Lactogenic route: An Alternative Transmission Route of Parasites to Reach a New Host

Öz

Background/Aim: Lactogenic transmission route is seen in some parasites. Parasites may infect especially newborn offspring via this way. Lactogenic transmission can be occurs both after re-activation of mother’s previous infection during pregnancy perhaps via hormonal changes and depending on some parasites pass through the placental barrier during acute infection of mother in lactation. At the same time the milk is suitable for contamination with several infectious agents including parasites, so it provides becoming infected offspring. Conclusion: In this review, knowledge is given about the laktogenic transmission route seen in parasites.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Transmission,Lactogenic route,parasite.

Galaktojen Yol: Parazitlerin Yeni Bir Konağa Ulaşmasında Alternatif Bulaşma Yolu

Öz

Özbilgi/Amaç: Galaktojen yol bazı parazitlerde görülen bir bulaşma şeklidir. Parazitler bu yolla özellikle yeni doğan yavruyu enfekte edebilmektedir. Galaktojen bulaşma, hem annede daha önceden şekillenen enfeksiyonun gebelik esnasında, muhtemelen hormonal değişikliklere bağlı olarak re-aktive olması sonrasında hem de annenin laktasyon dönemindeki akut enfeksiyonda bazı parazitlerin plasentayı geçmesi ile şekillenmektedir. Aynı zamanda süt, parazitlerin de dahil olduğu enfeksiyöz ajanlarla kontaminasyona uygun olup yavrunun enfekte olmasını sağlamaktadır. Sonuç: Bu derlemede parazitlerde görülen galaktojen bulaşma hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bulaşma,Galaktojen yol,Parazit.

Kaynakça

1. Arasu P (2001). In vitro reactivation of Ancylostoma caninum tissue- arrested third-stage larvae by Transforming Growth Factor-β. Journal of Parasitology, 87, 733-738.
2. Bowman DD (2003). Georgi’s Parasitology for Veterinarians. Eighth edition, Saunders Elsevier, USA.
3. Buxton D, Maley SW, Wright SE, Rodger S, Bartley P and Innes EA (2007). Toxoplasma gondii and ovine toxoplasmosis: New aspects of an old story. Veterinary Parasitology, 149, 25–28.
4. Coati N, Schnieder T and Epe C (2004). Vertical transmission of Toxocara cati Schrank 1788 (Anisakidae) in the cat. Parasitology Research, 92, 142–146.
5. Davilac G, Irsik M and Greiner EC (2010). Toxocara vitulorum in beef calves in North Central Florida. Veterinary Parasitology, 168, 261– 263.
6. Dubey JP (2003). Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 41, 1-16.
7. Dubey JP, Sreekumar C, Knickman E, Miska KB, Vianna MCB, Kwok OCH, Hill DE, Jenkins MC, Lindsay DS and Greene CE (2004). Biologic, morphologic and molecular characterisation of Neospora caninum isolates from littermate dogs. Internaitonal Journal for Parasitology, 34, 1157-1167.
8. Dubey JP (2010). Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. Second edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton.

9. Dzitko K, Dziadek B, Gatkowska J and Długonska H (2013). Toxoplasma gondii binds sheep prolactin. Experimental Parasitology, 134, 216– 219.
10. Fioretti DP, Pasquai P, Diaferia M, Mangili V and Rosignoli L (2003). Neospora caninum infection and congenital transmission: serological and parasitological study of cows up to the fourth gestation. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, 50, 399-404.
11. Foster GW, Kinsella JM, Sheppard BJ and Mark W (2009). Transmammary infection of free-ranging Florida Panther neonates by Alaria marcianae (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae). Journal of Parasitology, 95, 238-239.
12. Gondim LFP, Mcallister MM, Mateus-Pinilla NE, Pitt WL, Mech LD and Nelson ME (2005). Transmission of Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals. Journal of Parasitology, 90, 1361-1365.
13. Guy CS, Williams DJL, Kelly DF, McGarry JW, Guy F, Bjorkman C, Smith RF and Trees, AJ (2001). Neospora caninum in persistently infected, pregnant cows: spontaneous transplacental infection is associated with an acute increase in maternal antibody. Veterinary Record, 149, 443-449.
14. Holland CV and Smith HV (2006). Toxocara The Enigmatic Parasite. CABI Publishing, Wallingford Oxfordshire UK.
15. Jin Z, Akao N and Ohta N (2008). Prolactin evokes lactational transmission of larvae in mice infected with Toxocara canis. Parasitology International, 57, 495–498.
16. Koyama T, Kobayashi Y, Omata Y, Yamada M, Furuoka H, Maeda R, Matsui T, Saito A and Mikami T (2001). Isolation of Neospora caninum from the brain of a pregnant sheep. Journal of Parasitology, 87, 1486- 1488.
17. Mcpherson CNL, Meslin FX and Wandeler AI (2013). Dog, Zoonoses and Public Health. 2nd Edition, CABI Oxfordshire, UK.
18. Mcallister MM, Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Jolley WR, Wills RA and Mcguire AM (1998). Dogs are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum. International Journal for Parasitology, 28, 1473-1478.
19. Mohl K, Grobe K, Hamedy A, Wuste T, Kabelitz P and Lucker E (2009). Biology of Alaria spp. and human exposition risk to Alaria mesocercariae review. Parasitology Research, 105, 1–15.
20. Montoya JG and Liesenfeld O (2004). Toxoplasmosis. The Lancet, 363, 1965-1976.
21. Moskwa B and Cabaj W (2007). The role of the colostrum and milk in Neospora caninum transmission. Helminthologia, 44, 126 – 129.
22. Ortega YR (2006). Foodborne Parasites, Springer, USA.
23. Ortega-Mora LM, Gottstein B, Conraths FJ and Buxton D (2007). Protozoal Abortion in Farm Ruminants: Guidelines for Diagnosis and Control. CAB International.
24. Peters M, Lutkefels E, Heckeroth AR and Schares G (2001). Immunohistochemical for Neospora caninum tissue cysts in skeletal muscles of naturally infected dogs and cattle. International Journal for Parasitology, 31, 1144-1148.
25. ultrastructural evidence
26. Płocinski P, Długonska H and Dzitko K (2007). Prolactin as a modulator of antiparasitic immunity. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne, 53, 263- 270.
27. Sawada M, Kondo H, Tomioka Y, Park CH, Morita T, Shimada A and Umemura T (2000). Isolation of Neospora caninum from the brain of a naturally infected adult dairy cow. Veterinary Parasitology, 90, 247-252.
28. Schnieder T, Laabs EM and Welz C (2011). Larval development of Toxocara canis in dogs. Veterinary Parasitology, 175, 193-206.
29. Stoye M (1976). Galactogenic and prenatal Toxocara canis infections in dogs (Beagle). Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 83, 107-108.
30. Taylor MA, Coop RL and Wall RL (2007). Veterinary Parasitology. Third edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
31. Tenter AM (2009). Toxoplasma gondii in animals used for human consumption. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 104, 364-369.
32. Trees AJ and Williams DJL (2005). Endogenous and exogenous transplacental infection in Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Trends in Parasitology, 21, 558-561.
33. Uggla A, Stenlund S, Holmdahl OJM et al (1998). Oral Neospora caninum inoculation of neonatal calves. International Journal for Parasitology, 28, 1467-1472.
34. Weiss LM and Kim K (2007). Toxoplasma gondii, The Model Apicomplexan: Perspectives and Methods. Academic Press, Amsterdam.