Cancer Stem Cell

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 416 - 422, 01.01.2016

Ayşe Nur Akkoç Nihat Toplu

Öz

Backround/Aim: Throughout the history, there has been numerous studies about how cancer is formed and which treatments are need to be done since the term of cancer has been accepted. The failure of existing treatments to prevent and destroy cancer has led to the creation of new theories. Since the cancer mass is not completely destroyed and due to the idea of ​​a birth center responsible for reestablishing itself cancer stem cell CSC concept has emerged. In the last 30 years, the results of studies to prove this support the cancer stem cell theory. The theory will change the standards of care and alternative methods will be a new light in the solution of this disease at all stages starting with protection from cancer. In this review, cancer stem cells, current studies and benefits provided for these studies have been discussed. Conclusion: Information on how cancer stem cell theory will govern treatment is still limited because there is little information about cancer stem cell markers, treatments targeting cancer stem cells are in the early stages, and side effects are unknown. Therefore, more specific markers should be found and their roles should be better understood and therapy strategies should be developed accordingly. When appropriate markers of CSC are available, it seems possible to develop cancer stem cell-specific therapies that will keep healthy stem cells separate and have fewer side effects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cancer, Cancer stem cell, stem cell.

Kanser Kök Hücresi

Öz

Özbilgi/Amaç: Tarih boyunca, kanser kavramı kabul edildiğinden beri, neden oluştuğu ve nasıl tedavi edileceği üzerine çok sayıda çalışma ortaya koyulmuştur. Mevcut tedavilerin kanseri önlemede ve yok etmedeki başarısızlığı yeni teorilerin oluşmasına yol açmıştır. Kanser kitlesinin tamamiyle yok edilememesi ve kendini tekrar oluşturmasından sorumlu bir doğurucu merkez düşüncesi ile kanser kök hücresi KKH kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. Son 30 yılda bunu kanıtlamaya yönelik yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya konulan sonuçlar bu teoriyi desteklemektedir. KKH teorisi ile tedavideki standartlar değişecek ve alternatif yöntemler kanserden korunmayla başlayan tüm aşamalarda bu hastalığın çözümünde yeni bir ışık olacaktır. Bu derlemede kanser kök hücreleri, mevcut çalışmalar ve bu çalışmalar doğrultusunda sağlanan faydalar konu edilmiştir. Sonuç: KKH belirteçlerine dair henüz az bilgi olması, KKH’ni hedef alan terapilerin iyi sonuçlarına rağmen daha başlangıç aşamasında olması ve yan etkilerinin az bilinmesi nedeniyle KKH teorisinin tedaviye vereceği yön hakkındaki bilgiler henüz sınırlıdır. Bu yüzden daha spesifik belirteçler bulunmalı ve bunların rolleri daha iyi anlaşılmalı ve terapi stratejileri buna göre geliştirilmelidir. Uygun KKH belirteçleri bulunduğu zaman sağlıklı kök hücrelerini ayrı tutacak, yan etkileri azaltılmış ve KKH’ne spesifik terapiler geliştirilmesi mümkün görünmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kanser, Kanser kök hücresi, kök hücre

Kaynakça

• Adams JM, Strasser, A (2008). Is tumor growth sustained by rare cancer stem cells or dominant clones? Cancer Res., 68:4018-4021.
• Ahn EH, Chang CC, Schroeder JJ (2006). Evaluation of sphinganine and sphingosine as human breast cancer chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 231(10):1664-72.
• Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF (2003). Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(7):3983–3988.
• Allan AL, Vantyghem SA, Tuck AB, Chambers AF (2006-2007). Tumor dormancy and cancer stem cells: implications for the biology and treatment of breast cancer metastasis. Breast Dis., 26:87-98.
• Ayla Ş, Öktem G, Tanrıverdi G, Bilir A (2013). Kanser kök hücresi (Cancer stem cell). Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni, 44(4):190-6.
• Bjerkvig R, Tysnes BB, Aboody KS, Najbauer J, Terzis AJ (2005). Opinion: the origin of the cancer stem cell: current controversies and new insights. Nat. Rev. Cancer., 5(11):899-904.
• Bonnet D, Dick JE (1997). Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat. Med., 3:730–737.
• Cairns J (1975). Mutation selection and the natural history of cancer. Nature, 255:197–200.
• Can A (2014). Kök Hücre Biyolojisi, Türleri ve Tedavide Kullanımları. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi.
• Clarke MF, Dick JE, Dirks PB, Eaves CJ, Jamieson CHM, Jones DL, Visvader J., Weissman, I.L., Wahl, G.M. (2006). Cancer stem cells–perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR Workshop on cancer stem cells. Cancer Res, 66:9339–9344.
• Deshpande AJ, Buske C (2007). Lymphoid progenitors as candidate cancer stem cells in AML: new perspectives. Cell Cycle, 6(5):543-5.
• Dick JE (1996). Normal and leukemic human stem cells assayed in SCID mice. Semin Immunol, 8:197–206.
• Dick JE (2005). Acute myeloid leukemia stem cells. Ann NY Acad Sci, 1044: 1–5.
• Fang D, Nguyen TK, Leishear K, Finko R, Kulp AN, Hotz S, Van Belle PA, Xu X, Elder DE, Herlyn M (2005). A tumorigenic subpopulation with stem cell properties in melanomas. Cancer Res, 65(20):9328-37.
• Fisheks JC, Hollomon J H (1951). A hypothesis for the origin of cancer foci. Cancer, 4(5):916-8.
• Frank NY, Schatton T, Frank MH (2010). The therapeutic promise of the cancer stem cell concept. J Clin Invest, 120(1):41-50.
• Fulawka L, Donizy P, Halon A (2014). Yamanaka’s factors and core transcription factors – the molecular link between embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. Postepy Hig Med Dosw, 68:715–721.
• Fulawka L, Donizy P, Halon A (2014). Cancer stem cells–the current status of an old concept: literature review and clinical approaches. Biol Res, 47(1):66.
• Galli R, Binda E, Orfanelli U, Cipelletti B, Gritti A, De Vitis S, Fiocco R, Foroni C, Dimeco F, Vescovi A (2004). Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma. Cancer Res, 64(19):7011-21.
• Gil J, Stembalska A, Pesz KA, Sasiadek MM (2008). Cancer stem cells: the theory and perspectives in cancer therapy. J Appl Genet, 49(2):193-9.
• Grotenhuis BA, Wijnhoven BP, van Lanschot JJ (2012). Cancer stem cells and their potential implications for the treatment of solid tumors. J Surg Oncol, 106(2):209-15.
• Hamburger AW, Salmon SE (1977). Primary bioassay of human tumor stem cells. Science, 197:461–463.
• Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 100:57– 70.
• Hill RP, Perris RJ (2007). “Destemming” cancer stem cells. Natl Cancer Inst, 99(19):1435-40.
• Hirschmann-Jax C, Foster AE, Wulf GG, Nuchtern JG, Jax TW, Gobel U, Goodell MA, Brenner, MK (2004). A distinct “side population” of cells with high drug efflux capacity in human tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101(39):14228-33.
• Hirschmann-Jax C, Foster AE, Wulf GG, Goodell MA, Brenner MK (2005). A distinct “side population” of cells in human tumor cells: implications for tumor biology and therapy. Cell Cycle, 4(2):203-5.
• Hombach-Klonisch S, Panigrahi S, Rashedi I, Seifert A, Alberti E, Pocar P, Kurpisz M, Schulze-Osthoff K, Mackiewicz A, Los M (2008). Adult stem cells and their trans-differentiation potential--perspectives and therapeutic applications. J Mol Med (Berl), 86(12):1301-14.
• Hope KJ, Jin L, Dick JE (2004). Acute myeloid leukemia originates from a hierarchy of leukemic stem cell classes that differ in self-renewal capacity. Nat Immunol, 5(7):738-43.
• Houghton JM, Morozov A, Smirnova I, Wang TC (2007). Stem cells and cancer. Cancer Biology, 17:191–203.
• Jansen J, Thompson JM, Dugan MJ, Nolan P, Wiemann MC, Birhiray R, Henslee-Downey PJ, Akard LP (2002). Peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation. Ther Apher, 6:5–14.
• Kakarala M, Wicha MS (2007). Cancer stem cells: implications for cancer treatment and prevention. Cancer J, 13(5):271-5.
• Klonisch T, Wiechec E, Hombach-Klonisch S, Ande SR, Wesselborg S, Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M (2008). Cancer stem cell markers in common cancers-therapeutic implications. Trends Mol Med, 14(10):450-60.
• Kondo T, Setoguchi T, Taga T (2004). Persistence of a small subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells in the C6 glioma cell line. PNAS, 101:781-6.
• Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ (2006). Stem cells as a two edged sword--from regeneration to tumor formation. J Physiol Pharmacol, 57 Suppl 7:5-16.
• Lapidot T, Sirard C, Vormoor J, Murdoch B, Hoang T, Caceres-Cortes J, Minden M, Paterson B, Caligiuri MA, Dick JE (1994). A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature, 367(6464):645-8.
• Li L, Xie T (2005). Stem cell niche: structure and function. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 21:605–31.
• Makino S (1956). Further evidence favoring the concept of the stem cell in ascites tumors of rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 63:818–830.
• Marotta LL, Polyak K (2009). Cancer stem cells: a model in the making. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 19(1):44-50.
• Marusyk A, Almendro V, Polyak K (2012). Intra-tumour heterogeneity: a looking glass for cancer? Nat Rev Cancer, 12:323–334.
• Mimeault M, Hauke R, Mehta PP, Batra SK (2007). Recent advances in cancer stem/progenitor cell research: therapeutic implications for overcoming resistance to the most aggressive cancers. J Cell Mol Med, 11(5):981-1011.
• Nordling CO (1953). A new theory on cancer-inducing mechanism. Br J Cancer, 7(1):68-72.
• Oliveira LR (2011). Stem cells and cancer stem cells. S. R. Shostak, (Ed.), In Cancer Stem Cells - The Cutting Edge 3–28. InTech.
• Pierce GB, Speers WC (1988). Tumors as caricatures of the process of tissue renewal - prospects for therapy by directing differentiation. Cancer Res, 48:1996–2004.
• Potten CS, Booth C (2002). Keratinocyte stem cells: a commentary. J Invest Dermatol, 119:888–99.
• Quintana E, Shackleton M, Sabel MS, Fullen DR, Johnson TM, Morrison SJ (2008). Efficient tumour formation by single human melanoma cells. Nature, 456:593-599.
• Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL (2001). Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature, 414:105-11.
• Schatton T, Frank NY, Frank MH (2009). Identification and targeting of cancer stem cells. Bioessays, 31:1038–1049.
• Shankar S, Nall D, Tang SN, Meeker D, Passarini J, Sharma J, Srivastava RK (2011). Resveratrol inhibits pancreatic cancer stem cell characteristics in human and KrasG12D transgenic mice by inhibiting pluripotency maintaining factors and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One, 6(1):e16530.
• Shipitsin M, Polyak K (2008). The cancer stem cell hypothesis: in search of definitions, markers, and relevance. Lab Invest, 88:459-463.
• Şenel F (2002). Klonlamada yeni ufuklar: Kök hücreler. TÜBİTAK Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, 410: 44.
• Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM (1998). Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science, 282 (5391):1145-1147.
• Tuna M (2009). Solid tümörlerde ve lösemilerde kanser kök hücreleri. Türk Onkoloji Dergisi, 24(1):42-47.
• Wulf G, Wang RY, Kuehnle I, Weidner D, Marini F, Brenner MK, Andreeff M, Goodell MA (2001). A leukemic stem cell with instrinsic drug efflux capacity in acute myelod leukemia. Blood, 98:1166-73.
• Yang YM, Chang JW (2008). Current status and issues in cancer stem cell study. Cancer Invest, 26(7):741-55.
• Yu F, Yao H, Zhu P, Zhang X, Pan Q, Gong C, Huang Y, Hu X, Su F, Lieberman J, Song E (2007). let-7 regulates self renewal and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells. Cell, 131:1109-1123.
• Zhou BB, Zhang H, Damelin M, Geles KG, Grindley JC, Dirks PB (2008). Tumour-initiating cells: challenges and opportunities for anticancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 8(10):806-23.
• Zhou J, Zhang H, Gu P, Margolick JB, Yin D, Zhang Y (2009). Cancer stem/ progenitor cell active compound 8-quinolinol in combination with paclitaxel achieves an improved cure of breast cancer in the mouse model. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 115(2):269-77