Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2023, , 8 - 14, 23.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.53913/aduveterinary.1193727

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Blutinger, A.L., Zollo, A.M., Weltman, J., & Prittie, J. (2021). Prospective evaluation of plasma lactate parameters for prognosticating dogs with shock. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 31(3), 351-359. DOI: 10.1111/vec.13046
  • Cain, S. M. (1977). Oxygen delivery and uptake in dogs during anemic and hypoxic hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology. 42 (2), 228–234. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1977.42.2.228
  • Cain, S.M. (1965). The appearance of excess lactate in anaesthetised dogs during anemic and hypoxic hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology, 209(3), 604–610. DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1965.209.3.604
  • Cilley, R.E., Scharenberg, A.M., Bongiorno, P.F., Guire, K.E. & Bartlett, R.H. (1991). Low oxygen delivery is produced by anemia, hypoxia, and low cardiac output. Journal of Surgical Research. 51(5), 425–433. DOI: 10.1016/0022–4804(91)90145-c
  • Cowgill, E. S., Neel, J. A. & Grindem, C. B. (2003). Clinical application of reticulocyte counts in dogs and cats. The Veterinary Clinics Small Animal Practice, p. 33, 1223–1244. DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00099-8
  • Dellinger, R.P., Levy, M.M., Carlet, J.M., Bion, J., Parker, M.M., Jaeschke, R., … Vincent, J. L. (2008). Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Critical Care Medicine, 36 (1), 296–327. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41
  • Dixon, B., Santamaria, J.D. & Campbell, D.J. (2003). Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity is associated with raised lactate levels after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Critical Care Medicine, 31, 1053–1059. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000055390.97331.DB
  • Du Pont-Thibodeau, G., Harrington, K.& Lacroix, J. (2014). Anemia and red blood cell transfusion in critically ill cardiac patients. Ann Intensive Care 2014, 2;4:16. DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-4-16
  • Dugdale, A. (2010). Veterinary Anaesthesia: Principles to Practice, Wiley Blackwell 2010, 232–243.
  • Evans, G. O. (1987). Plasma lactate measurements in healthy beagle dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48(1), 131–2.
  • Fan, F.C., Chen, R.Y.Z., Schuessler, G.B.& Chien, S. (1980). Effects of hematocrit variations on regional hemodynamics and oxygen transport in the dog. American Journal of Physiology, 238, H545-52. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1980.238.4.H545
  • Fink, M.P. (2002). Bench-to-bedside review: cytopathic hypoxia. Critical Care, 6:491–499. DOI: 10.1186/cc1824).
  • Furman, E., Leidinger, E., Hooijberg, E.H., Bauer, N., Beddies, G.& Moritz, A. (2014). A retrospective study of 1,098 blood samples with anemia from adult cats: frequency, classification, and association with serum creatinine concentration. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(5): 1391-1397. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12422
  • Gallagher, E.J., Rodriguez, K. &Touger, M. (1997). Agreement between peripheral venous and arterial lactate levels. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 29(4), 479–83. DOI: 10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70220–8.
  • Garcia-Alvarez, M., Marik, P., Bellomo, R. (2014). Sepsis-associated hyperlactatemia. Critical Care, 18, 503. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0503-3.
  • Gillespie, I., Rosenstein, P.G. & Hughes, D. (2017). Update: Clinical Use of Plasma Lactate. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 47(2), 325–342. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.10.011
  • Harvey, W.J. (2010). Erythrocyte biochemistry. In: Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ. (Ed’s). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, (6. Edition). Blackwell Publishing, pp. 131–135.
  • Holahan, M.L., Brown, A.J. & Drobatz, K.J. (2010). The association of blood lactate concentration with outcome in dogs with idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: 173 cases (2003- 2006). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2010;20(4):413–20. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00551.x
  • Hood, V.L. (Eds), Gennari, F.J., Adrogue, H.J., Galla, J.H., Madias, N.E. (2005). Lactic acidosis. In: Acid-Base Disorders and Their Treatment. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Taylor & Francis Group. DOI: 10.1201/b14402
  • Hughes, D., Rozanski, E.R., Shofer, F.S., Laster, L.L., Drobatz, K. J. (1990). Effect of sampling site, repeated sampling, pH, and PCO2 on plasma lactate concentration in healthy dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60(4), 521–4.
  • Hughes, D. (2000) Lactate measurement: diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications. In Kirk R, Bonagura JD, ed. Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 112–116.
  • Huybregts, R.A., de Vroege, R., Jansen, E.K., van Schijndel, A.W., Christiaans, H.M.& van Oeveren, W. (2009). The association of hemodilution and transfusion of red blood cells with biochemical markers of splanchnic and renal injury during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 109, 331–339. DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181ac52b2
  • Iuchi, Y.(2012). Anemia Caused by Oxidative Stress. Anemia. Intech; 2012, 49-62.
  • Leach, R.M. & Treacher, D.F. (1998). Oxygen transport 2. Tissue hypoxia. BMJ, 317(7169) 1370– 1373.
  • Levy, B. (2006). Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 12, 4, 315–21. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccx.0000235208.77450.15
  • Mathews, K.A. (2012). Monitoring fluid therapy and complications of fluid therapy. Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, 386–404.
  • Meier, J., Kemming, G.I., Kisch-Wedel, H., Wölkhammer, S. & Habler, O.P. (2004). Hyperoxic ventilation reduces 6-hour mortality at the critical hemoglobin concentration. Anesthesiology, 100:1337. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200401000-00014
  • Meier, J., Müller, M.M. & Lauscher, P. (2012). Perioperative red blood cell transfusion: Harmful or beneficial to the patient? Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy, 39:98-103. DOI: 10.1159/000337187
  • Middleton, P., Kelly, A.M., Brown, J. & Robertson, M. (2006). Agreement between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate. Emergency Medicine Journal, 23, 8, 622–624. DOI: 10.1136/emj.2006.035915
  • Mohanty, J.G., Nagababu, E., Rifkind, J.M. (2014). Red blood cell oxidative stress impairs oxygen delivery and induces red blood cell aging. Frontiers in Physiology, 28, 5, 84. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00084
  • Nel, M., Lobetti, R.G., Keller, N., Thompson, P.N.(2004). Prognostic value of blood lactate, blood glucose, and hematocrit in canine babesiosis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 18(4), 471–6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02569.x
  • Pang, D.S., Boysen, S. (2007). Lactate in veterinary critical care: pathophysiology and management. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 43(5), 270–9. DOI: 10.5326/0430270
  • Pritte, J. (2006). Optimal endpoints of resuscitation and early goal directed therapy. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 16(4), 329–339. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2006.00160.x
  • Rand, J.S., Kinnaird, E., Baglioni, A., Blackshaw, J., Priest, J. (2002). Acute stress hyperglycemia in cats is associated with struggling and increased concentrations of lactate and norepinephrine. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 16(2), 123–32. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02343.x
  • Redavid, L.A., Sharp, C.R., Mitchell, M.A. &Beckel, N.F. (2012). Plasma lactate measurements in healthy cats. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 22(5), 580–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00801.x
  • Pittman, R.N (2011). Regulation of tissue oxygenation. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences 2011.
  • Rosenstein, P.G., Tennent-Brown, B.S.& Hughes, D. (2018). Clinical use of plasma lactate concentration. Part 2: Prognostic and diagnostic utility and the clinical management of hyperlactatemia. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 28(2), 106 121. DOI: 10.1111/vec.12706
  • Saint‐Pierre, L.M., Hopper, K., & Epstein, S.E. (2022). Retrospective evaluation of the prognostic utility of plasma lactate concentration and serial lactate measurements in dogs and cats presented to the emergency room (January 2012–December 2016): 4863 cases. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 32(1), 42–49. DOI: 10.1111/vec.13106
  • Sako, T., Urabe, S., Kusaba, A., Kimura, N., Yoshimura, I., Tazaki, H., Imai, S., Ono, K.& Arai, T. (2007). Comparison of plasma metabolite concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase activity in dogs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep. Veterinary Research Communications, 31(4), 413-417. DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3482-2
  • Thrall, M.A. (2012). Classification of and diagnostic approach to anemia. Thrall MA, Weiser G., Allison R, Campbell TW. (Eds). Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry, 2. edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 75–113.
  • Totaro, R., Raper, R.F. (1997). Epinephrine-induced lactic acidosis following cardiopulmonary bypass. Critical Care Medicine, 25, 1693-9.
  • Tvedten, H. (2010). Laboratory and Clinical Diagnosis of Anemia. Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ. (Eds). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 6. Edition. Iowa, Blackwell Publishing, 152–161.
  • Tynan, B., Kerl, M. E., Jackson, M. L., & Mann, F. A. (2015). Plasma lactate concentrations and comparison of two point-of-care lactate analysers to a laboratory analyser in a population of healthy cats. Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex.: 2001), 25(4), 521–527. DOI: 10.1111/vec.12321
  • von Heymann, C., Sander, M., Foer, A., Heinemann, A., Spiess, B., Braun, J.,… Wernecke, K. D., & Spies, C. (2006). The impact of an hematocrit of 20% during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass for elective low-risk coronary artery bypass graft surgery on oxygen delivery and clinical outcome--a randomised controlled study [ISRCTN35655335]. Critical care (London, England), 10(2), R58. DOI: 10.1186/cc4891
  • Vuckovic, S.A. & Allegretti, P.J. (2015). Anemia. In: Schaider JJ, Roger MD, Barkin M, MD, MPH, Hayden SR, MD, Wolfe RE, MD, Barkin AZ, MD, MPH, Shayne P, MD, Rosen P, MD, Rosen & Barkin’s, 5-Minute Emergency Medicine Consult, 5th Edition, Philadelphia, 64-65.
  • Zander, R. (1990). The oxygen status of arterial human blood. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 203, 187–196. DOI: 10.3109/00365519009087509
  • Zipes, D.P., Libby, P., Bonow, R.O. & Braunwald, E. (2005). Braunwald’s Heart Disease A Textbook Of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1281–1354.

Investigation of Plasma Lactate Concentration in Anemic Dogs

Yıl 2023, , 8 - 14, 23.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.53913/aduveterinary.1193727

Öz

In many clinical situations, the importance of determining plasma lactate level is emphasised, while the effect of type and severity of anemia on plasma lactate concentration is not fully known. It was aimed to evaluate the effect of anemia type and severity on plasma lactate concentrations in dogs with anemia in this study.
A total of 48 dogs (36 anemic, 12 healthy) of different breeds, ages and sexes were included in the study. Dogs with anemia were classified according to the severity and type of anemia. Hematologic evaluations included RBC, HGB, HCT, and MCV measurements. Plasma lactate concentrations were colourimetrically tested on a point-of-care analyser.
Plasma lactate levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in dogs with anemia than in healthy dogs. Plasma lactate levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in dogs with severe anemia than in healthy dogs. Plasma lactate concentrations of dogs with regenerative anemia were significantly higher than healthy dogs, but there was no significant difference between regenerative and nonregenerative anemia groups for plasma lactate concentrations.
This study concluded that the type and severity of anemia affect plasma lactate concentrations in dogs with anemia.

Kaynakça

  • Blutinger, A.L., Zollo, A.M., Weltman, J., & Prittie, J. (2021). Prospective evaluation of plasma lactate parameters for prognosticating dogs with shock. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 31(3), 351-359. DOI: 10.1111/vec.13046
  • Cain, S. M. (1977). Oxygen delivery and uptake in dogs during anemic and hypoxic hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology. 42 (2), 228–234. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1977.42.2.228
  • Cain, S.M. (1965). The appearance of excess lactate in anaesthetised dogs during anemic and hypoxic hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology, 209(3), 604–610. DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1965.209.3.604
  • Cilley, R.E., Scharenberg, A.M., Bongiorno, P.F., Guire, K.E. & Bartlett, R.H. (1991). Low oxygen delivery is produced by anemia, hypoxia, and low cardiac output. Journal of Surgical Research. 51(5), 425–433. DOI: 10.1016/0022–4804(91)90145-c
  • Cowgill, E. S., Neel, J. A. & Grindem, C. B. (2003). Clinical application of reticulocyte counts in dogs and cats. The Veterinary Clinics Small Animal Practice, p. 33, 1223–1244. DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00099-8
  • Dellinger, R.P., Levy, M.M., Carlet, J.M., Bion, J., Parker, M.M., Jaeschke, R., … Vincent, J. L. (2008). Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Critical Care Medicine, 36 (1), 296–327. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41
  • Dixon, B., Santamaria, J.D. & Campbell, D.J. (2003). Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity is associated with raised lactate levels after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Critical Care Medicine, 31, 1053–1059. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000055390.97331.DB
  • Du Pont-Thibodeau, G., Harrington, K.& Lacroix, J. (2014). Anemia and red blood cell transfusion in critically ill cardiac patients. Ann Intensive Care 2014, 2;4:16. DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-4-16
  • Dugdale, A. (2010). Veterinary Anaesthesia: Principles to Practice, Wiley Blackwell 2010, 232–243.
  • Evans, G. O. (1987). Plasma lactate measurements in healthy beagle dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48(1), 131–2.
  • Fan, F.C., Chen, R.Y.Z., Schuessler, G.B.& Chien, S. (1980). Effects of hematocrit variations on regional hemodynamics and oxygen transport in the dog. American Journal of Physiology, 238, H545-52. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1980.238.4.H545
  • Fink, M.P. (2002). Bench-to-bedside review: cytopathic hypoxia. Critical Care, 6:491–499. DOI: 10.1186/cc1824).
  • Furman, E., Leidinger, E., Hooijberg, E.H., Bauer, N., Beddies, G.& Moritz, A. (2014). A retrospective study of 1,098 blood samples with anemia from adult cats: frequency, classification, and association with serum creatinine concentration. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(5): 1391-1397. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12422
  • Gallagher, E.J., Rodriguez, K. &Touger, M. (1997). Agreement between peripheral venous and arterial lactate levels. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 29(4), 479–83. DOI: 10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70220–8.
  • Garcia-Alvarez, M., Marik, P., Bellomo, R. (2014). Sepsis-associated hyperlactatemia. Critical Care, 18, 503. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0503-3.
  • Gillespie, I., Rosenstein, P.G. & Hughes, D. (2017). Update: Clinical Use of Plasma Lactate. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 47(2), 325–342. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.10.011
  • Harvey, W.J. (2010). Erythrocyte biochemistry. In: Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ. (Ed’s). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, (6. Edition). Blackwell Publishing, pp. 131–135.
  • Holahan, M.L., Brown, A.J. & Drobatz, K.J. (2010). The association of blood lactate concentration with outcome in dogs with idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: 173 cases (2003- 2006). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2010;20(4):413–20. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00551.x
  • Hood, V.L. (Eds), Gennari, F.J., Adrogue, H.J., Galla, J.H., Madias, N.E. (2005). Lactic acidosis. In: Acid-Base Disorders and Their Treatment. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Taylor & Francis Group. DOI: 10.1201/b14402
  • Hughes, D., Rozanski, E.R., Shofer, F.S., Laster, L.L., Drobatz, K. J. (1990). Effect of sampling site, repeated sampling, pH, and PCO2 on plasma lactate concentration in healthy dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60(4), 521–4.
  • Hughes, D. (2000) Lactate measurement: diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications. In Kirk R, Bonagura JD, ed. Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 112–116.
  • Huybregts, R.A., de Vroege, R., Jansen, E.K., van Schijndel, A.W., Christiaans, H.M.& van Oeveren, W. (2009). The association of hemodilution and transfusion of red blood cells with biochemical markers of splanchnic and renal injury during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 109, 331–339. DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181ac52b2
  • Iuchi, Y.(2012). Anemia Caused by Oxidative Stress. Anemia. Intech; 2012, 49-62.
  • Leach, R.M. & Treacher, D.F. (1998). Oxygen transport 2. Tissue hypoxia. BMJ, 317(7169) 1370– 1373.
  • Levy, B. (2006). Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 12, 4, 315–21. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccx.0000235208.77450.15
  • Mathews, K.A. (2012). Monitoring fluid therapy and complications of fluid therapy. Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, 386–404.
  • Meier, J., Kemming, G.I., Kisch-Wedel, H., Wölkhammer, S. & Habler, O.P. (2004). Hyperoxic ventilation reduces 6-hour mortality at the critical hemoglobin concentration. Anesthesiology, 100:1337. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200401000-00014
  • Meier, J., Müller, M.M. & Lauscher, P. (2012). Perioperative red blood cell transfusion: Harmful or beneficial to the patient? Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy, 39:98-103. DOI: 10.1159/000337187
  • Middleton, P., Kelly, A.M., Brown, J. & Robertson, M. (2006). Agreement between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate. Emergency Medicine Journal, 23, 8, 622–624. DOI: 10.1136/emj.2006.035915
  • Mohanty, J.G., Nagababu, E., Rifkind, J.M. (2014). Red blood cell oxidative stress impairs oxygen delivery and induces red blood cell aging. Frontiers in Physiology, 28, 5, 84. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00084
  • Nel, M., Lobetti, R.G., Keller, N., Thompson, P.N.(2004). Prognostic value of blood lactate, blood glucose, and hematocrit in canine babesiosis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 18(4), 471–6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02569.x
  • Pang, D.S., Boysen, S. (2007). Lactate in veterinary critical care: pathophysiology and management. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 43(5), 270–9. DOI: 10.5326/0430270
  • Pritte, J. (2006). Optimal endpoints of resuscitation and early goal directed therapy. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 16(4), 329–339. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2006.00160.x
  • Rand, J.S., Kinnaird, E., Baglioni, A., Blackshaw, J., Priest, J. (2002). Acute stress hyperglycemia in cats is associated with struggling and increased concentrations of lactate and norepinephrine. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 16(2), 123–32. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02343.x
  • Redavid, L.A., Sharp, C.R., Mitchell, M.A. &Beckel, N.F. (2012). Plasma lactate measurements in healthy cats. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 22(5), 580–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00801.x
  • Pittman, R.N (2011). Regulation of tissue oxygenation. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences 2011.
  • Rosenstein, P.G., Tennent-Brown, B.S.& Hughes, D. (2018). Clinical use of plasma lactate concentration. Part 2: Prognostic and diagnostic utility and the clinical management of hyperlactatemia. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 28(2), 106 121. DOI: 10.1111/vec.12706
  • Saint‐Pierre, L.M., Hopper, K., & Epstein, S.E. (2022). Retrospective evaluation of the prognostic utility of plasma lactate concentration and serial lactate measurements in dogs and cats presented to the emergency room (January 2012–December 2016): 4863 cases. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 32(1), 42–49. DOI: 10.1111/vec.13106
  • Sako, T., Urabe, S., Kusaba, A., Kimura, N., Yoshimura, I., Tazaki, H., Imai, S., Ono, K.& Arai, T. (2007). Comparison of plasma metabolite concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase activity in dogs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep. Veterinary Research Communications, 31(4), 413-417. DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3482-2
  • Thrall, M.A. (2012). Classification of and diagnostic approach to anemia. Thrall MA, Weiser G., Allison R, Campbell TW. (Eds). Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry, 2. edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 75–113.
  • Totaro, R., Raper, R.F. (1997). Epinephrine-induced lactic acidosis following cardiopulmonary bypass. Critical Care Medicine, 25, 1693-9.
  • Tvedten, H. (2010). Laboratory and Clinical Diagnosis of Anemia. Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ. (Eds). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 6. Edition. Iowa, Blackwell Publishing, 152–161.
  • Tynan, B., Kerl, M. E., Jackson, M. L., & Mann, F. A. (2015). Plasma lactate concentrations and comparison of two point-of-care lactate analysers to a laboratory analyser in a population of healthy cats. Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex.: 2001), 25(4), 521–527. DOI: 10.1111/vec.12321
  • von Heymann, C., Sander, M., Foer, A., Heinemann, A., Spiess, B., Braun, J.,… Wernecke, K. D., & Spies, C. (2006). The impact of an hematocrit of 20% during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass for elective low-risk coronary artery bypass graft surgery on oxygen delivery and clinical outcome--a randomised controlled study [ISRCTN35655335]. Critical care (London, England), 10(2), R58. DOI: 10.1186/cc4891
  • Vuckovic, S.A. & Allegretti, P.J. (2015). Anemia. In: Schaider JJ, Roger MD, Barkin M, MD, MPH, Hayden SR, MD, Wolfe RE, MD, Barkin AZ, MD, MPH, Shayne P, MD, Rosen P, MD, Rosen & Barkin’s, 5-Minute Emergency Medicine Consult, 5th Edition, Philadelphia, 64-65.
  • Zander, R. (1990). The oxygen status of arterial human blood. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 203, 187–196. DOI: 10.3109/00365519009087509
  • Zipes, D.P., Libby, P., Bonow, R.O. & Braunwald, E. (2005). Braunwald’s Heart Disease A Textbook Of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1281–1354.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Gizem Battal Yılmaz 0000-0002-6601-7230

Bülent Ulutaş 0000-0002-8399-7082

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Battal Yılmaz, G., & Ulutaş, B. (2023). Investigation of Plasma Lactate Concentration in Anemic Dogs. Animal Health Production and Hygiene, 12(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.53913/aduveterinary.1193727