Biotyping of Staphylococcus Strains Isolated from Various Sources and Investigations on the Methicillin Resistance

Öz

In this study, 74 Staphylococcus strains were isolated from 120 milk samples obtained from dairy cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis, 42 Staphylococcus strains were isolated from 60 wounds and 7 Staphylococcus strains were isolated from 20 urine samples. Biyotyping was carried out for all Staphylococcus strains. Slime values +, ++, +++, and - of coagulase positive Staphylococcus strains were determined as 15%, 12%, 32.8%, and 40.2%, respectively and coagulase negative strains were determined as 10.7%, 30.4%, 16.0%, and 42.9%, respectively. 41 33.3% Staphylococcus strains were found to be resistant to methicillin. S. aureus strains 46% , S. intermedius strains 37.5% , S. haemolyticus strains 43% and all S. cohnii subsp cohnii strains 100% presented similar resistance to vankomisin and teikoplanin. Of 48% to all of strains were resistant to penicilin and 85% of all strains were found to be sensitive to eritromisin, 83% of all strains were found to be sensitive to sulbactam + ampicillin, and 79% of all strains were found to be sensitive to sulphamethaxazole + trimethoprim.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Staphylococcus sp.,Identification,Methisillin resistance,Antibiotic susceptibility test.

Değişik Kaynaklardan İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Biyotiplendirilmesi ve Metisilin Direncinin Araştırılması

Öz

Bu araştırmada rutin teşhis laboratuarına getirilen klinik ve subklinik mastitisli ineklere ait 120 adet süt örneğinden 74 adet, 60 adet yara yeri svabı örneğinden 42 adet ve 20 adet idrar örneğinden ise 7 adet stafilokok suşu izole edildi. İzole edilen suşların identifikasyonları gerçekleştirilerek Stafilokok suşlarının tiplendirilmeleri yapıldı. Araştırmada koagulaz pozitif Stafilokok suşlarının slime değerleri +, ++, +++, - sırasıyla % 15, % 12, % 32.8, % 40.2; koagulaz negatif Stafilokok suşlarının ise slime değerleri +, ++, +++, - sırasıyla % 10.7, % 30.4, % 16.0, % 42.9 olarak belirlendi. Çalışmada tiplendirilmeleri gerçekleştirilen Stafilokok suşlarının 41 % 33.3 ’i metisiline dirençli bulundu. S. aureus suşları % 46 , S. intermedius suşları % 37.5 , S. haemolyticus suşları % 43 ve S. cohnii subsp. cohnii suşlarının tamamı %100 vankomisin ve teikoplanin’e aynı oranlarda dirençlilik göstermişlerdir. Tüm izolatların % 48’inin penisilin’e dirençli ve % 85 oranında eritromisine, % 83 oranında sulbactam + ampisilin’e ve % 79 oranında sulphamethaxsazole + trimethoprim’e duyarlı olduğu saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Staphylococcus sp.,İdentifikasyon,Methisilin Direnci,Antibiyotik Duyarlılık Testi

Kaynakça

1. Abigail AS and Dixie DW (1994). Bacterial pathogenesis. 1 st. ed. Washington D.C., ASM Press, 30-41.
2. Akan ÖA, Özalp M, Şener B, Hayran M and Baykal M (1992) Stafilokokların biyokimyasal tiplendirilmesi ve bilgisayar kullanımı. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, 26, 103-107.
3. Akova M, Gür D, Akalın HE and Baykal M (1989). Klinik önemi olan Staphylococcus epidermidis suşlarının saptanmasında slime testinin yeri. İnfeksiyon Dergisi, 3, 321-326.
4. Archer GL (1990). Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase negative staphylococci. In : Mandel, G.L., Dougles, R.G., Benett, J.E. (eds.). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed., Melbourne, Churchill Livingstone, pp. 1511-1517.
5. Auwera PV, Godard C and Denis C (1990). In vitro activities of new antimicrobial againts multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from septisemic patietns during a Belgian national survey from 1983 to 1985. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 34, 226.
6. Bal Ç, Altun B and Anğ Ö (1983). Üriner sistem enfeksiyonu ve kolonizasyonunda Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 23, 159-164.
7. Ball P (1990). Emergent resistance to ciprofloxacin amongst Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylocooccus aureus: clinical significance and therapeutic approaches. J Antimicrob Chemother, 26, 165-179.
8. Bauer AU, Kirby WM, Sherris JC and Tarck M (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493-494.

9. Bilgehan H (1993). Temel mikrobiyoloji ve bağışıklık bilimi. 5. Baskı, Ankara, Barış Yayınları, Fakülteler Kitabevi, 212-240.
10. Boyce JM, Medeiros AA and Rimland D (1998). Detection and traetment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus resistant of penicillinase resistant penicillins. Journal of Infectious Disease, 157, 602-605.
11. Bradley SDF (1992). Methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 8, 853-868.
12. Christensen GD, Parisi JT, Bisno AL, Simpson WA and Beachey EH (1983). Characterization of clinically significant strains of coagulase negative Staphylococci. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 18, 258- 269.
13. Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Bisno AL and Beachey EH (1984). Adherence of slime producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis on the human celluler immune response. Lancet, 1, 365-367.
14. Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JJ, Baddour LM and Barret FF, Melton DM and Beaches EH (1985). Adherence of coagulase- negative staphylococci to plastic tissve culture plates: a quantitave model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 22, 996-1006.
15. Çetin ET and ANĞ Ö (1962). Staphylococci resistant to methicillin. British Medical Journal, 2, 51-52.
16. Çiftçioğlu N (1991). Bronşial astım ve rinitli hastaların burun sekresyonlarından izole edilen koagulaz negatif stafilokokların tiplendirilmeleri, bunlara karşı uygulanan bazı patojenite testleri ve antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi.
17. Devriese LA, Laevens H, Haesebrovek F and Hommez J (1994). A simple identification scheme for coagulase negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis. Research in Veterinary Science, 57, 240-244.
18. Entenza JM, Fluckiger U and Glauser MF (1994). Antibiotic treatment of experimental endocarditis due to methicilin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Journal of Infectious Disease, 174, 100.
19. Erganiş O (1994). Mikrobiyoloji ve İmmünoloji. 2. baskı. Konya Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınlar No: 11, Konya, 268.
20. Erganiş O, Kuyucuoğlu Y and Ok Ü (1995). İnek ve koyun mastitislerine sebep olan koaguloz negatif ve koagulaz pozitif stafikokların biyotiplendirilmesi. Veterinarium , 6, 23-27.
21. Franciolli M, Bille J and Glauser MP (1991). Betalactam resistance mechanismsof methicilin resistance Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Infectious Disease, 163, 514-523.
22. Gray ED, Peters G, Verstegen M and Regelmann WE (1984). Effect of extracellular slime substance from Staphylococcus epidermidis on the human cellular immune response. The Lancet, 18, 365-367.
23. Gündeş G, Karadenizli A and Willke A (2000). Hastane infeksiyonu etkeni olarak izole edilen Staphylococcus aureus suşlarında çoğul antibiyotik direncinin değerlendirilmesi. İnfeksiyon Dergisi, 15, 303- 306.
24. Gür D, Özalp M and Sümerkan B (1998). Prevalance of antimicrorobial resistance in respiratory tract pathogens from five centers in Turkey. 8th International Congress of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Abst. no. 82011.
25. Gürler N and Töreci K 1990. Stafilokoklarda antibiyotiklere direnç gelişimi ve yarattığı sorunlar. İnfeksiyon Dergisi, 4, 699-716.
26. Harnett N, Brown C and Krishnan C (1991). Emergence of quinolone resistance among clinical isolates of methicilin resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Ontario, Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 35, 632.
27. Hasbek M, Hakgüdener Y, Kaya S and Bakici MZ (2002). Stafilokoklarda metisilin direncinin farklı yöntemlerle belirlenmesi ve çoğul antibiyotik direnci. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 24,179-184.
28. Hershow RC, Kayr WF and Smith NL (1992). A comparison of clinical virulance of nozocomially acquired methicilin resistant and methicilin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infection in a univercity hospital. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 13,587-593.
29. Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT and Williams ST (1994). Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Ninth Edition. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 532, 544-551.
30. Jawetz E, Melnick JL and Adelberg EA (1987). Rewiew of medical microbiology. 7th ed., California, Appleton & Lange, 217-223.
31. Jones JW, Scott RJD, Morgan J and Pether JVS (1992). A study of coagulase negative staphylococci with reference to slime production, adherence, resistance patterns and clinical significance. Journal of Hospital Infection, 22, 217-227.
32. Kaya O, Erganiş O and Kuyucuoğlu Y (1993). Cow mastitis, caused by microorganisms and their susceptibities to antibiotics. Türk Veteriner Hekimleri Birliği Dergisi, 5, 49-50.
33. Kernodle DS, Classen DC, Burke JP and Kiser AB (1990). Failure of cephalosporins to prevent Staphylococcus aureus surgical wound infections. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 961-966.
34. Kirkan Ş, Göksoy EO and Kaya O (2005). Identification of and antimicrobial susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis in the Aydin region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 29, 791- 796.
35. Kiraz N (1993). Koagulaz negatif stafilokokların slime oluşturmaları ve bazı antibiyotiklerin slime oluşumuna etkileri. 4. Ulusal Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları Kongresi, 27-30 Nisan, İzmir.
36. Kloos WE and Smith PB (1994). Staphylococci. In: Lenette, E.H., Balows, A., Hausler, W.J., Shadomy, H.J. (eds): Manuel of Clinical Microbiology. 4th ed., Washington D.C., ASM Press., pp. 143-153.
37. Koneman EW, Allen SD, Janda WM, Schreckenberger PC and Winn WC JR (1997). Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology. Fifth edition. Lippincott, Philadelphia, New York, 539-565.
38. Kotilainen P (1990). Association of coagulase negative staphylococcal slime production and adherence with the development and outcome of adult septicemias. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 28, 2779-2785.
39. Kotilainen P, Maki J, Oksman P, Viljanen MK, Nikoskelaainen J and Huovinen P (1990). Immunochemical analysis of the extracellular slime substance of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Europian Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, 9, 262-270.
40. Kotilainen P, Nikoskelainen J and Huovinen P (1991). Antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase negative staphylococcal blood isolates with special reference to adherent, slime-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. Scandinavian Journal of Infectıous Diseases, 23: 325-332.
41. Kurt H, Tural D, Tekeli E and Onul M (1992). Stafilokokların antibiyotiklere invitro duyarlılığı. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 45, 541-548.
42. Lina G, Quaglia A, Reverdy ME, Leclercq R and Etienne J (1999). Distribution of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins among staphylococci. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 43, 1062-1066
43. Ludlam HA, Noble WC, Marples RR and Phillips I (1989). The evaluation of atyping scheme for coagulase negative staphylococci suitable for epidemiological studies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 30, 161- 165.
44. Maple PA, Hamilton-Miller JM and Brumfitt W (1989). World wide antibiotic resistance in methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet, 1, 537-540.
45. Marples RR and Cooke EM (1988). Current problems with methicilin resistance Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Hospital Infection, 11, 381-392.
46. Qoronfleh MW and Wilkinson BJ (1986). Effects of growth of methicilin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of beta lactams on peptidoglycan sturcture and susceptibilty to lytic enzymes. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 29, 250-257.
47. Raviglione MC, Boyle JF and Mariuz P (1990). Ciprofloxacin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an acute care hospital. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 34: 20-50.
48. Shanson DC, Kensit JG and Duke R (1976). Outbreak of Hospital Infection with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin and methiciline. Lancet, 2, 1347-1348.
49. Töreci K, Gürler N and Çalangu S (1985). Methicillin-resistance in Staphlococcus aureus strains isolated in İstanbul. Ankem Dergisi, 2, 265.
50. Ulusoy S, Çetin B and Arda B (1995). Metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus kökenlerinin antibiyotik direnci. İnfeksiyon Dergisi, 9, 7-10.
51. Voss A, Milatovic D and Wallrauch-Schwarz C (1994). Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 13, 50-55.
52. Waldvogel FA (1995). Staphylococcus aureus, In: Mandell Gl, Bennett Je, Dolin R (Editors). Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 4. Baskı, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1754-1776.
53. Yakupoğullari Y, Gündüz A, Özcan M, Doğukan M, Seyrak A and Yilmaz M (2006). Staphylococcus aureus suşlarının siprofloxasin, ofloksasin, levofloksasin, ve moksifloksasin duyarlılıkları, Fırat Tıp Dergisi 11, 45-47
54. Younger JJ, Christensen GD, Bartley DL, Simmons JCH and Barrett FF (1987). Coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from cerebrospinal shunts: importance of slime production, species identification and shunt removal to clinical outcome. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 156, 548-554.