Seramik Atıklarının Sürdürülebilir Harç Üretiminde Kullanım Olanaklarının İncelenmesi
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 27, 403 - 415, 24.12.2025
Esra Toptaş
,
Ülger Bulut Karaca
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı; seramik sağlık gereçleri üretiminde ortaya çıkan ve yeniden üretim sürecine dahil edilemeyen sırlı seramik atıklarının değerlendirilerek sürdürülebilir yapı malzemelerine dönüştürülme olanaklarının araştırılmasıdır. Seramik atıklarının puzolan ve ince agrega olarak kullanılması olanaklarının incelenmesi için farklı matrislerde harçlar oluşturulmuştur. Taze harçlarda yayılma tablası deneyi gerçekleştirilmiş; harçlarla hazırlanan 7 günlük numunelerin birim hacim ağırlığı, özgül ağırlığı ve ultrases geçiş hızı ölçülmüştür. Ardından numunelere çekme dayanımı ve basınç dayanımı deneyleri uygulanmıştır. Seramik atığının metakaolin ile kullanıldığı ve NaOH ile Na₂SiO₃ aktivatörlerinin uygulandığı harç matrisleri, en yüksek mekanik dayanımları göstermiştir. Fiziksel ölçümler değerlendirildiğinde ise bu harç matrislerinde NaOH katkılı numunenin boşluksuz; Na₂SiO₃ ile hazırlanan numunenin ise boşluklu iç yapıya sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Yapı bloğu ve yapı harcı için gerekli mekanik mukavemeti sağlamaktadır. Gelecek çalışmalarda, bu çalışma kapsamında üretilen harç matrislerinin farklı koşullarda kürlenmeleri sonucunda elde edilecek performans özelliklerinin incelenmesi yararlı olacaktır.
Etik Beyan
Çalışmamızda Etik dışı bir veri yoktur.
Kaynakça
-
Vardal, L. Sıhhi Tesisat Seramiğinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Kişisel Öneri. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul;1996.
-
https://www.serfed.com/uyelerimiz/sersa (erişim 08.05.2025)
-
Singh, A., & Srivastava, V. Ceramic waste in concrete—A review. Recent advances on engineering, technology and computational sciences (RAETCS), 2018;1-6.
-
Ahmad, J., Alattyih, W., Jebur, Y.M., Alqurashi, M., Garcia-Troncoso, N. A review on ceramic waste-based concrete: a step toward sustainable concrete. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci, 2023; 62 (1), 20230346. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2023-0346
-
Açıkbaş, G., & Göçmez, H. Polyester matrisli kompozit özeliklerine vitrifiye seramik sağlık gereci atık miktarının etkisi. In 3rd International Symposium on Environment and Morality). Alanya/Antalya-Turkey;2016. https://doi.org/10.21541/apjes.290743
-
Ocampo, M. A. A., & González, A. F. R. Ceramic waste reuse and valorization alternatives: A review. Revista EIA,2023;20(40), 4018-pp. https://doi.org/10.24050/reia.v20i40.1680
-
El-Dieb, A. S., & Kanaan, D. M. Ceramic waste powder an alternative cement replacement – characterization and evaluation. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2018; 17, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00063
-
Poyraz, M. Pişmiş Seramik Atıkların Artistik Yüzeylerde Geri Dönüşümü Ve Çağdaş Seramik Sanatçısı David Binns. İnönü Üniversitesi Kültür Ve Sanat Dergisi, 2018; 4(2), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.22252/ijca.528587
-
Rodríguez, E. A., Niño, C. J., Contreras, J. E., Vázquez-Rodríguez, F. J., López-Perales, J. F., Aguilar-Martínez, J. A., ... & Lara-Banda, M. Influence of incorporation of fired porcelain scrap as partial replacement of quartz on properties of an electrical porcelain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019; 233, 501-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.403
-
Pang, L., Pan, Y., Deng, B., Zhang, D., Wang, Q. Conjoint reuse of ceramic polishing waste and calcium carbide slag as mineral admixtures: hydration and mechanical properties. J. Build. Eng, 2023; 72, 106741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106741
-
Bernal, S. A., Rodríguez, E. D., Kirchheim, A. P., & Provis, J. L. Management and valorisation of wastes through use in producing alkali‐activated cement materials. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2016; 91(9), 2365-2388. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4927
-
Ocampo, M. A. A., & González, A. F. R.Ceramic waste reuse and valorization alternatives: A review. Revista EIA, 2023; 20(40), 4018-pp.: https://doi.org/10.24050/reia.v20i40.1680
-
Awoyera, P. O., Ndambuki, J. M., Akinmusuru, J. O., & Omole, D. O. Characterization of ceramic waste aggregate concrete. HBRC journal, 2018; 14(3), 282-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2016.11.003
-
Piyaphanuwat, R., & Asavapisit, S. Utilization ceramic wastes from porcelain ceramic industry in lightweight aggregate concrete. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2017;8(5), 342–346. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.5.975
-
Elçi, H.Utilisation of crushed floor and wall tile wastes as aggregate in concrete;2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.003
-
El-Dieb, A. S., & Kanaan, D. M. Ceramic waste powder an alternative cement replacement – characterization and evaluation. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2018;17, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00063
-
Bommisetty, J., Keertan, T.S., Ravitheja, A., Mahendra, K. Effect of waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement of aggregates in concrete. Mater;2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.230
-
Kannan, D.M., Aboubakr, S.H., El-Dieb, A.S., Reda Taha, M.M. High Performance Concrete İncorporating Ceramic Waste Powder As Large Partial Replacement Of Portland Cement. Constr. Build. Mater;2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.115
-
Atabey, İ. İ., & Bayer Oztürk, Z. Investigation of Usability of Ceramic Sanitaryware Wastes in Geopolymer Mortar Production. Uluslararası Muhendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 2021; 13(1), 212–219. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.782733
-
TS 25: Doğal puzolan (tras)-Çimento ve betonda kullanılan-Tarifler, Gerekler ve Uygunluk kriterleri, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara;2008.
-
Buchwald, A., Kaps, C., Hohmann, M. Alkali-activated binders and pozzolan cement binders – compete binder reaction or two sides of the same story, 11th Int. Congr. Clin. Chem, 2003; 1238–1247.
-
Rovnaník, P., Rovnaníkov´a, P., Vyˇsvaˇril, M., Grzeszczyk, S., Janowska-Renkas, E. Rheological properties and microstructure of binary waste red brick powder/ metakaolin geopolymer, Construct. Build. Mater, 2018; 188, 924–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.150
-
Fugazzotto, M., Cultrone, G., Mazzoleni, P., & Barone, G. Suitability of ceramic industrial waste recycling by alkaline activation for use as construction and restoration materials. Ceramics International, 2023; 49(6), 9465-9478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.11.111
-
Anuk, D., & Arel, H. Ş. Metakaolin Kullanımının Harçların Mekanik Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 2010; 25(2), 13-24.
-
TS EN 196-1 : Çimento deney metotları - Bölüm 1: Dayanım tayini;2016.
-
TS-639 : Uçucu küllerin tanımı, sınıflandırılması, özellikleri, deney yöntemleri kalite kontrolü, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü; 1975.
-
TS EN 459-1: Yapı kireci - Bölüm 1: Tanımlar, özellikler ve uygunluk kriterleri; 2015.
-
Kalınçimen, G., Öztürk, A., Kaplan, G., & Yıldızel, S. Seramik atıklarının çimento ikame malzemesi olarak kullanılması ve asit dayanıklılığının incelenmesi. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 2015; 1(1), 9-16.
-
Zhang, P., Wang, K., Li, Q., Wang, J., & Ling, Y.Fabrication and engineering properties of concretes based on geopolymers/alkali-activated binders - A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020;258 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120896
-
Wu JM, Lu WZ, Wang XH, Fu P, Ni M, Yang JL, Wang C, Zeng QC. Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3–MgO Ceramics from Ceramic Powders Prepared by Improved Aqueous Gelcasting-Assisted Solid-State Method, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2013; 33; 2519–2527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.04.015
-
Paul F, Binder JR, Gesswein H, Ritzhaupt-Kleissl HJ, Hausselt J. Synthesis of Doped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 Ceramic Powder Via a Sol–Freeze-Granulation and Freeze-Drying Process, Ceramics International, 2009;35; 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.01.014
-
Jiati-yun F. Zhuo-xin L. Jian-min J, Yao-wu S.Difference in Particle Characteristics and Coating Properties Between Spraying Metallic And Ceramic Powder Cored Wires, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2007;l7; 537-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(07)60129-0
Investigation of the Possibility of Using Ceramic Waste in Sustainable Mortar Production
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 27, 403 - 415, 24.12.2025
Esra Toptaş
,
Ülger Bulut Karaca
Öz
The aim of this study is to investigate the possibilities of transforming glazed ceramic waste, which occurs during the production of ceramic sanitary ware and cannot be included in the remanufacturing process, into sustainable building materials. To investigate the potential use of ceramic waste as a pozzolan and fine aggregate, mortars were prepared with different matrices. A flow table test was performed on the fresh mortars; the unit weight, specific gravity, and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the 7-day specimens prepared from these mortars were measured. Afterwards, tensile strength and compressive strength tests were applied to the specimens. Mortar matrices composed of ceramic waste, metakaolin, and activators NaOH and Na₂SiO₃ exhibited the highest mechanical strengths. Physical measurements revealed that the NaOH-added sample in these mortar matrices had a void-free internal structure, while the sample prepared with Na₂SiO₃ had a void-filled internal structure. This provides the necessary mechanical strength for both the building block and the mortar. In future studies, it would be beneficial to investigate the performance properties of the mortar matrices produced in this study under different curing conditions.
Etik Beyan
There is no unethical data in our study.
Kaynakça
-
Vardal, L. Sıhhi Tesisat Seramiğinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Kişisel Öneri. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul;1996.
-
https://www.serfed.com/uyelerimiz/sersa (erişim 08.05.2025)
-
Singh, A., & Srivastava, V. Ceramic waste in concrete—A review. Recent advances on engineering, technology and computational sciences (RAETCS), 2018;1-6.
-
Ahmad, J., Alattyih, W., Jebur, Y.M., Alqurashi, M., Garcia-Troncoso, N. A review on ceramic waste-based concrete: a step toward sustainable concrete. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci, 2023; 62 (1), 20230346. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2023-0346
-
Açıkbaş, G., & Göçmez, H. Polyester matrisli kompozit özeliklerine vitrifiye seramik sağlık gereci atık miktarının etkisi. In 3rd International Symposium on Environment and Morality). Alanya/Antalya-Turkey;2016. https://doi.org/10.21541/apjes.290743
-
Ocampo, M. A. A., & González, A. F. R. Ceramic waste reuse and valorization alternatives: A review. Revista EIA,2023;20(40), 4018-pp. https://doi.org/10.24050/reia.v20i40.1680
-
El-Dieb, A. S., & Kanaan, D. M. Ceramic waste powder an alternative cement replacement – characterization and evaluation. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2018; 17, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00063
-
Poyraz, M. Pişmiş Seramik Atıkların Artistik Yüzeylerde Geri Dönüşümü Ve Çağdaş Seramik Sanatçısı David Binns. İnönü Üniversitesi Kültür Ve Sanat Dergisi, 2018; 4(2), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.22252/ijca.528587
-
Rodríguez, E. A., Niño, C. J., Contreras, J. E., Vázquez-Rodríguez, F. J., López-Perales, J. F., Aguilar-Martínez, J. A., ... & Lara-Banda, M. Influence of incorporation of fired porcelain scrap as partial replacement of quartz on properties of an electrical porcelain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019; 233, 501-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.403
-
Pang, L., Pan, Y., Deng, B., Zhang, D., Wang, Q. Conjoint reuse of ceramic polishing waste and calcium carbide slag as mineral admixtures: hydration and mechanical properties. J. Build. Eng, 2023; 72, 106741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106741
-
Bernal, S. A., Rodríguez, E. D., Kirchheim, A. P., & Provis, J. L. Management and valorisation of wastes through use in producing alkali‐activated cement materials. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2016; 91(9), 2365-2388. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4927
-
Ocampo, M. A. A., & González, A. F. R.Ceramic waste reuse and valorization alternatives: A review. Revista EIA, 2023; 20(40), 4018-pp.: https://doi.org/10.24050/reia.v20i40.1680
-
Awoyera, P. O., Ndambuki, J. M., Akinmusuru, J. O., & Omole, D. O. Characterization of ceramic waste aggregate concrete. HBRC journal, 2018; 14(3), 282-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2016.11.003
-
Piyaphanuwat, R., & Asavapisit, S. Utilization ceramic wastes from porcelain ceramic industry in lightweight aggregate concrete. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2017;8(5), 342–346. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.5.975
-
Elçi, H.Utilisation of crushed floor and wall tile wastes as aggregate in concrete;2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.003
-
El-Dieb, A. S., & Kanaan, D. M. Ceramic waste powder an alternative cement replacement – characterization and evaluation. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2018;17, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00063
-
Bommisetty, J., Keertan, T.S., Ravitheja, A., Mahendra, K. Effect of waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement of aggregates in concrete. Mater;2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.230
-
Kannan, D.M., Aboubakr, S.H., El-Dieb, A.S., Reda Taha, M.M. High Performance Concrete İncorporating Ceramic Waste Powder As Large Partial Replacement Of Portland Cement. Constr. Build. Mater;2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.115
-
Atabey, İ. İ., & Bayer Oztürk, Z. Investigation of Usability of Ceramic Sanitaryware Wastes in Geopolymer Mortar Production. Uluslararası Muhendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 2021; 13(1), 212–219. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.782733
-
TS 25: Doğal puzolan (tras)-Çimento ve betonda kullanılan-Tarifler, Gerekler ve Uygunluk kriterleri, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara;2008.
-
Buchwald, A., Kaps, C., Hohmann, M. Alkali-activated binders and pozzolan cement binders – compete binder reaction or two sides of the same story, 11th Int. Congr. Clin. Chem, 2003; 1238–1247.
-
Rovnaník, P., Rovnaníkov´a, P., Vyˇsvaˇril, M., Grzeszczyk, S., Janowska-Renkas, E. Rheological properties and microstructure of binary waste red brick powder/ metakaolin geopolymer, Construct. Build. Mater, 2018; 188, 924–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.150
-
Fugazzotto, M., Cultrone, G., Mazzoleni, P., & Barone, G. Suitability of ceramic industrial waste recycling by alkaline activation for use as construction and restoration materials. Ceramics International, 2023; 49(6), 9465-9478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.11.111
-
Anuk, D., & Arel, H. Ş. Metakaolin Kullanımının Harçların Mekanik Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 2010; 25(2), 13-24.
-
TS EN 196-1 : Çimento deney metotları - Bölüm 1: Dayanım tayini;2016.
-
TS-639 : Uçucu küllerin tanımı, sınıflandırılması, özellikleri, deney yöntemleri kalite kontrolü, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü; 1975.
-
TS EN 459-1: Yapı kireci - Bölüm 1: Tanımlar, özellikler ve uygunluk kriterleri; 2015.
-
Kalınçimen, G., Öztürk, A., Kaplan, G., & Yıldızel, S. Seramik atıklarının çimento ikame malzemesi olarak kullanılması ve asit dayanıklılığının incelenmesi. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 2015; 1(1), 9-16.
-
Zhang, P., Wang, K., Li, Q., Wang, J., & Ling, Y.Fabrication and engineering properties of concretes based on geopolymers/alkali-activated binders - A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020;258 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120896
-
Wu JM, Lu WZ, Wang XH, Fu P, Ni M, Yang JL, Wang C, Zeng QC. Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3–MgO Ceramics from Ceramic Powders Prepared by Improved Aqueous Gelcasting-Assisted Solid-State Method, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2013; 33; 2519–2527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.04.015
-
Paul F, Binder JR, Gesswein H, Ritzhaupt-Kleissl HJ, Hausselt J. Synthesis of Doped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 Ceramic Powder Via a Sol–Freeze-Granulation and Freeze-Drying Process, Ceramics International, 2009;35; 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.01.014
-
Jiati-yun F. Zhuo-xin L. Jian-min J, Yao-wu S.Difference in Particle Characteristics and Coating Properties Between Spraying Metallic And Ceramic Powder Cored Wires, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2007;l7; 537-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(07)60129-0