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DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1 - 23, 01.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1290002

Öz

Since 1992, Ghana has been held up as a beacon of democracy in Africa. As the country prepared for independence from Britain, educated natives formed political parties based on Western models to advance their demands. Two of the earliest political parties were the UGCC and the CPP, formed in 1947 and 1949 respectively. People from different ethnic groups joined one of the two parties to create a consensual democratic model. It was the adoption of a British type of representative government, but with a unicameral legislature. The 1951 elections gave Ghana its first taste of democratic voting, allowing the people to choose leaders they trusted to alleviate their hardships. Elections in 1954 and 1956 further consolidated this. The country is endowed with enormous human and natural resources. When the First Republic was announced in 1960, politics was all about development, massive projects, sound policies and improving the welfare of the people. By 1966, however, the rivalry between Nkrumah and the army and police introduced coups into Ghanaian politics. Since then, Ghana has experienced five coups in its young history. As a result, Ghanaian politics has been reduced to economic stagnation, corruption, propaganda, ill-conceived policies and the emergence of short-sighted and ultra-credit-hungry leaders who borrow to consume, leading to the impoverishment of the citizens. Perhaps Ghana would have been more developed than it is now if the first coup had not taken place and if Nkrumah had had enough time to realise his vision for the country. It is from this perspective that the paper assesses Ghana's republics. The paper uses archival sources, mainly newspapers, and secondary sources to explore the country's democratic trajectories to the present day.

Kaynakça

  • ADM, 5/4/401. “Speech by DR. K.A. Busia, Prime Minister, at the Inauguration of the Second Republic at the Black Star Square in Accra”. 1 October 1969, PRAAD.
  • ARG 1/24/9, Chief Secretary, “General Elections, 1951”, Circular No. 16/51 File No. SCR.1038, Accra. 12 March 1951, 1-2, PRAAD.
  • Asirifi Danquah, “Prime Minister on Coup D’état”, Daily Graphic, Monday 1 June 1971, No.6429, Sunyani. PRAAD.
  • “Another crime exposed”, Daily Graphic, 3 March 1966. Accra. PRAAD.
  • “Armed Forces Take Over Government- Liberation Council Now Formed”, The Ghanaian Times, Vol. VII No. 2,475, Friday, 25 February 1966. Accra. PRAAD.
  • “Commentary” The Ghanaian Times, Vol. VII No. 2,475, Friday, 25 February 1966. Accra. PRAAD.
  • “Busia for Paris”, Daily Graphic, No. 6618, Saturday 15 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “Chiefs Support N.R.C.”, Daily Graphic, Wednesday 19 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “COUP! Army takes over”, Daily Graphic, No. 6617, Friday 14 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “Deposed Nkrumah Enslaved us”, Daily Graphic No. 4800, Saturday 5 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Ghana Free from Oppression”, Daily Graphic, 3 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Graphic view: a new initiative”, Daily Graphic, No. 6618, Saturday 15 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “How people cheered and jubilated after coup”, Daily Graphic, Tuesday 18 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “KNRG: If only Limann Govt had listened”, The Ghanaian Times, No. 7,475, Monday 4 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • “Nigeria Papers Hail the Coup”, Daily Graphic, Saturday 15 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “Nkrumah’s birthplace burnt”, Daily Graphic, No. 4802, Tuesday 8 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Nkrumah Misunderstood Ghanaians”, Daily Graphic, 8 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Nkrumah took away C108,000”, Daily Graphic, No. 4799, Friday 4 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Overseas reserves difficulties: GHANA NEEDS C36M AID”, Daily Graphic, No. 4799, Friday 4 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Prices are going down”, The Ghanaian Times, Tuesday 5 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • “Prices, Fares Ordered Slashed”, The Ghanaian Times, No. 7,474, Saturday 2 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • “Rawlings Declares a Holy War”, The Ghanaian Times, No. 7,473, Friday 1 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • “Rawlings: Why we stepped in …”, The Ghanaian Times, No. 7,475, Monday 4 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • Sam Clegg, For Fifteen Years Our Wings Were Clipped, Daily Graphic, Thursday 2 October 1969, No. 5911, PRAAD.
  • “See How They Rejoice- In Accra Market”, The Ghanaian Times, Saturday 26 February 1966. PRAAD.
  • “The Fall of a Satan”, Daily Graphic 7 March 1966, ACCRA, PRAAD.
  • “The Nation Firm Behind Council”, The Ghanaian Times, Monday 28 February 1966. PRAAD.
  • “The Road to Democracy”, The Ghanaian Times, Monday 28 February 1966, PRAAD.
  • “The Stage is Set”, Daily Graphic, Monday 17 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “Too much wealth in too few hands- J.J. asks why”, The Ghanaian Times, No. 7,480, Saturday 9 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • Vieta, K. T. (1999). The Flagbearers of Ghana: Profiles of One Hundred Distinguished Ghanaians. Accra: Ena Publications. RE 8/2/842, PRAAD.
  • Secondary Sources: Abass, U. (2023). Imperialism and the End of Chieftaincy in Colonial Ghana, 1925-1950. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 22(2), 495-510. DOI: 10.21547/jss.1218903
  • All Africa (2023, 14 April). Ghana’s Debt-to-GDP to Reach 98.7 Percent by end of 2023 IMF. https://allafrica.com/stories/202304140501.html
  • Amidu, M. A.B.K. (2020), “Martin Amidu’s Constitutional Defence Rejoinder to the Personal Letter Addressed to him as a Citizen of Ghana by H.E. the President …”
  • Apaak, C. (2009, 27 October). Massive Corruption Made Ex-President Kufuor Unfit for Mo Ibrahim Award. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Massive-Corruption-Made-Ex-President-Kufuor-Unfit-For-Mo Ibrahim-Award-170840
  • Assensoh, A.B. and Alex-Assensoh Y.M. (2001). African Military History and Politics: Coups and Ideological Incursions, 1900-Present. PALGRAVE.
  • Attuquayefio, Alan B. (1974). Economic Development in Ghana: Some Problems and Prospects. M.A. Thesis, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas.
  • Aziamor-Mensah Evans (2023, January 26). RTI Commission says cost of Akufo-Addo’s private jet rentals can’t be disclosed. https://thefourthestategh.com/2023/01/26/rti-commission-says-cost-of-akufo-addos-private-jet-rentals-cant-be-disclosed/
  • Aziamor-Mensah Evans (2023, 17 May). Bawumia, the religious nomad, must never become president. https://thefourthestategh.com/2023/05/17/bawumia-the-religious-nomad-must-never-become-president/
  • Bekoe, D.A., Delgado, J. M., & Djak, I. (2012). Current Incidents of Electoral Violence. Institute for Defense Analyses. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26948.6
  • Biney, A. (2011). The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bratton, M. & Gyimah-Boadi, E. (2006). Do trustworthy institutions matter for development? Corruption, trust, and government performance in Africa. Afrobarometer Round 6, Dispatch No. 112, 1-17.
  • Chazan, N. (1983), An Anatomy of Ghanaian Politics: Managing Political Recession, 1969-1982. Westview Press. Chuka, O. (1998). African Democratization and Military Coups. USA: Greenwood.
  • Transparency International (2022, 31 March). Controversial Ghana Agyapa Deal Goes to Regional ECOWAS Court. https://www.transparency.org/en/press/controversial-ghana-agyapa-deal-hearing-regional-ecowas-court
  • Dan-Bright, S. D. (1998). Ghana in Search of Development: The Challenge of Governance, Economic Management and Institution Building. Uppsala: Reprocentralen HSC.
  • Drake, C. (1956). Prospects for Democracy in the Gold Coast. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Africa and the Western World, (306)78-87, Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Dumenu, M. Y., & Adzraku, M. E. (2020). Electoral Violence and Political Vigilantism in Ghana: Evidence from selected hotspots. CDD-Ghana: Research Report.
  • Fobih, N. (2011). Challenges to Party Development and Democratic Consolidation: Perspectives on Reforming Ghana’s Institutional Framework. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 46(6):578-592.
  • Ghana Business News (2023, 22 May). IMF projects Ghana’s public debt to exceed $98b in 2023. https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2023/05/22/imf-projects-ghanas-public-debt-to-exceed-98b-in-2023/#:~:text=In%20its%20full%20report%2C%20the,gains%20against%20the%20US%20dollar
  • Ghana Web (2022, 25 May). I don’t speak again, I use text messages. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-don-t-speak-again-I-use-text-messages-Prof-Martey-1545836
  • Ghana Web (2022, June 26). Akufo-Addo has spent GHc34 million on luxury jet charters in 13 months. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/AkufoAddo-has-spentGH-34-million-on-luxury-jet-charters-in-13-months-Ablakwa-details-1569488
  • Ghana Web (2015, October 19). SADA guinea fowls flew to Burkina Faso was a joke. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/SADA-guinea-fowls-f lew-to-Burkina-Faso-was-a-joke-SADA-Boss-388588
  • Ghana Web (2021, 27 April). Akufo-Addo yet to deliver on his promise of building 88 hospitals. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-yet-to-deliver-on-his-promise-of-building-88-hospitals-1243588
  • Ghana Web (2020, 20 June). Airbus saga: I took no bribe – Mahama breaks silence. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Airbus-saga-I-took-no-bribe-Mahama-breaks-silence-985420
  • Goody, J. (2006). The Theft of History. New York: Cambridge University Press. Helbling, M., Reeskens, T. & Stolle, D. (2013). Political Mobilisation, Ethnic Diversity, and Social Cohesion: The Conditional Effect of Political Parties. Political Studies, 63(1): 101-122.
  • Hettne, B. (1980). Soldiers and Politics: The Case of Ghana. Journal of Peace Research, Special Issue on Imperialism and Militarization, 17(2):173-193. SAGE PUBLICATIONS.
  • Holmey Olivier (2020, 11 May). Ghana: John Maham splashed by Airbus corruption affair. https://www.theafricareport.com/27714/ghana-john-mahama-splashed-by-airbus-corruption-affair/
  • Huntington, S. P. (1991). Democracy’s Third Wave. Journal of Democracy.
  • IMANI Alert (2020): Why the CSOs Oppose the “Current” Agyapa Deal.
  • Jeff, H. (1995). Ghana: From personalist to democratic rule. In Wiseman John A. (ed.). Democracy and Political Change in sub-Saharan Africa. London: Routledge, pp. 92-115.
  • Jones, T. (2016). The fall and rise of Ghana’s debt. Wingfinger.
  • Kenneth Awotwe Darko (2020, 29 April). 53 abandoned, uncompleted health facilities discovered. https://myjoyonline.com/53-abandoned-uncompleted-health-facilities-discovered/
  • Krouse, R. W. (1982). Polyarchy & Participation: The Changing Democratic Theory of Robert Dahl. Polity, 14(3) Spring, 441-463.
  • Lijphart, A. (2007). Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and majority rule in Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge.
  • Maxwell, O. (1972). The Search for Solvency: Background to the Fall of Ghana’s Second Republic, 1969-1972. Africa Today, Vol. 19, No. 1, Guerrilla Warfare. Indiana University Press.
  • Mensah Kent (2023, 18 April). Cathedral of scandals: How a presidential promise divided Ghana. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/4/18/cathedral-of-scandals-how-a-presidential-promise-divided-ghana
  • Ministry of Youth and Sports Report “Ministerial Impact Assessment & Review Committee on Ghana Youth Employment and Entrepreneurial Agency (GYEEDA)”, July 2013.
  • Myjoy Online (2014, 24 April). The SADA saga: A case for an effective right to information legislation. https://www.myjoyonline.com/the-sada-saga-a-case-for-an-effective-right-to-information-legislation/
  • Nkrumah, K. (1967). Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah. Freedom Fighter’s Edition. London: PANAF BOOKS.
  • Nkrumah, K. (1968). Dark Days in Ghana. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1968.
  • Nkrumah, K. (1970). Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for Decolonization. USA: First Modern Reader Paperback Edition.
  • Nunoo Favour & Damian Zane (2023, 25 July). Ghana minister Cecilia Abena Dapaah reported a robbery. Why was she arrested? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66291294
  • Pinkney, R. (1997). Democracy and Dictatorship in Ghana and Tanzania. Great Britain: Macmillan Press Ltd. PwC (2007). Re-denomination of the Cedi: Financial and Accounting Implications, 1-6.
  • Tanupriya Singh (2023, 24 January). Who is responsible for Ghana’s debt crisis? https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/01/24/who-is-responsible-for-ghanas-debt-crisis/
  • The Fourth Estate (2022, 10 May). The story of 14 abandoned E-blocks: Some now used for church, cassava farming. https://thefourthestategh.com/2022/05/10/the-story-of-14-abandoned-e-blocks-some-now-used-for-church-cassava-farming/
  • Valerie, P. B. (1973), The Motivation for Military Intervention: The Case of Ghana. The Western Political Quarterly. 26(4), 659-674.
  • Victoria Enyonam Adonu (2023, 11 May). A cocktail of scrapped, reviewed, and new taxes introduced by the Akufo-Addo gov’t since 2017. https://www.fact-checkghana.com/a-cocktail-of-scrapped-reviewed-and-new-taxes-introduced-by-the-akufo-addo-govt-since-2017/
  • Yalley Christian (2022, October 24). People who insult Akufo-Addo over economic hardship are uncivilised and witches. https://www.myjoyonline.com/people-who-insult-akufoaddo-over-economic-hardship-are-uncivilised-and-witches-okyehene/

DEMOKRASİ: GANA CUMHURİYETLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR YANSIMA, 1960-1992

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1 - 23, 01.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1290002

Öz

Ghana has been touted as a beacon of democracy in Africa since 1992. As the country was preparing for independence from Britain, the educated natives formed political parties along Western models to push their demands. Two of the earliest political parties to be formed were the UGCC and the CPP in 1947 and 1949 respectively. The 1951 elections gave Ghana its first taste of democratic voting for the people to use their thumbs to choose leaders they trusted could alleviate their plights. The 1954 and 1956 elections further consolidated it. The country is endowed with enormous manpower and natural resources. In 1960 when the First Republic was announced politics was all about development, massive projects, sound policies, and improving the welfare of the people. However, the vitriol that emerged between Nkrumah and the army and police by 1966 introduced putsches into Ghanaian politics. Since then, Ghana has experienced five putsches in its young history. Consequently, this reduced Ghana’s politics to economic stagnation, corruption, propaganda, ill-thought-out policies, and the advent of short-sighted and ultracrepidarian leaders who borrow to consume, thereby leading to the impoverishment of the citizens. Perhaps Ghana would have been more developed than it is now if the first putsch had not occurred, and if Nkrumah had had ample time to carry through his vision for the country. Thus, from this perspective, the paper weighs up Ghana’s Republics. The paper uses archival sources, primarily newspapers, with secondary sources to explore the country’s democratic trajectories up to the present time.

Kaynakça

  • ADM, 5/4/401. “Speech by DR. K.A. Busia, Prime Minister, at the Inauguration of the Second Republic at the Black Star Square in Accra”. 1 October 1969, PRAAD.
  • ARG 1/24/9, Chief Secretary, “General Elections, 1951”, Circular No. 16/51 File No. SCR.1038, Accra. 12 March 1951, 1-2, PRAAD.
  • Asirifi Danquah, “Prime Minister on Coup D’état”, Daily Graphic, Monday 1 June 1971, No.6429, Sunyani. PRAAD.
  • “Another crime exposed”, Daily Graphic, 3 March 1966. Accra. PRAAD.
  • “Armed Forces Take Over Government- Liberation Council Now Formed”, The Ghanaian Times, Vol. VII No. 2,475, Friday, 25 February 1966. Accra. PRAAD.
  • “Commentary” The Ghanaian Times, Vol. VII No. 2,475, Friday, 25 February 1966. Accra. PRAAD.
  • “Busia for Paris”, Daily Graphic, No. 6618, Saturday 15 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “Chiefs Support N.R.C.”, Daily Graphic, Wednesday 19 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “COUP! Army takes over”, Daily Graphic, No. 6617, Friday 14 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “Deposed Nkrumah Enslaved us”, Daily Graphic No. 4800, Saturday 5 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Ghana Free from Oppression”, Daily Graphic, 3 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Graphic view: a new initiative”, Daily Graphic, No. 6618, Saturday 15 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “How people cheered and jubilated after coup”, Daily Graphic, Tuesday 18 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “KNRG: If only Limann Govt had listened”, The Ghanaian Times, No. 7,475, Monday 4 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • “Nigeria Papers Hail the Coup”, Daily Graphic, Saturday 15 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “Nkrumah’s birthplace burnt”, Daily Graphic, No. 4802, Tuesday 8 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Nkrumah Misunderstood Ghanaians”, Daily Graphic, 8 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Nkrumah took away C108,000”, Daily Graphic, No. 4799, Friday 4 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Overseas reserves difficulties: GHANA NEEDS C36M AID”, Daily Graphic, No. 4799, Friday 4 March 1966, PRAAD.
  • “Prices are going down”, The Ghanaian Times, Tuesday 5 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • “Prices, Fares Ordered Slashed”, The Ghanaian Times, No. 7,474, Saturday 2 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • “Rawlings Declares a Holy War”, The Ghanaian Times, No. 7,473, Friday 1 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • “Rawlings: Why we stepped in …”, The Ghanaian Times, No. 7,475, Monday 4 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • Sam Clegg, For Fifteen Years Our Wings Were Clipped, Daily Graphic, Thursday 2 October 1969, No. 5911, PRAAD.
  • “See How They Rejoice- In Accra Market”, The Ghanaian Times, Saturday 26 February 1966. PRAAD.
  • “The Fall of a Satan”, Daily Graphic 7 March 1966, ACCRA, PRAAD.
  • “The Nation Firm Behind Council”, The Ghanaian Times, Monday 28 February 1966. PRAAD.
  • “The Road to Democracy”, The Ghanaian Times, Monday 28 February 1966, PRAAD.
  • “The Stage is Set”, Daily Graphic, Monday 17 January 1972, PRAAD.
  • “Too much wealth in too few hands- J.J. asks why”, The Ghanaian Times, No. 7,480, Saturday 9 January 1982, PRAAD.
  • Vieta, K. T. (1999). The Flagbearers of Ghana: Profiles of One Hundred Distinguished Ghanaians. Accra: Ena Publications. RE 8/2/842, PRAAD.
  • Secondary Sources: Abass, U. (2023). Imperialism and the End of Chieftaincy in Colonial Ghana, 1925-1950. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 22(2), 495-510. DOI: 10.21547/jss.1218903
  • All Africa (2023, 14 April). Ghana’s Debt-to-GDP to Reach 98.7 Percent by end of 2023 IMF. https://allafrica.com/stories/202304140501.html
  • Amidu, M. A.B.K. (2020), “Martin Amidu’s Constitutional Defence Rejoinder to the Personal Letter Addressed to him as a Citizen of Ghana by H.E. the President …”
  • Apaak, C. (2009, 27 October). Massive Corruption Made Ex-President Kufuor Unfit for Mo Ibrahim Award. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Massive-Corruption-Made-Ex-President-Kufuor-Unfit-For-Mo Ibrahim-Award-170840
  • Assensoh, A.B. and Alex-Assensoh Y.M. (2001). African Military History and Politics: Coups and Ideological Incursions, 1900-Present. PALGRAVE.
  • Attuquayefio, Alan B. (1974). Economic Development in Ghana: Some Problems and Prospects. M.A. Thesis, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas.
  • Aziamor-Mensah Evans (2023, January 26). RTI Commission says cost of Akufo-Addo’s private jet rentals can’t be disclosed. https://thefourthestategh.com/2023/01/26/rti-commission-says-cost-of-akufo-addos-private-jet-rentals-cant-be-disclosed/
  • Aziamor-Mensah Evans (2023, 17 May). Bawumia, the religious nomad, must never become president. https://thefourthestategh.com/2023/05/17/bawumia-the-religious-nomad-must-never-become-president/
  • Bekoe, D.A., Delgado, J. M., & Djak, I. (2012). Current Incidents of Electoral Violence. Institute for Defense Analyses. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26948.6
  • Biney, A. (2011). The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bratton, M. & Gyimah-Boadi, E. (2006). Do trustworthy institutions matter for development? Corruption, trust, and government performance in Africa. Afrobarometer Round 6, Dispatch No. 112, 1-17.
  • Chazan, N. (1983), An Anatomy of Ghanaian Politics: Managing Political Recession, 1969-1982. Westview Press. Chuka, O. (1998). African Democratization and Military Coups. USA: Greenwood.
  • Transparency International (2022, 31 March). Controversial Ghana Agyapa Deal Goes to Regional ECOWAS Court. https://www.transparency.org/en/press/controversial-ghana-agyapa-deal-hearing-regional-ecowas-court
  • Dan-Bright, S. D. (1998). Ghana in Search of Development: The Challenge of Governance, Economic Management and Institution Building. Uppsala: Reprocentralen HSC.
  • Drake, C. (1956). Prospects for Democracy in the Gold Coast. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Africa and the Western World, (306)78-87, Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Dumenu, M. Y., & Adzraku, M. E. (2020). Electoral Violence and Political Vigilantism in Ghana: Evidence from selected hotspots. CDD-Ghana: Research Report.
  • Fobih, N. (2011). Challenges to Party Development and Democratic Consolidation: Perspectives on Reforming Ghana’s Institutional Framework. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 46(6):578-592.
  • Ghana Business News (2023, 22 May). IMF projects Ghana’s public debt to exceed $98b in 2023. https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2023/05/22/imf-projects-ghanas-public-debt-to-exceed-98b-in-2023/#:~:text=In%20its%20full%20report%2C%20the,gains%20against%20the%20US%20dollar
  • Ghana Web (2022, 25 May). I don’t speak again, I use text messages. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-don-t-speak-again-I-use-text-messages-Prof-Martey-1545836
  • Ghana Web (2022, June 26). Akufo-Addo has spent GHc34 million on luxury jet charters in 13 months. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/AkufoAddo-has-spentGH-34-million-on-luxury-jet-charters-in-13-months-Ablakwa-details-1569488
  • Ghana Web (2015, October 19). SADA guinea fowls flew to Burkina Faso was a joke. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/SADA-guinea-fowls-f lew-to-Burkina-Faso-was-a-joke-SADA-Boss-388588
  • Ghana Web (2021, 27 April). Akufo-Addo yet to deliver on his promise of building 88 hospitals. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-yet-to-deliver-on-his-promise-of-building-88-hospitals-1243588
  • Ghana Web (2020, 20 June). Airbus saga: I took no bribe – Mahama breaks silence. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Airbus-saga-I-took-no-bribe-Mahama-breaks-silence-985420
  • Goody, J. (2006). The Theft of History. New York: Cambridge University Press. Helbling, M., Reeskens, T. & Stolle, D. (2013). Political Mobilisation, Ethnic Diversity, and Social Cohesion: The Conditional Effect of Political Parties. Political Studies, 63(1): 101-122.
  • Hettne, B. (1980). Soldiers and Politics: The Case of Ghana. Journal of Peace Research, Special Issue on Imperialism and Militarization, 17(2):173-193. SAGE PUBLICATIONS.
  • Holmey Olivier (2020, 11 May). Ghana: John Maham splashed by Airbus corruption affair. https://www.theafricareport.com/27714/ghana-john-mahama-splashed-by-airbus-corruption-affair/
  • Huntington, S. P. (1991). Democracy’s Third Wave. Journal of Democracy.
  • IMANI Alert (2020): Why the CSOs Oppose the “Current” Agyapa Deal.
  • Jeff, H. (1995). Ghana: From personalist to democratic rule. In Wiseman John A. (ed.). Democracy and Political Change in sub-Saharan Africa. London: Routledge, pp. 92-115.
  • Jones, T. (2016). The fall and rise of Ghana’s debt. Wingfinger.
  • Kenneth Awotwe Darko (2020, 29 April). 53 abandoned, uncompleted health facilities discovered. https://myjoyonline.com/53-abandoned-uncompleted-health-facilities-discovered/
  • Krouse, R. W. (1982). Polyarchy & Participation: The Changing Democratic Theory of Robert Dahl. Polity, 14(3) Spring, 441-463.
  • Lijphart, A. (2007). Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and majority rule in Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge.
  • Maxwell, O. (1972). The Search for Solvency: Background to the Fall of Ghana’s Second Republic, 1969-1972. Africa Today, Vol. 19, No. 1, Guerrilla Warfare. Indiana University Press.
  • Mensah Kent (2023, 18 April). Cathedral of scandals: How a presidential promise divided Ghana. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/4/18/cathedral-of-scandals-how-a-presidential-promise-divided-ghana
  • Ministry of Youth and Sports Report “Ministerial Impact Assessment & Review Committee on Ghana Youth Employment and Entrepreneurial Agency (GYEEDA)”, July 2013.
  • Myjoy Online (2014, 24 April). The SADA saga: A case for an effective right to information legislation. https://www.myjoyonline.com/the-sada-saga-a-case-for-an-effective-right-to-information-legislation/
  • Nkrumah, K. (1967). Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah. Freedom Fighter’s Edition. London: PANAF BOOKS.
  • Nkrumah, K. (1968). Dark Days in Ghana. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1968.
  • Nkrumah, K. (1970). Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for Decolonization. USA: First Modern Reader Paperback Edition.
  • Nunoo Favour & Damian Zane (2023, 25 July). Ghana minister Cecilia Abena Dapaah reported a robbery. Why was she arrested? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66291294
  • Pinkney, R. (1997). Democracy and Dictatorship in Ghana and Tanzania. Great Britain: Macmillan Press Ltd. PwC (2007). Re-denomination of the Cedi: Financial and Accounting Implications, 1-6.
  • Tanupriya Singh (2023, 24 January). Who is responsible for Ghana’s debt crisis? https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/01/24/who-is-responsible-for-ghanas-debt-crisis/
  • The Fourth Estate (2022, 10 May). The story of 14 abandoned E-blocks: Some now used for church, cassava farming. https://thefourthestategh.com/2022/05/10/the-story-of-14-abandoned-e-blocks-some-now-used-for-church-cassava-farming/
  • Valerie, P. B. (1973), The Motivation for Military Intervention: The Case of Ghana. The Western Political Quarterly. 26(4), 659-674.
  • Victoria Enyonam Adonu (2023, 11 May). A cocktail of scrapped, reviewed, and new taxes introduced by the Akufo-Addo gov’t since 2017. https://www.fact-checkghana.com/a-cocktail-of-scrapped-reviewed-and-new-taxes-introduced-by-the-akufo-addo-govt-since-2017/
  • Yalley Christian (2022, October 24). People who insult Akufo-Addo over economic hardship are uncivilised and witches. https://www.myjoyonline.com/people-who-insult-akufoaddo-over-economic-hardship-are-uncivilised-and-witches-okyehene/
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Afrika Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Usman Abass 0000-0002-3195-7177

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Şubat 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Abass, U. (2024). DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992. Africania, 4(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1290002
AMA Abass U. DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992. Africania. Şubat 2024;4(1):1-23. doi:10.58851/africania.1290002
Chicago Abass, Usman. “DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992”. Africania 4, sy. 1 (Şubat 2024): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1290002.
EndNote Abass U (01 Şubat 2024) DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992. Africania 4 1 1–23.
IEEE U. Abass, “DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992”, Africania, c. 4, sy. 1, ss. 1–23, 2024, doi: 10.58851/africania.1290002.
ISNAD Abass, Usman. “DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992”. Africania 4/1 (Şubat 2024), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1290002.
JAMA Abass U. DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992. Africania. 2024;4:1–23.
MLA Abass, Usman. “DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992”. Africania, c. 4, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 1-23, doi:10.58851/africania.1290002.
Vancouver Abass U. DEMOCRACY: A REFLECTION ON GHANA’S REPUBLICS, 1960-1992. Africania. 2024;4(1):1-23.