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Polymerase chain reaction PCR inhibitors

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 599 - 604, 01.06.2018

Dilek Kula Sami Gökpınar

Öz

Backround/Aim: Polymerase chain reaction PCR is a specific and sensitive molecular biological technique that has been used intensively in recent years in scientific studies. PCR is highly sensitive to inhibitors since it is an enzymatic reaction. The formation of these inhibitors is a significant disadvantage of PCR. Because the formation of inhibitors can affect the sensitivity of the results, as well as cause false negative results. The purpose of this review is to give information about the inhibitors that can be anticipated in the intended PCR studies and the precautions that should be taken to remove them.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Inhibitor Molecular methods PCR

Kaynakça

  • Abbaszadegan M, Huber MS, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. Detection of enteroviruses in groundwater with the polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993, 59, 1318–24.
  • Abolmaaty A, Gu W, Witkowsky R, Levin RE. The use of activated charcoal for the removal of PCR inhibitors from oyster samples. J Microbiol Methods 2007, 68, 349–52.
  • Al-Soud WA, Radström P. Capacity of nine thermostable DNA polymerases To mediate DNA amplification in the presence of PCRinhibiting samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64, 3748–53.
  • Al-Soud WA, Radström P. Effects of amplification facilitators on diagnostic PCR in the presence of blood, feces, and meat. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38, 4463–70.
  • Al-Soud WA, Radström P. Purification and characterization of PCRinhibitory components in blood cells. J Clin Microbiol 2001, 39, 485–93.
  • Al-Soud WA, Jonsson LJ, Radström P. Identification and characterization of immunoglobulin G in blood as a major inhibitor of diagnostic PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38, 345–50.
  • Al-Soud WA, Ouis IS, Li DQ, Ljungh S, Wadstrom T. Characterization of the PZR inhibitory effect of bile to optimize real-time PCR detection of Helicobacter species. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005, 44, 177–82.
  • Arnal C, Ferre-Aubineau V, Besse B, Mignotte B, Schwartzbrod L, Billaudel S. Comparison of seven RNA extraction methods on stool and shellfish samples prior to hepatitis A virus amplification. J Virol Methods 1999, 77, 17–26.
  • Atmar RL, Metcalf TG, Neill FH, Estes MK. Detection of enteric viruses in oysters by using the polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993, 59, 631–5.
  • Atmar RL, Neill FH, Romalde JL, Le Guyader F, Woodley CM, Metcalf TG, Estes MK. Detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995, 61, 3014–8.
  • Baar C, D’abbadie M, Vaisman A, Arana ME, Hofreiter M, Woodgate R, Kunkel TA, Holliger P. Molecular breeding of polymerases for resistance to environmental inhibitors. Nucleic Acids Res 2011, 39, e51.
  • Belec L, Authier J, Eliezer-Vanerot MC, Piedouillet C, Mohamed AS, Gherardi RK. Myoglobin as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitor: a limitation for PCR from skeletal muscle tissue avoided by the use of Thermus thermophilus polymerase. Muscle Nerve 1998, 21, 1064–7.
  • Bergallo M, Costa C, Gribaudo G, Tarallo S, Baro S, Negro PA, Cavallo R. Evaluation of six methods for extraction and purification of viral DNA from urine and serum samples. New Microbiol 2006, 29, 111– 9.
  • Bessetti J.. An introduction to PCR inhibitors. https://www.promega. es/-/media/files/resources/profiles-in-dna/1001/an-introduction to PCR inhibitors. 2007, Pdf? la=es-es. Erişim Tarihi:15.05.2017.
  • Bickley J, Short JK, Mcdowell DG, Parkes HC. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Listeria monocytogenes in diluted milk and reversal of PCR inhibition caused by calcium ions. Lett Appl Microbiol 1996, 22, 153–8.
  • Braid MD, Daniels LM, Kitts CL. Removal of PCR inhibitors from soil DNA by chemical flocculation. J Microbiol Methods 2003, 52, 389–93.
  • Burgess LC, Hall JO. UV light irradiation of plastic reaction tubes inhibits PCR. Biotechniques 1999, 27, 252-3.
  • Burkardt HJ. Standardization and quality control of PCR analyses. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000, 38, 87–91.
  • Butot S, Putallaz T, Sanchez G. Procedure for rapid concentration and detection of enteric viruses from berries and vegetables. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007a, 73, 186–92.
  • Butot S, Putallaz T, Croquet C, Lamothe G, Meyer R, Joosten H, Sanchez G. Attachment of enteric viruses to bottles. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007b, 73, 5104–10.
  • Cannon JL, Vinje J. Histo-blood group antigen assay for detecting noroviruses in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008, 74, 6818–9.
  • Chaturvedi U, Tiwari AK, Ratta B, Ravindra PV, Rajawat YS, Palia SK, Rai A. Detection of canine adenoviral infections in urine and faeces by the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 2008, 149, 260–3.
  • Costafreda MI, Bosch A, Pinto RM. Development, evaluation, and standardization of a realtime TaqMan reverse transcription-PCR assay for quantification of hepatitis A virus in clinical and shellfish samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 6, 3846–55.
  • Croci L, Dubois E, Cook N, De Medici D, Schultz A, China B, Rutjes S, Hoorfar J, Van Der Poel WHM. Current methods for extraction and concentration of enteric viruses from fresh fruit and vegetables: towards international standards. Food Anal Methods 2008, 1, 73– 84.
  • Da Silva N, Zardoya R, Santurde G, Solana A, Castro JM. Rapid and sensitive detection of the bovine viral diarrhea virus genome in semen. J Virol Methods 1995, 55, 209–18.
  • Demeke T, Adams RP. The effects of plant polysaccharides and buffer additives on PCR. Biotechniques 1992, 12, 332–4.
  • Demeke T, Jenkins GR. Influence of DNA extraction methods, PCR inhibitors and quantification methods on real-time PCR assay of biotechnology-derived traits. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010, 396, 1977– 90.
  • Eckhart L, Bach J, Ban J, Tschachler E. Melanin binds reversibly to thermostable DNA polymerase and inhibits its activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000, 271, 726–30.
  • Erlich HA, Gelfand D, Sninsky JJ. Recent advances in polymerase chain reaction. Science 1991, 252, 1643-50.
  • Fang G, Hammar S, Grumet R. A quick and inexpensive method for removing polysaccharides from plant genomic DNA. Biotechniques 1992, 13, 52-5.
  • Fox DH, Huang CK, Du J, Chang TY, Pan Q.. Profound inhibition of the PCR step of CF V3 multiplex PCR/OLA assay by the use of UVirradiated plastic reaction tubes. Diagn Mol Pathol 2007, 16, 121–3.
  • Frackman S, Kobs G, Simpson D, Storts D. Beatine and DMSO: enhancing agents for PCR. Promega Notes 1998, 65, 27-30
  • Gassilloud B, Huguet L, Maul A, Gantzer C. Development of a viral concentration method for bottled water stored in hydrophobic support. J Virol Methods 2007, 142, 98–104.
  • Gonzalez A, Grimes R, Walsh EJ, Dalton T, Davies M. Interaction of quantitative PCR components with polymeric surfaces. Biomed Microdevices 2007, 9, 261–6.
  • Hale AD, Green J, Brown DW. Comparison of four RNA extraction methods for the detection of small round structured viruses in faecal specimens. J Virol Methods 1996, 57, 195–201.
  • Hedman J, Raström P. Overcoming inhibition in Real-time diagnostic PCR. In: PCR Detection of Microbial Pathogens. Ed: WILKS M, 2013 943, 17-48.
  • Henson JM, French R. The polymerase chain reaction and plant disease diagnosis. Annu Rev Phytopathol 1993, 31, 81–109.
  • Huppertz HI, Schmidt H, Karch H. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi by nested polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid and urine of children with neuroborreliosis. Eur J Pediatr 1993, 152, 414–7.
  • Jacobsen CS, Rasmussen OF. Development and application of a new method to extract bacterial DNA from soil based on separation of bacteria from soil with cation-exchange resin. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992, 58, 2458–62.
  • John ME. An efficient method for isolation of RNA and DNA from plants containing polyphenolics. Nucleic Acids Res 1992, 20, 23-81.
  • Katcher HL, Schwartz I. A distinctive property of Tth DNA polymerase: enzymatic amplification in the presence of phenol. Biotechniques 1994, 16, 84–92.
  • Kermekchiev MB, Kirilova LI, Vail EE, Barnes WM. Mutants of Taq DNA polymerase resistant to PCR inhibitors allow DNA amplification from whole blood and crude soil samples. Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37, e40.
  • Khan G, Kangro Ho, Coates PJ, Heath RB. Inhibitory effects of urine on the polymerase chain reaction for cytomegalovirus DNA. J Clin Pathol 1991, 44, 360–5.
  • Konet DS, Mezencio JM, Babcock G, Brown F. Inhibitors of RT-PCR in serum. J Virol Methods 2000, 84, 95–8.
  • Kreader CA. Relief of amplification inhibition in PCR with bovine serum albumin or T4 gene 32 protein. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996, 62, 1102–6.
  • Lantz PG, Matsson M, Wadstrom T, Radström P. Removal of PCR inhibitors from human faecal samples through the use of an aqueous two-phase system for sample preparation prior to PCR. J Microbiol Methods 1997, 28, 159-67.
  • Levesque-Sergerie JP, Duquette M, Thibault C, Delbecchi L, Bissonnette N. Detection limits of several commercial reverse transcriptase enzymes: impact on the low- and high-abundance transcript levels assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. BMC Mol Biol 2007, 8, 93.
  • Löfström C, Knutsson R, Axelsson CE, Radström P. Rapid and spesific detection of Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples by PCR after culture enrichment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004, 70, 69-75.
  • Monteiro L, Bonnemaison D, Vekris A, Petry KG, Bonnet J, Vidal R, Cabrita J, Megraud F. Complex polysaccharides as PCR inhibitors in feces: Helicobacter pylori model. J Clin Microbiol 1997, 35, 995–8.
  • Mutlu D, Sağlık İ, Koyun M, Çomak E, Mutlu E, Uslu Gökçeoğlu A, Çağla Doğan S, Dinçkan A, Akbaş SH, Akkaya B, Akman S, Süleymanlar G, Çolak D. Pediatrik Renal transplant alıcılarında BK virus enfeksiyonları. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013, 47, 1-10.
  • Oikarinen S, Tauriainen S, Viskari H, Simell O, Knip M, Virtanen S, Hyoty H. PCR inhibition in stool samples in relation to age of infants. J Clin Virol 2009, 44, 211–4.
  • Opel KL, Chung D, Mccord BR. A study of PCR inhibition mechanisms using real time PCR. J Forensic Sci 2010, 55, 25–33.
  • Peist R, Honsel D, Twieling G, Loffert D. PCR inhibitors in plant DNA preparations. QIAGEN News 2001, 3, 7–9.
  • Pachner AR, Delaney E. The polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Ann Neurol 1993, 34, 544–50.
  • Pontiroli A, Travis ER, Sweeney FP, Porter D, Gaze WH, Mason S, Hibberd V, Holden J, Courtenay O, Wellington EMH. Pathogen quantitation in complex matrices: a multioperator comparison of DNA extraction methods with a novel assessment of PCR inhibition. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e17916.
  • Powell HA, Gooding CM, Garrett SD, Lund BM, Mckee RA. Protease inhibition of the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk using the polymerase chain reaction. Lett Appl Microbiol 1994, 18, 59–61.
  • Queiroz AP, Santos FM, Sassaroli A, Harsi CM, Monezi TA, Mehnert DU. Electropositive filter membrane as an alternative for the elimination of PCR inhibitors from sewage and water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001, 67, 4614–18.
  • Radström P, Knutsson R, Wolffs P, Lovenklev M, Löfström C. Pre-PCR processing: strategies togenerate PCR-compatible samples. Mol Biotechnol 2004, 26, 133-46.
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Polimeraz Zincir reaksiyonu PZR İnhibitörleri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 599 - 604, 01.06.2018

Dilek Kula Sami Gökpınar

Öz

Özbilgi/Amaç: Polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu PZR son yıllarda bilimsel çalışmalarda oldukça yoğun kullanılmaya başlanan özgül ve duyarlı bir moleküler biyolojik bir tekniktir. PZR, enzimatik bir reaksiyon olduğundan inhibitörlere karşı oldukça duyarlıdır. Bu inhibitörlerin oluşması PZR’ın önemli bir dezavantajıdır. Çünkü inhibitörlerin oluşması sonuçların duyarlılığını etkileyeceği gibi, yanlış negatif sonuçlara da neden olabilmektedir. Bu derleme’nin amacı PZR çalışmalarında karşımıza çıkabilecek inhibitörler ve bunların ortadan kaldırılmaları için alınması gereken önlemler hakkında bilgi verilmesidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnhibitör Moleküler yöntemler PZR

Kaynakça

  • Abbaszadegan M, Huber MS, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. Detection of enteroviruses in groundwater with the polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993, 59, 1318–24.
  • Abolmaaty A, Gu W, Witkowsky R, Levin RE. The use of activated charcoal for the removal of PCR inhibitors from oyster samples. J Microbiol Methods 2007, 68, 349–52.
  • Al-Soud WA, Radström P. Capacity of nine thermostable DNA polymerases To mediate DNA amplification in the presence of PCRinhibiting samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64, 3748–53.
  • Al-Soud WA, Radström P. Effects of amplification facilitators on diagnostic PCR in the presence of blood, feces, and meat. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38, 4463–70.
  • Al-Soud WA, Radström P. Purification and characterization of PCRinhibitory components in blood cells. J Clin Microbiol 2001, 39, 485–93.
  • Al-Soud WA, Jonsson LJ, Radström P. Identification and characterization of immunoglobulin G in blood as a major inhibitor of diagnostic PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38, 345–50.
  • Al-Soud WA, Ouis IS, Li DQ, Ljungh S, Wadstrom T. Characterization of the PZR inhibitory effect of bile to optimize real-time PCR detection of Helicobacter species. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005, 44, 177–82.
  • Arnal C, Ferre-Aubineau V, Besse B, Mignotte B, Schwartzbrod L, Billaudel S. Comparison of seven RNA extraction methods on stool and shellfish samples prior to hepatitis A virus amplification. J Virol Methods 1999, 77, 17–26.
  • Atmar RL, Metcalf TG, Neill FH, Estes MK. Detection of enteric viruses in oysters by using the polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993, 59, 631–5.
  • Atmar RL, Neill FH, Romalde JL, Le Guyader F, Woodley CM, Metcalf TG, Estes MK. Detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995, 61, 3014–8.
  • Baar C, D’abbadie M, Vaisman A, Arana ME, Hofreiter M, Woodgate R, Kunkel TA, Holliger P. Molecular breeding of polymerases for resistance to environmental inhibitors. Nucleic Acids Res 2011, 39, e51.
  • Belec L, Authier J, Eliezer-Vanerot MC, Piedouillet C, Mohamed AS, Gherardi RK. Myoglobin as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitor: a limitation for PCR from skeletal muscle tissue avoided by the use of Thermus thermophilus polymerase. Muscle Nerve 1998, 21, 1064–7.
  • Bergallo M, Costa C, Gribaudo G, Tarallo S, Baro S, Negro PA, Cavallo R. Evaluation of six methods for extraction and purification of viral DNA from urine and serum samples. New Microbiol 2006, 29, 111– 9.
  • Bessetti J.. An introduction to PCR inhibitors. https://www.promega. es/-/media/files/resources/profiles-in-dna/1001/an-introduction to PCR inhibitors. 2007, Pdf? la=es-es. Erişim Tarihi:15.05.2017.
  • Bickley J, Short JK, Mcdowell DG, Parkes HC. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Listeria monocytogenes in diluted milk and reversal of PCR inhibition caused by calcium ions. Lett Appl Microbiol 1996, 22, 153–8.
  • Braid MD, Daniels LM, Kitts CL. Removal of PCR inhibitors from soil DNA by chemical flocculation. J Microbiol Methods 2003, 52, 389–93.
  • Burgess LC, Hall JO. UV light irradiation of plastic reaction tubes inhibits PCR. Biotechniques 1999, 27, 252-3.
  • Burkardt HJ. Standardization and quality control of PCR analyses. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000, 38, 87–91.
  • Butot S, Putallaz T, Sanchez G. Procedure for rapid concentration and detection of enteric viruses from berries and vegetables. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007a, 73, 186–92.
  • Butot S, Putallaz T, Croquet C, Lamothe G, Meyer R, Joosten H, Sanchez G. Attachment of enteric viruses to bottles. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007b, 73, 5104–10.
  • Cannon JL, Vinje J. Histo-blood group antigen assay for detecting noroviruses in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008, 74, 6818–9.
  • Chaturvedi U, Tiwari AK, Ratta B, Ravindra PV, Rajawat YS, Palia SK, Rai A. Detection of canine adenoviral infections in urine and faeces by the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 2008, 149, 260–3.
  • Costafreda MI, Bosch A, Pinto RM. Development, evaluation, and standardization of a realtime TaqMan reverse transcription-PCR assay for quantification of hepatitis A virus in clinical and shellfish samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 6, 3846–55.
  • Croci L, Dubois E, Cook N, De Medici D, Schultz A, China B, Rutjes S, Hoorfar J, Van Der Poel WHM. Current methods for extraction and concentration of enteric viruses from fresh fruit and vegetables: towards international standards. Food Anal Methods 2008, 1, 73– 84.
  • Da Silva N, Zardoya R, Santurde G, Solana A, Castro JM. Rapid and sensitive detection of the bovine viral diarrhea virus genome in semen. J Virol Methods 1995, 55, 209–18.
  • Demeke T, Adams RP. The effects of plant polysaccharides and buffer additives on PCR. Biotechniques 1992, 12, 332–4.
  • Demeke T, Jenkins GR. Influence of DNA extraction methods, PCR inhibitors and quantification methods on real-time PCR assay of biotechnology-derived traits. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010, 396, 1977– 90.
  • Eckhart L, Bach J, Ban J, Tschachler E. Melanin binds reversibly to thermostable DNA polymerase and inhibits its activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000, 271, 726–30.
  • Erlich HA, Gelfand D, Sninsky JJ. Recent advances in polymerase chain reaction. Science 1991, 252, 1643-50.
  • Fang G, Hammar S, Grumet R. A quick and inexpensive method for removing polysaccharides from plant genomic DNA. Biotechniques 1992, 13, 52-5.
  • Fox DH, Huang CK, Du J, Chang TY, Pan Q.. Profound inhibition of the PCR step of CF V3 multiplex PCR/OLA assay by the use of UVirradiated plastic reaction tubes. Diagn Mol Pathol 2007, 16, 121–3.
  • Frackman S, Kobs G, Simpson D, Storts D. Beatine and DMSO: enhancing agents for PCR. Promega Notes 1998, 65, 27-30
  • Gassilloud B, Huguet L, Maul A, Gantzer C. Development of a viral concentration method for bottled water stored in hydrophobic support. J Virol Methods 2007, 142, 98–104.
  • Gonzalez A, Grimes R, Walsh EJ, Dalton T, Davies M. Interaction of quantitative PCR components with polymeric surfaces. Biomed Microdevices 2007, 9, 261–6.
  • Hale AD, Green J, Brown DW. Comparison of four RNA extraction methods for the detection of small round structured viruses in faecal specimens. J Virol Methods 1996, 57, 195–201.
  • Hedman J, Raström P. Overcoming inhibition in Real-time diagnostic PCR. In: PCR Detection of Microbial Pathogens. Ed: WILKS M, 2013 943, 17-48.
  • Henson JM, French R. The polymerase chain reaction and plant disease diagnosis. Annu Rev Phytopathol 1993, 31, 81–109.
  • Huppertz HI, Schmidt H, Karch H. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi by nested polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid and urine of children with neuroborreliosis. Eur J Pediatr 1993, 152, 414–7.
  • Jacobsen CS, Rasmussen OF. Development and application of a new method to extract bacterial DNA from soil based on separation of bacteria from soil with cation-exchange resin. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992, 58, 2458–62.
  • John ME. An efficient method for isolation of RNA and DNA from plants containing polyphenolics. Nucleic Acids Res 1992, 20, 23-81.
  • Katcher HL, Schwartz I. A distinctive property of Tth DNA polymerase: enzymatic amplification in the presence of phenol. Biotechniques 1994, 16, 84–92.
  • Kermekchiev MB, Kirilova LI, Vail EE, Barnes WM. Mutants of Taq DNA polymerase resistant to PCR inhibitors allow DNA amplification from whole blood and crude soil samples. Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37, e40.
  • Khan G, Kangro Ho, Coates PJ, Heath RB. Inhibitory effects of urine on the polymerase chain reaction for cytomegalovirus DNA. J Clin Pathol 1991, 44, 360–5.
  • Konet DS, Mezencio JM, Babcock G, Brown F. Inhibitors of RT-PCR in serum. J Virol Methods 2000, 84, 95–8.
  • Kreader CA. Relief of amplification inhibition in PCR with bovine serum albumin or T4 gene 32 protein. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996, 62, 1102–6.
  • Lantz PG, Matsson M, Wadstrom T, Radström P. Removal of PCR inhibitors from human faecal samples through the use of an aqueous two-phase system for sample preparation prior to PCR. J Microbiol Methods 1997, 28, 159-67.
  • Levesque-Sergerie JP, Duquette M, Thibault C, Delbecchi L, Bissonnette N. Detection limits of several commercial reverse transcriptase enzymes: impact on the low- and high-abundance transcript levels assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. BMC Mol Biol 2007, 8, 93.
  • Löfström C, Knutsson R, Axelsson CE, Radström P. Rapid and spesific detection of Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples by PCR after culture enrichment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004, 70, 69-75.
  • Monteiro L, Bonnemaison D, Vekris A, Petry KG, Bonnet J, Vidal R, Cabrita J, Megraud F. Complex polysaccharides as PCR inhibitors in feces: Helicobacter pylori model. J Clin Microbiol 1997, 35, 995–8.
  • Mutlu D, Sağlık İ, Koyun M, Çomak E, Mutlu E, Uslu Gökçeoğlu A, Çağla Doğan S, Dinçkan A, Akbaş SH, Akkaya B, Akman S, Süleymanlar G, Çolak D. Pediatrik Renal transplant alıcılarında BK virus enfeksiyonları. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013, 47, 1-10.
  • Oikarinen S, Tauriainen S, Viskari H, Simell O, Knip M, Virtanen S, Hyoty H. PCR inhibition in stool samples in relation to age of infants. J Clin Virol 2009, 44, 211–4.
  • Opel KL, Chung D, Mccord BR. A study of PCR inhibition mechanisms using real time PCR. J Forensic Sci 2010, 55, 25–33.
  • Peist R, Honsel D, Twieling G, Loffert D. PCR inhibitors in plant DNA preparations. QIAGEN News 2001, 3, 7–9.
  • Pachner AR, Delaney E. The polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Ann Neurol 1993, 34, 544–50.
  • Pontiroli A, Travis ER, Sweeney FP, Porter D, Gaze WH, Mason S, Hibberd V, Holden J, Courtenay O, Wellington EMH. Pathogen quantitation in complex matrices: a multioperator comparison of DNA extraction methods with a novel assessment of PCR inhibition. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e17916.
  • Powell HA, Gooding CM, Garrett SD, Lund BM, Mckee RA. Protease inhibition of the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk using the polymerase chain reaction. Lett Appl Microbiol 1994, 18, 59–61.
  • Queiroz AP, Santos FM, Sassaroli A, Harsi CM, Monezi TA, Mehnert DU. Electropositive filter membrane as an alternative for the elimination of PCR inhibitors from sewage and water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001, 67, 4614–18.
  • Radström P, Knutsson R, Wolffs P, Lovenklev M, Löfström C. Pre-PCR processing: strategies togenerate PCR-compatible samples. Mol Biotechnol 2004, 26, 133-46.
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Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Dilek Kula Bu kişi benim

Sami Gökpınar Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kula, D., & Gökpınar, S. (2018). Polimeraz Zincir reaksiyonu PZR İnhibitörleri. Animal Health Production and Hygiene, 7(2), 599-604.