Poultry Meat and Salmonellosis

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 174 - 182, 01.01.2013

Belgin Sırıken Haldun Türk

Öz

Salmonellosis is a highly contagious and fatal disease of poultry and, caused death and negative effect on livestock production and productivity the health of animals. It is also the most common food-borne pathogen associated with diarrheal disease in humans. Food animals, especially poultry, are important direct and indirect sources of human Salmonella spp. infections. Poultry meat particularly chicken meat have long been recognized as an important Salmonella sources. Salmonella can enter the food chain at any point: crop, farm, livestock feed, food manufacturing, processing and retailing. As a consequence, chicken meat can be contaminated with different Salmonella serotypes. Contaminations in chicken meat can also occur at several stages include scalding, bleeding, defeathering, evisceration and cutting in the slaughter process. Presence of Salmonella spp. in fresh chicken meat can vary widely in Turkey and the world. Frequency usually ranges from 0.5 to 88.4%, depending on a range of factors including organism, farming and/or food production practices, and geographical factors. Therefore, these results indicated that chicken meat and other kind of poultry meat pose a potential risk to human health due to high contamination ratio of Salmonella spp. This problem is not only locally, but also exports of poultry and their by-products can become an international problem.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Poultry, chicken meat, Salmonella

Kanatlı Etleri ve Salmonellozis

Öz

Salmonellozis kanatlıların oldukça bulaşıcı ve ölümcül bir hastalığı olup, kanatlılarda ölüme, hayvansal üretim ve verim üzerine olumsuz etkilere sahiptir. Etken aynı zamanda insanlarda diyare ile ilişkili en yaygın gıda kaynaklı patojenlerden birisidir. Çiftlik hayvanları ve özellikle kanatlılar insanlar için direk ve endirekt olarak en önemli Salmonella enfeksiyon kaynağını oluştururlar. Nitekim kanatlı ve özellikle tavuk eti en önemli Salmonella kaynağı olarak uzun zamandan beri bilinmektedir. Salmonella etkeni gıda zincirine ürün, çiftlik, canlı hayvansal yemler, gıda imalatı, işletme ve parekente satışı aşamaları gibi her hangi bir noktasından girebilir. Sonuç olarak, kanatlı eti farklı Salmonella serotipleri ile kontamine olabilir. Etlerin etken ile kontaminasyonu kesimhanede haşlama, kan akıtma, tüy yolumu ve su ile soğutma gibi değişik aşamalarda da gerçekleşebilir. Tavuk etlerinde Salmonella spp. varlığı organizma, çiftlik ve/veya gıda üretim aşamaları ve coğrafi koşullar gibi değişik faktörlere bağlı olarak Türkiye ve dünya genelinde %0,5 ila %88,4 gibi geniş varyasyon göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla tavuk ve diğer kanatlı etinin Salmonella spp. ile yüksek oranda kontamine olması nedeniyle potansiyel halk sağlığı riski oluşturabilmektedir. Ayrıca, kanatlı etlerinin Salmonella ile kontaminasyonu, sadece yerel bir halk sağlığı problemi değil, kanatlı et ve kanatlı yan ürünlerinin ihracatıyla uluslararası bir problem haline gelebilmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Kanatlı, tavuk eti, Salmonella

Anahtar Kelimeler

Poultry, chicken meat, Salmonella

Kaynakça

• Anon (2012). The Poultry Site. Global poultry Trends 2012-Poultry increases its share of global meat production. 03 July 2012.
• http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/2515/global-poultry-trends2012-poultryAslam M, Checkley S, Avery B, Chalmers G, Bohaychuk V, Gensler G, Reid-Smith R, Boerlin P (2012).
• Phenotypic and genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella serovars isolated from retail meats in Alberta, Canada. Food Microbiology, 32(1),110-7.
• Altekruse SF, Bauer N, Chanlongbutra A, DeSagun R, Naugle A, Schlosser W, Umholtz R and White P (2006). Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler chickens, United States, 2000-2005, Emerging Infectious Diseases,12,1848-1852.
• Ata Z ve Aydın N (2008). Isolation of Salmonella spp. in Ankara region poultry plants. Journal of Ankara University, Veterinary Faculty, 55,161-166.
• Barrow PA (2000). The parathyphoid Salmonellae. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International Epizootics, 19,351-375.
• Beli E, Duraku E and Telo A (2001). Salmonella serotypes isolated from chicken meat in Albania. International Journal of Food Microbiol, 71(2-3), 263-6.
• Bell C and Kyriakides A (2002). Salmonella: A Practical Approach to the Organism and Its Control in Foods. First Edition, London, Blackwell Science, pp,1-330.
• Bemis DA, Grupka LM, Liamthong S, Folland DW, Sykes JM 4 th and Ramsay EC (2007). Clonal relatedness of Salmonella isolates associated with invasive infections in captive and wildcaught rattlesnakes. Veterinary Microbiology,120,300-7.
• Benirshke K, Adams FD (1980). Gorilla diseases and causes of death. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (supplement), 28,139-148.
• Bhunia A (2008). Foodborne Microbial Pathogens: Mechanisms and Pathogenesis. New York, US, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC,18, pp,201-216.
• Blondel CJ, Yang HJ, Castro B, Chiang S, Toro CS, Zaldívar M, Contreras I, Andrews-Polymenis HL and Santiviago CA (2010). Contribution of the type VI secretion system encoded in SPI-19 to chicken colonization by Salmonella enterica serotypes Gallinarum and Enteritidis. PLoS One, 5(7),e11724.
• Braden CR (2006). Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis and eggs: A national epidemic in the United States. Clinical Infection Diseases,43,512-517.
• Branham LA, Carr MA, Scott CB and Callaway TR (2005). E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in white-tailed deer and livestock. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology,6,25-29.
• Byrd JA, Corrier DE, Deloach JR, Nisbet DJ and Stanker LH (1998). Horizontal transmission of Salmonella Typhimurium in broiler chicks. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research,7,75-80.
• Canpolat S (2007). Çeşitli hayvan dışkılarında Salmonella etkenlerinin konvansiyonel ve moleküler yöntemlerle saptanması. Ankara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Doktora Tezi.
• Capita R, Alvares-Astorga M, Alonso-Calleja C, Moreno B, Del Camino Garcia-Fernandez M (2003). Ocurrence of Salmonellae in retail chicken carcasses and their products in Spain. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 81,169-173.
• Carramiñana JJ, Yanguela J, Blanco D, Rota C, Agustin AI, Ariño A and Herrera A (1997). Salmonella incidence and distribution of serotypes throughout processing in a Spanish poultry slaughterhouse. Journal of Food Protection, 60,1312-1317.
• CDC (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention) (2006). Salmonella annual summary, 2005. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/phlisdata/salmtab/2005/SalmonellaTable1_2005.pdf, 2010.
• CDC (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention) (2011). Food poisoning from Salmonella up in US. Published in June 07. http://www. foxnews.com/health/2011/06/07/cdc-food-poisoning-from-salmonella-up-in-us/, 2011.
• Cetinkaya, F, Cibik R, Soyutemiz GE, Ozakin C, Kayali R and Levent B (2008). Shigella and Salmonella contamination in various foodstuffs in Turkey. Food Control, 19,1059-1063.
• Chang YH (2000). Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in poultry broilers and hell eggs in Korea. Journal of Food Protection, 63(5), 655-658.
• Chapman PA, Cornell J and Green C (2000). Infection with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 during a visit to an inner city open farm. Epidemiology and Infection, 125,531-536.
• Cortez ALL, Carvalho ACFB, Ikuno AA, Bürger KP and Vidal-Martins AMC (2006). Identification of Salmonella spp. isolates from chicken abattoirs by multiplex-PCR. Research in Veterinary Science, 81,340-344.
• D’Aoust JY (1989). Salmonella. In: Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. M.P. Doyle (Ed.), Marcel Dekker Inc. NY and Basel, pp,327-445.
• Dominguez C, Gomez I, Zumalacarregui J (2002). Prevalence of Salmonella and Camphylobacter in retail chicken meat in Spain. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 72, 165-168.
• Donado-Godoy P, Gardner I A, Byrne B A, Leon M, Perez-Gutierrez E, Ovalle MV, Miller W (2012). Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of salmonella from commercial broiler farms in two important poultry-producing regions of Colombia. Journal of Food Protection, 75(5), 874-883.
• Efe M, Gümüşsoy KS (2005). Ankara garnizonunda tüketime sunulan tavuk etlerinin mikrobiyolojik analizi. Journal of Health Science, 14(3),151-157.
• El-Safey EM (2002). Incidence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 in some Austrian foods. International Conferance of Food Microorganism, 2002, Lillehammar, Norway, 18-17, August 2002. p. 415.
• Enriquez C, Nwachuku N and Gerba CP (2001). Direct exposure to animal enteric pathogens. Rev Environmental Health, 16,117-131.
• Erdem, B., Ercis, S., Hasçelik, G., Gür, D., Gedikoğlu, S., Aysev, A.D., Sümerkan, B., Tatman-Otkun, M., Tuncer, İ., “Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Serotype Distribution among Salmonella enterica Strains in Turkey, 2000–2002”, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 24, 220–225 (2005).
• Erol İ. Gıda Hijyeni ve Mikrobiyolojisi. Ankara: Pozitif Matbaacılık. 2007. Erol İ, Yurtyeri A, Hildebrandt G, Kleer J, Bilir Ormancı FS and Koluman A (2004). Salmonella’ların piliç karkaslarından kültür tekniği ve immunomanyetik PCR ile karsılaştırmalı olarak saptanması. 1.Ulusal Veteriner Gıda Hijyeni Kongresi, 29 Eylül-1 Ekim, pp, 29-38.
• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2010). The community summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and foodborne out-breaks in the European Union in 2008. EFSA Journal, 8(1),1496.
• Franchin PR., Ogliari PJ., Andrade DF, Chiapinoto M, Lemos G, Rebelatto M, da Silva IG, Batista CRV. (2006).Comparision of the Bax system with an in-house MSR V method fort he detection of Salmonella in chicken carcasses and pork meat. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 37, 521-526.
• Franz E, van der Fels-Klerx H.J, Thissen J and van Asselt E.D. (2012). Farm and slaughterhouse characteristics affectting the occurence of Salmonella and Camphylobacter in the broiler supply chain. Poultry Science, 91 (9), 2376-2381.
• Gantois I, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Gast R, Humphrey TJ and Van Immerseel F (2009). Mechanisms of egg contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2009;33:718-738.
• Gast RK (2003). Salmonella Infections. In: Diseases of Poultry 11. Edition. Saif YM, Barnes HJ, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, Swayne DE (Eds.), Iowa State Pres. Pp,567-613.
• Gast RK and Beard CW (1990). Isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis from internal organs of experimentally infected hens. Avian Diseases,34,991-993.
• Goncagül G, Eldin L, Naydın G, Çarlı KT (2005). Prevalence of Salmonella serogroups in chicken meat. Turk Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 29, 103-106.
• Green SS (1987). Salmonella in broilers and overflow chill tank water 1982-1984. United States Department of Agriculture. Food Safety and Inspection Service, Science, Washington, DC. 20250.ln LlLLARD.
• H.S. 1990. The impact of commercial processing procedures on the bacterial contamination and cross-contamination of broiler carcasses. Journal of Food Protection, 53(3), 202-204.
• Guard-Petter J (2001). The chicken, the egg and Salmonella Enteritidis. Environmental Microbiology, 3, 421-430.
• Hadımlı HH, Erganiş O, Güner A, Öztürk D ve Kav K (2006). Konya ilinde perakende satışa sunulan tavuk etlerinde Salmonella spp. ve Campylobacter spp. varlığının araştırılması. Veteriner Bilimler Dergisi, 22, 3-4.
• Hasuder (Halk Sağlığı Uzmanları Derneği) (2012). Türkiye Sağlık Raporu, 2012.
• Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT and Williams ST (1994). Bergey’s Manual of Determative Bacteriology. Chapter 5. William RH, Williams and Wilkins (Eds.), 428 East Preston Street Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA.pp,186-187:371-373.
• Hiroi M, Kawamori F, Harada T, Sano Y, Miwa N, Sugiyama K, Hara-Kudo Y and Masuda T (2012). Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens from retail raw meats and food-producing animals in Japan. Journal of Food Protection, 75 (10), 1774-1782.
• Hong Y, Berrang ME, Liu T, Hofacre CL, Sanchez S, Wang L, Maurer J (2003). Rapid detection of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, and Salmonella enterica on poultry carcasses by using PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 69, 3492-3499.
• Isogai E, Silungwe M, Sinkala P, Chisenga C, Mubita C, Syakalima M and Hang’ombeb BM (2005). Rapid detection of Salmonella on commercial cacasses by using isothermal and chimeric primer-initiated amplification of nucleic acids (ICAN)-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in Zambia. International Journal of Appllied Research Veterinary Medicine, 3,367-371.
• İzgür M (2006). Enterobakteri Enfeksiyonları, Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji (Bakteriyel Hastalıklar). N. Aydın ve J. Paracıklıoğlu (Eds.), Ankara: İlke-Emek Yayınları, 109-127.
• Jay MJ (1992). Modern Food Microbiology, Chapman and Hall Company, NewYork, Fourth Edition, pp. 553-567.
• Jorgensen F, Bailey R, Williams S, Henderson P and Wareing DR (2002). Prevalence and numbers of Salmonella and Campylobacters spp.
• on raw, whole chickens in relation to sampling methods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 76,151-164.
• Kılınç Ü (2005). Kayseri yöresindeki tavukçuluk işletmelerinden toplanan tavuklardan izole edilen Salmonella türlerinin antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kayseri.
• Kılınç Ü and Aydın F (2006). Kayseri yöresindeki tavukçuluk işletmelerinden toplanan tavuklardan izole edilen Salmonella türlerinin antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi,15, 35-40.
• Kim MS, Lim TH, Jang JH, Lee DH, Kim BY, Kwon JH, Choi SW, Noh JY, Hong YH, Lee SB, Yang SY, Lee HJ, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS and Song CS (2012). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella species isolated from chicken meats produced b y different integrated broiler operations in Korea. Poultry Science, 91 (9), 2370-2375.
• Kothary MH and Babu US (2001). Infective dose of foodborne pathogens in volunteers: a review. Journal of Food Safety, 21, 49-73.
• Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O’Brien SJ, Jones TF, Fazil A, Hoekstra RM (2010). The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clinical Infection Diseases, 50(6), 882- 889.
• Makaya PV, Matope G, Pfukenyi DM.(2012). Distribution of Salmonella serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Enteritidis from poultry in Zimbabwe. Avian Pathology, 41(2),221-226.
• Mcbride GB, Skura BJ, Yada RY and Bowmer J (1980). Relationship between incidence of Salmonella contamination among pre-sca/ ded. evisceraled and post chil/ed chickens in a poultry processing plant. Journal of Food Protection, 43(7), 538-542.
• Medeiros MA, Oliveira DC, Rodrigues Ddos P and Freitas DR (2011). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in chicken carcasses at retail in 15 Brazillian cities. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 2011, 30(6),555-60.
• Minami A, Chaicumpa W, Chongsa-Nguan M, Samosornsuk S, Monden S, Takeshi K, Makino S, Kawamoto K (2010). Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in open markets and supermarkets in Thailand. Food Control, 2010, 21, 221-226.
• van Nierop W, Duse AG, Marais E, Aithma N, Thothobolo N, Kassel M, Stewart R, Potgieter A, Fernandes B, Galpin JS, Bloomfield SF (2005). Contamination of chicken carcasses in Gauteng, South Africa, by Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter. 2005. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 99,1-6.
• Ozbey, G., Ertas, H.B. (2006). Salmonella Spp. isolation from chicken samples and identification by polymerase chain reaction, Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine , 9 (1), 67-73.
• Padungtod P, Kaneene JB (2006). Salmonella in food animals and humans in northern Thailand. International Journal of Food Microbiology,108,346-354.
• Pasmans F, Martel A, Boyen F, Vandekerchove D, Wybo I, Immerseel FV, Heyndrickx M, Collard JM, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F (2005). Characterization of Salmonella isolates from captive lizards. Veterinary Microbiology,110(3-4), 285-91.
• Pui, CF, Wong WC, Chai LC, Tunung R, Jeyaletchumi P, Noor Hidayah MS, Ubong A. Farinazleen MG, Cheah YK, Son R. (2011). Salmonella: A foodborne pathogen. International Food Research Journal, 18, 465-473.
• Roberts D (1990). Sources of infection: Food. Lancet, 336, 859-861.
• Rodriguez A, Pangloli P, Richards HA, Mount JR, and Draughon FA (2006). Prevalence of Salmonella in diverse environmental farm samples. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 2576–2580.
• Sarımehmetoğlu B, Erol İ, Küplülü Ö, Özdemir H (1997). Tavuk kesimhanelerinde Salmonella kontaminasyonu ve serotip dağılımı. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 43, 85-90.
• Salehi TZ, Mahzounieh M, Saeedzadeh A (2005). Detection of invA gene in isolated Salmonella from broilers by PCR method. International Journal of Poultry Science, 4(8), 557-559.
• Shivaprasad HL, Nagaraja KV, Pomeroy BS, Williams JE (1997). Salmonella Infections: Arizonosis. Diseases of Poultry, Chapter 3. 10th ed. Iowa State University Press, pp. 122-129.
• Shivaprasad HL (2000). Fowl Typhoid and Pullorom disease. Revue Scientifique et technique Office International Epizootics, 9,405- 424.
• Soupir ML, Mostaghimi S, Yagow ER, Hagedorn C, Vaughan DH (2006). Transport of fecal bacteria from poultry litter and cattle manures applied to pastureland. Water Air Soil Pollution, 169,125-136.
• Ta YT, Nguyen TT, To PB, Pham da X, Le HT, Alali WQ, Walls I, Lo Fo Wong DM and Doyle MP (2012). Prevalence of Salmonella on chicken carcasses from retail markets in Vietnam. Journal of Food Protection, 75 (10), 1851-1854.
• Thai TH, Hirai T, Lan NT and Yamaguchi R (2012). Antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail pork and chicken meat in North Vietnam. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 156 (2), 147-151.
• Tanoğlu BT (2008). Erzincan garnizonunda tüketime sunulan tavuk ve hindi etlerinden konvansiyonel kültür ve moleküler (PCR) metodla Salmonella spp.’nin teşhisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kayseri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Türk H (2012). Tavuk karkas ve parça etlerinde Salmonella spp. varlığının IMS tekniği ile saptanması. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Samsun, Doktora Tezi.
• USDA-FSIS (2006). Serotypes profile of Salmonella isolates from meat and poultry products January 1998 through December 2005 No. 2007. USDA-FSIS, Washington, DC. 2006.
• Yazıcıoğlu, N, Kaya K, Ayaz Y, Şen S, Özkök S, Aksoy M, Yavuz MK, Kaplan YZ, Tunca ŞT, Vural Ş, Evgin N, Karakoç SR, Miroğlu M ve Turut N (2005). Kanatlı kesimhanelerinin parçalama ünitelerinden alınan boyun ve kanat örneklerinden Salmonella izolasyonu, serotiplendirmesi ve antibiyotik dirençliliğinin saptanması. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyolojisi Dergisi, 16 (1-2), 23-26.
• Ward MP, Ramer JC, Proudfoot J, Garner MM, Juan-Sallés C, Wu CC (2003). Outbreak of salmonellosis in a zoologic collection of lorikeets and lories (Trichoglossus, Lorius, and Eos spp.). Avian Diseases, 47(2), 493-498.
• WHO Global Salmonella survalans Database (2011). (http://www.who. int/gfn/general/documnts/GSS_STRATEGICPLAN2006_10.pdf
• WQ A, Gaydashov R, Petrova E, Panin A, Tugarinov O, Kulikovskii A, Mamleeva D, Walls I, Doyle MP (2012). Prevalence of Salmonella on retail chicken meat in Russian Federation. Journal of Food Protection, 75 (8), 1469-1473.
• Zhao C, Ge B, Villena J, Sudler R, Yeh E, Zhao S, White DG, Wagner D and Meng J (2001). Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovars in retail chicken, turkey, pork, and beef from the greater Washington, D.C., area. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 5431-5436.