrie, M., Arroyo, A., ... & Carmena, D. (2016). Prevalence and genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. among school children in a rural area of the Amhara Region, North-West Ethiopia. PloS one, 11(7), e0159992. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0159992
24. Moreira, A. D. S., Baptista, C. T., Brasil, C. L., Valente, J. D. S. S., Bruhn, F. R. P., & Pereira, D. I. B. (2018). Risk factors and infection due to Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs and cats in southern Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 27, 112-117. DOI: 10.1590/S1984-296120180012
25. Mundim, M. J. S., Rosa, L. A. G., Hortencio, S. M., Faria, E. S. M., Rodrigues, R. M., & Cury, M. C. (2007). Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs from different living conditions in Uberlândia, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 144(3-4), 356-359. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.039
26. Noordeen, F., Faizal, A. C. M., Rajapakse, R. P. V. J., Horadagoda, N. U., & Arulkanthan, A. (2001). Excretion of Cryptosporidium oocysts by goats in relation to age and season in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Veterinary Parasitology, 99(1), 79-85. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00449-6
27. O'Handley, R. M., & Olson, M. E. (2006). Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in ruminants. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 22(3), 623-643. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2006.07.002
28. Olabanji, G. M., Maikai, B. V., & Otolorin, G. R. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors associated with faecal shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts in dogs in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Veterinary Medicine International, 2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/4591238
29. Overgaauw, P. A., van Zutphen, L., Hoek, D., Yaya, F. O., Roelfsema, J., Pinelli, E., ... & Kortbeek, L. M. (2009). Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands. Veterinary parasitology, 163(1-2), 115-122. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.044
30. Pivoto, F. L., Lopes, L. F. D., Vogel, F. S. F., Botton, S. D. A., & Sangioni, L. A. (2013). Ocorrência de parasitos gastrointestinais e fatores de risco de parasitismo em gatos domésticos urbanos de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Ciência Rural, 43, 1453-1458. DOİ: 10.1590/S0103-84782013000800018
31. Plutzer, J., & Karanis, P. (2009). Genetic polymorphism in Cryptosporidium species: an update. Veterinary parasitology, 165(3-4), 187-199. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.003
32. Rimhanen-Finne, R., Enemark, H. L., Kolehmainen, J., Toropainen, P., & Hänninen, M. L. (2007). Evaluation of immunofluorescence microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in asymptomatic dogs. Veterinary Parasitology, 145(3-4), 345-348. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.01.008
33. Rinaldi, L., Maurelli, M. P., Musella, V., Veneziano, V., Carbone, S., Di Sarno, A., ... & Cringoli, G. (2008). Giardia and Cryptosporidium in canine faecal samples contaminating an urban area. Research in Veterinary Science, 84(3), 413-415. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.05.006
34. Ryan, U., & Xiao, L. (2014). Taxonomy and molecular taxonomy. In Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease (pp. 3-41). Springer, Vienna. DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6
35. Scorza, V., & Tangtrongsup, S. (2010). Update on the diagnosis and management of Cryptosporidium spp infections in dogs and cats. Topics in companion animal medicine, 25(3), 163-169. DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2010.07.007 Scorza, V., Willmott, A., Gunn-Moore, D., & Lappin, M. R. (2014). Cryptosporidium felis in faeces from cats in the UK. Parasitology, 26, 174-179. DOI: 10.1136/vr.102205
36. Shukla, R., Giraldo, P., Kraliz, A., Finnigan, M., & Sanchez, A. L. (2006). Cryptosporidium spp. and other zoonotic enteric parasites in a sample of domestic dogs and cats in the Niagara region of Ontario. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 47(12), 1179. PMID: 17217087; PMCID: PMC1636587.
37. Titilincu, A., Mircean, V. I. O. R. I. C. A., Achelaritei, D., & Cozma, V. (2010). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in asymptomatic dogs by ELISA and risk factors associated with infection. Lucrari Stiinłifice Medicina Veterinara, 43(1). ISSN: 1221-5295
38. Uehlinger, F. D., Greenwood, S. J., McClure, J. T., Conboy, G., O’Handley, R., & Barkema, H. W. (2013). Zoonotic potential of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. and prevalence of intestinal parasites in young dogs from different populations on Prince Edward Island, Canada. Veterinary parasitology, 196(3-4), 509-514. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.020
39. Wilson, R. B., Holscher, M. A., & Lyle, S. J. (1983). Cryptosporidiosis in a pup. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 183(9), 1005-6. PMID: 12002572. Wright, S. E., & Coop, R. L. (2007). Cryptosporidiosis and coccidiosis. Diseases of sheep, fourth ed. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 179-185. ISBN-13: 978-14051-3414-9
40. Zelalem G., & Addis, M. (2012). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths among dogs in Bahir Dar town, Ethiopia. World applied sciences journal, 19(5), 595-601. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.19.05.1935