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BUCHI EMECHETA’NIN İKİNCİ SINIF VATANDAŞ ADLI ROMANINDA, ADAH’NIN ÜZERİNDEKİ ATAERKİL, IRKCI, SOSYAL BASKI VE ADAH’NIN EĞİTİM VE YAZI YAZMA SAYESİNDE ÖZGÜRLEŞMESİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 54 - 80, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1179670

Öz

Buchi Emecheta Afrika feminist edebiyatında önde gelen Nijeryalı bir yazardır. Buchi Emmecheta’nın Second Class Citizen (İkinci Sınıf Vatandaş) adlı romanında baş kadın karakter Adah, cinsiyet, ırk ve sınıf kesişimiyle birlikte üçlü bir şekilde zulme maruz kalmıştır. Emecheta’nın İkinci Sınıf Vatandaş adlı romanı ırkçılık, cinsiyet ayrımı, evlilik, başlık parası, çok eşlilik, kadınların erkek çocuk doğurma zorunlu durumunda olması, eğitim, ekonomik özgürlük ve kurgu yazımı konularını vurguladığı gibi, sınıf baskısı gibi konulara da değinir. Onun fikrine göre göçmenliğin kötü koşullarına ve Afrikalı kadınların baskı altında olmasına son verilmelidir. Buchi Emecheta, romanı İkinci Sınıf Vatandaş’da Afrika kadın edebiyatının temsili olarak, ataerki temelinde cinsiyet, sınıf, ve ırkçı kesişimselliği analiz eder. Bu çalışmada, inceleme sömürgecilik sonrası feminist ve Afrika merkezli bakış açısıyla yapılacaktır. Bu sebeple, bu çalışma sosyal ve ideolojik olarak yapılanmış cinsiyet, sınıf ve ırk meselelerinin, toplumda nasıl ırkçılığa, sınıf ayrımcılığına, cinsiyetçiliğe yol açtığını ortaya çıkaracaktır.
Kadın karakter Adah, hem evde hem de toplumda sınırlarda yaşar. Emecheta okuyucunun dikkatini, sadece kendi Igbo kabilesinin ataerkil kökenlerine çekmek istemez, aynı zamanda kendilerinin ikinci-sınıf vatandaş koşullarında kalmasına sebep olan İngiliz toplumuna karşı da eleştirel bir bakış açışı geliştirir. Adah, bir yandan batı kültüründe ötekileştirilme durumunu yaşarken, bir yandan Afrikalı kültürün ataerkil bakış açısına karşı mücadele eder. Romanında uysal ev kadını olarak yetiştirilmeye itilen siyahi kızların eğitim olanaklarından yoksun olma durumunun altını çizer. Roman açık bir şekilde Londra’da ikinci sınıf vatandaş olarak değerlendirilen Igbo göçmenlerin kenar mahallelerde, fakir semtlerde, viranelerde konakladığı süre içinde, aynı zamanda hem ev ortamında, hem de toplumsal alanda cinsiyetçi ayrım sorunlarıyla mücadele etmelerini tasvir etmektedir.
Siyahi bir kadın olarak ana karakter, hem cinsiyeti hem de ırkı arasında sıkışıp kalmıştır. Sömürgecilik sonrası feminist bakış açısıyla resmetmesiyle, Adah karakterini oluşturmasıyla birlikte Emecheta üçlü baskı altında olma durumunu inceler. Ana karakter Adah’ı resmetmesiyle yazar, hem Nijerya’da hem de İngiltere’de siyahi bir kadın olmanın zorluklarından bahseder. Emecheta sadece kendi ülkesindeki cinsiyet ayrımı uygulamalarına karşı eleştirel bir bakış açısında değildir; aynı zamanda İngiltere’de siyahi halka karşı olan düşmanlığı eleştirmek istemektedir. Floya Anthias ve Nira Yuval Davis’in fikirlerine bağlı olarak bu makale ataerkillik durumu, ırkçılık ve sınıf ayrımı durumundan çok çeken siyahi bir kadın olan Adah’nın devletle karışık ilişkiler içerisinde olduğundan bahseder. Bu sebeple bu çalışma, Adah Obi’nin Nijerya veya İngiltere’de ataerkil söylemlerle kederlendirildiğini, siyahi bir kadın olarak, bir göçmen olarak, küçük bir kızken ve yetişkin bir kadınken nasıl sınırlara itildiğini, önemsiz bir duruma getirildiğini açık bir şekilde ifade eder. Sonuç olarak, Adah’nın kendine olan güvenini kazanması ve kendini olumlaması ile birlikte, bu makale Helene Cixous’un fikirlerine bağlı olarak yazı yazmanın, bir kadının özgürleşmesi sürecindeki önemini vurgulayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Addison, C. & Ndabayakhe, V., (2011), “Polygamy in African Fiction”, 2008, Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, 2011, 20:1, 89-104 DOI: 10.1080/1013929X.2008.9678291
  • Adisa, Toyin Ajibade & Abdulraheem, Issa& Susu, Babaita Isiaka, (2019), “Patriarchal hegemony: Investigating the impact of patriarchy on women’s work-life balance”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol:34, No.1, pp.19-33.
  • Allanana, M. G., “Patriarchy and Gender Inequality in Nigeria: The Way Forward”, European Scientific Journal, Department of Political Sciences, Nasarawa State University, June 2013 edition, vol.9, No.17, ISSN:1857-7881 (print), e-ISSN 1857-7431, pp.115-132.
  • Andersen, M. L., (1988), “Moving Our Minds: The Feminist Reconstruction of Sociology”, Vol.16, No.2 (Apr., 1988), American Sociological Association, Doi:10.2307/1317412 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1317412 pp. 123-132.
  • Anthias, Floya, (June, 2014), “The Intersections of Class, Gender, Sexuality and “Race”: The Political Economy of Gendered Violence”, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol.27, No.2 Springer, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24713310 19-12-2019 09:47 UTC. pp.153-171.
  • Barfi, Z; Kohzadi, Hamedreza, Kohzadi; Azizmohammadi, Fatemah, (2015), “A Study of Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood in the Light of Chandra Talpade Mohantry: A Postcolonial Feminist Theory”, Islamic Azad University, Europian Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 2015, Vol.4, No.1, ISSN 1805-3602, pp.26-38.
  • Bazin, N. T., (March/ April 1986), “FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES IN AFRICAN FICTION: BESSIE HEAD AND BUCHI EMECHETA”, The Black Scholar, Vol.17, No.2, THE BLACK WOMAN WRITER AND THE DIASPORA”, Taylor&Francis, Ltd., https://www.jstor.org/stable/41067258, 24-06-2019 14:22 UTC, pp.34-40.
  • Crenshaw, K. (1989), “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics”, Vol:1989:Iss.1,Article8., University of Chicago Legal Forum, http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf
  • Crenshaw, K. (Jul., 1991), “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color”, Standford Law Review, Vol.43, No.6, Standford Law Review, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229039, 15- 11-2018 09:54 UTC, pp.1241-1299.
  • Davies, B., C., (2015), “Gender/Class Intersections and African Women’s Rights”, Meridians, Vol.13, No.1,Duke University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/meridians.13.1.1, pp.1-25.
  • Emecheta, B., (1994), Second-Class Citizen, Heinemann Publishers, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  • Emecheta, B., (1988) "Feminism with a Small 'f'!" In Criticism and Ideology: Second African Writers' Conference, edited by Kirsten Holst Petersen. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, www. Encyclopedia.com, pp. 173-85.
  • Emecheta B., (2008), The Joys of Motherhood, Heinemann, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh.
  • Helaly, M., F., (March, 2016), “Cultural Collision and Women Victimization in Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood” , Australian International Academic Centre, Australia, International Journal of Applied Linguistics& English Literature, Vol.5, No.2,pp.117—127.
  • Hooks, B., (1984) Feminist Theory: from margin to center, south end press, Boston.
  • Hooks, B., (1990), Ain’t I Woman Woman: Black Women and Feminism, Pluto Press, London Winchester.
  • HOOKS, B., (1990), AIN’T I A WOMAN: Black Women and Feminism, PLUTO PRESS, 2nd Edition, London.
  • Hooks, B., (2016), Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics, Cambridge, Feminizm Herkes İcindir: Tutkulu Politika, bgst yayınları Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics”, Cambridge.2000, cev. Ece Aydın, Berna Kurt, Şirin Ozgün, Aysel Yıldırım, Istanbul.
  • Leitch, Vincent B. (ed) 2010, The Northon Anthology of Theory and Criticism W.W Norton& Company: New York.
  • Mohanty, C. T., (Fall 1992/Winter 1993), Russo, Ann; Torres, Lourdes. “Third world women& amp; the politics of feminism//Review”, Resources for Feminist Research; Toronto Vol.22, Iss. ¾, pp.91-92.
  • Mohanty, C., (2003), “Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity”.
  • Nnoromele, S. C. (2002), Representing the African Woman: Subjectivity and Self in the Joys of Motherhood, Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 43:2, 178-190, DOI: 10.1080/00111610209602179
  • Ogunyemi, C., B., (2018), “Gender (Re)configuration in Nigerian Literature through Time and Space”, Journal of Literary Studies, 34:4, DOI:10.10.80. /02564718.2018.1538084 , Routledge Taylor& Francis, pp.122-134.
  • Spivak G. C., (1990), The Post Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues, ed. Sara Harasym, Routledge: London.
  • UMEH, M., (1980) “African Women in Transition in the novels of Buchi Emecheta, Source Presence Africaine, Nouvelle serie, No.116 (4e TRIMESTRE 1980), Presence Africaine Editions, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350026, 19-12-2019 09:35 UTC , pp.190-201.
  • Umeh, M.A., ( SEPTEMBER 1987), “A COMPARATIVW STUDY OF THE IDEA OF MOTHERHOOD IN TWO THIRD WORLD NOVELS” , CLA Jıurnal, Vol.31, No.1, College Language Association, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44325604, 20*11-2018 09:19UTC, pp31-43.
  • Yuval-Davis, N., (2006), “Intersectionality and Feminist Politics”, University of East London, European Journal of Women’s Studies, SAGE Publications, (London, Thousands Oaks and New Delhi), 1350-5068 Vol. 13(3):193-209; http://ejw.sagepub.com DOI:10.1177/13505068060657522.
  • Walker, A., (2005), In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens, Phoenix, Great Britain.
  • Ward, C., (1990), “What They Told Emecheta: Oral Subjectivity and The Joys of “Otherhood”, PMLA, Vol.105, No.1Special Topic: African and American Literature (Jan.,1990), Modern Language Association, https:/www.jstor.org/stable/462345 20-11-2018, pp.83-97.
  • Watkins, G., (2000), Feminism Is For Everybody: Passionate Politics, bell hooks, South End Press, Cambridge, Canada.

PATRIARCHAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION ON ADAH AND HER EMANCIPATION THROUGH EDUCATION AND WRITING IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S SECOND CLASS CITIZEN

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 54 - 80, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1179670

Öz

Buchi Emecheta is a prominent Nigerian writer in African feminist literature. In Buchi Emecheta’s novel Second Class Citizen (1994), the protagonist Adah suffers from tripple oppression. Emecheta’s Second Class Citizen (1994) puts emphasis on the concerns of racism, gender, sexism, marriage, bride price, polygamy, women’s obligation to bear male children, education, financial freedom, and writing fiction, as well as class oppression. In her opinion, subalternation and oppression of African women should be put an end. Buchi Emecheta analyzes the gender, class, and race intersectionality in her novel Second Class Citizen as a representation of African female literature on the basis of patriarchy. The analysis is made from the post-colonial feminist and Afro-centric perspective; therefore, it reveals how the social and ideological constructions of gender, class, and race cause racism, classism, and sexism in society.
The female character, Adah, lives in the margins both at home and in the public. Emecheta not only wants to underline the patriarchal roots of her own Igbo tribe, but also wants to be critical of the British society that lets them stay in second-class citizen conditions. Adah has to experience the feeling of being the other in Western society whereas she has to struggle with the paternal thoughts of the African culture. In her novel, Emecheta underlines the lack of educational opportunities for girls in a culture which pushes girls to grow up as obedient wives. The novel clearly illustrates the difficulties of Igbo immigrants in London, who are regarded as second-class citizens, are supposed to stay in hovels in slum districts and simultaneously cope with the problems of sexual discrimination both in the domestic sphere as well as in the public sphere.
As a black woman, the main character is both trapped by her gender and race. In her post-colonial feminist depiction, Emecheta attributes tripple oppression to Adah character. With her description of the protagonist, Adah, the author shows how it was difficult to be a black woman both in Nigeria and in England. Emecheta is not only critical of the gender discrimination practices in her own country, but also wants to criticize the hostilities in England towards the black people. In accordance with Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval Davis’ ideas, this article will argue that Adah has complex relations with her state as a black woman who suffers from patriarchy, racism and class distinction. Thus, this study articulates how Adah Obi is dejected in the patriarchal discourses of Nigeria or England and how she is marginalized as a black woman, as an immigrant, as a young girl, and as a woman. Finally, Adah’s gaining self- confidence and her self affirmation will be related to Helene Cixous’ ideas about the importance of writing in women’s lives for their emancipation process.

Kaynakça

  • Addison, C. & Ndabayakhe, V., (2011), “Polygamy in African Fiction”, 2008, Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, 2011, 20:1, 89-104 DOI: 10.1080/1013929X.2008.9678291
  • Adisa, Toyin Ajibade & Abdulraheem, Issa& Susu, Babaita Isiaka, (2019), “Patriarchal hegemony: Investigating the impact of patriarchy on women’s work-life balance”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol:34, No.1, pp.19-33.
  • Allanana, M. G., “Patriarchy and Gender Inequality in Nigeria: The Way Forward”, European Scientific Journal, Department of Political Sciences, Nasarawa State University, June 2013 edition, vol.9, No.17, ISSN:1857-7881 (print), e-ISSN 1857-7431, pp.115-132.
  • Andersen, M. L., (1988), “Moving Our Minds: The Feminist Reconstruction of Sociology”, Vol.16, No.2 (Apr., 1988), American Sociological Association, Doi:10.2307/1317412 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1317412 pp. 123-132.
  • Anthias, Floya, (June, 2014), “The Intersections of Class, Gender, Sexuality and “Race”: The Political Economy of Gendered Violence”, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol.27, No.2 Springer, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24713310 19-12-2019 09:47 UTC. pp.153-171.
  • Barfi, Z; Kohzadi, Hamedreza, Kohzadi; Azizmohammadi, Fatemah, (2015), “A Study of Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood in the Light of Chandra Talpade Mohantry: A Postcolonial Feminist Theory”, Islamic Azad University, Europian Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 2015, Vol.4, No.1, ISSN 1805-3602, pp.26-38.
  • Bazin, N. T., (March/ April 1986), “FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES IN AFRICAN FICTION: BESSIE HEAD AND BUCHI EMECHETA”, The Black Scholar, Vol.17, No.2, THE BLACK WOMAN WRITER AND THE DIASPORA”, Taylor&Francis, Ltd., https://www.jstor.org/stable/41067258, 24-06-2019 14:22 UTC, pp.34-40.
  • Crenshaw, K. (1989), “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics”, Vol:1989:Iss.1,Article8., University of Chicago Legal Forum, http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf
  • Crenshaw, K. (Jul., 1991), “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color”, Standford Law Review, Vol.43, No.6, Standford Law Review, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229039, 15- 11-2018 09:54 UTC, pp.1241-1299.
  • Davies, B., C., (2015), “Gender/Class Intersections and African Women’s Rights”, Meridians, Vol.13, No.1,Duke University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/meridians.13.1.1, pp.1-25.
  • Emecheta, B., (1994), Second-Class Citizen, Heinemann Publishers, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  • Emecheta, B., (1988) "Feminism with a Small 'f'!" In Criticism and Ideology: Second African Writers' Conference, edited by Kirsten Holst Petersen. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, www. Encyclopedia.com, pp. 173-85.
  • Emecheta B., (2008), The Joys of Motherhood, Heinemann, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh.
  • Helaly, M., F., (March, 2016), “Cultural Collision and Women Victimization in Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood” , Australian International Academic Centre, Australia, International Journal of Applied Linguistics& English Literature, Vol.5, No.2,pp.117—127.
  • Hooks, B., (1984) Feminist Theory: from margin to center, south end press, Boston.
  • Hooks, B., (1990), Ain’t I Woman Woman: Black Women and Feminism, Pluto Press, London Winchester.
  • HOOKS, B., (1990), AIN’T I A WOMAN: Black Women and Feminism, PLUTO PRESS, 2nd Edition, London.
  • Hooks, B., (2016), Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics, Cambridge, Feminizm Herkes İcindir: Tutkulu Politika, bgst yayınları Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics”, Cambridge.2000, cev. Ece Aydın, Berna Kurt, Şirin Ozgün, Aysel Yıldırım, Istanbul.
  • Leitch, Vincent B. (ed) 2010, The Northon Anthology of Theory and Criticism W.W Norton& Company: New York.
  • Mohanty, C. T., (Fall 1992/Winter 1993), Russo, Ann; Torres, Lourdes. “Third world women& amp; the politics of feminism//Review”, Resources for Feminist Research; Toronto Vol.22, Iss. ¾, pp.91-92.
  • Mohanty, C., (2003), “Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity”.
  • Nnoromele, S. C. (2002), Representing the African Woman: Subjectivity and Self in the Joys of Motherhood, Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 43:2, 178-190, DOI: 10.1080/00111610209602179
  • Ogunyemi, C., B., (2018), “Gender (Re)configuration in Nigerian Literature through Time and Space”, Journal of Literary Studies, 34:4, DOI:10.10.80. /02564718.2018.1538084 , Routledge Taylor& Francis, pp.122-134.
  • Spivak G. C., (1990), The Post Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues, ed. Sara Harasym, Routledge: London.
  • UMEH, M., (1980) “African Women in Transition in the novels of Buchi Emecheta, Source Presence Africaine, Nouvelle serie, No.116 (4e TRIMESTRE 1980), Presence Africaine Editions, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350026, 19-12-2019 09:35 UTC , pp.190-201.
  • Umeh, M.A., ( SEPTEMBER 1987), “A COMPARATIVW STUDY OF THE IDEA OF MOTHERHOOD IN TWO THIRD WORLD NOVELS” , CLA Jıurnal, Vol.31, No.1, College Language Association, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44325604, 20*11-2018 09:19UTC, pp31-43.
  • Yuval-Davis, N., (2006), “Intersectionality and Feminist Politics”, University of East London, European Journal of Women’s Studies, SAGE Publications, (London, Thousands Oaks and New Delhi), 1350-5068 Vol. 13(3):193-209; http://ejw.sagepub.com DOI:10.1177/13505068060657522.
  • Walker, A., (2005), In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens, Phoenix, Great Britain.
  • Ward, C., (1990), “What They Told Emecheta: Oral Subjectivity and The Joys of “Otherhood”, PMLA, Vol.105, No.1Special Topic: African and American Literature (Jan.,1990), Modern Language Association, https:/www.jstor.org/stable/462345 20-11-2018, pp.83-97.
  • Watkins, G., (2000), Feminism Is For Everybody: Passionate Politics, bell hooks, South End Press, Cambridge, Canada.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Afrika Dilleri, Edebiyatları ve Kültürleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Tuğçe Özsoy 0000-0002-2282-0072

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özsoy, T. (2023). PATRIARCHAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION ON ADAH AND HER EMANCIPATION THROUGH EDUCATION AND WRITING IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S SECOND CLASS CITIZEN. Africania, 3(2), 54-80. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1179670
AMA Özsoy T. PATRIARCHAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION ON ADAH AND HER EMANCIPATION THROUGH EDUCATION AND WRITING IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S SECOND CLASS CITIZEN. Africania. Temmuz 2023;3(2):54-80. doi:10.58851/africania.1179670
Chicago Özsoy, Tuğçe. “PATRIARCHAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION ON ADAH AND HER EMANCIPATION THROUGH EDUCATION AND WRITING IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S SECOND CLASS CITIZEN”. Africania 3, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2023): 54-80. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1179670.
EndNote Özsoy T (01 Temmuz 2023) PATRIARCHAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION ON ADAH AND HER EMANCIPATION THROUGH EDUCATION AND WRITING IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S SECOND CLASS CITIZEN. Africania 3 2 54–80.
IEEE T. Özsoy, “PATRIARCHAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION ON ADAH AND HER EMANCIPATION THROUGH EDUCATION AND WRITING IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S SECOND CLASS CITIZEN”, Africania, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 54–80, 2023, doi: 10.58851/africania.1179670.
ISNAD Özsoy, Tuğçe. “PATRIARCHAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION ON ADAH AND HER EMANCIPATION THROUGH EDUCATION AND WRITING IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S SECOND CLASS CITIZEN”. Africania 3/2 (Temmuz 2023), 54-80. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1179670.
JAMA Özsoy T. PATRIARCHAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION ON ADAH AND HER EMANCIPATION THROUGH EDUCATION AND WRITING IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S SECOND CLASS CITIZEN. Africania. 2023;3:54–80.
MLA Özsoy, Tuğçe. “PATRIARCHAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION ON ADAH AND HER EMANCIPATION THROUGH EDUCATION AND WRITING IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S SECOND CLASS CITIZEN”. Africania, c. 3, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 54-80, doi:10.58851/africania.1179670.
Vancouver Özsoy T. PATRIARCHAL, RACIAL AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION ON ADAH AND HER EMANCIPATION THROUGH EDUCATION AND WRITING IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S SECOND CLASS CITIZEN. Africania. 2023;3(2):54-80.