Araştırma Makalesi
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GÜNEYBATI ETİYOPYA'NIN KALBİNDE YAŞAM: HAMAR HALKININ PASTORAL YAŞAMINA YÖNELİK ÖN DEĞERLENDİRMELER

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 14 - 28, 04.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1477827

Öz

Etiyopya, binlerce yıllık zengin bir kültürel tarihe sahip olan ve çeşitli etnik grupların bir arada yaşadığı bir ülkedir. Bu çalışma, bu çeşitliliğin bir örneği olan ve özellikle eşsiz kültürel uygulamaları ve ekolojik zenginliği ile uluslararası alanda tanınan Aşağı Omo Vadisi'ndeki kırsal Hamar topluluğuna odaklanmaktadır. Hamar topluluğu, Güney Omo Bölgesi'nde yer alan çeşitli etnik gruplar arasında yer almakta olup, sığırların hem kültürel hem de ekonomik açıdan merkezi bir rol oynadığı tarımsal pastoralizmle yakından bağlantılı pastoral bir yaşam tarzını benzersiz bir şekilde somutlaştırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Etiyopya'nın güneybatısındaki Aşağı Omo Vadisi'ndeki Hamar topluluğunun pastoral yaşam tarzı ve geleneksel uygulamalarının derinlemesine bir incelemesini sunmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmada Hamar topluluğunun yaşam tarzını belirleyen kültürel, ekonomik ve çevresel dinamikleri ve bu topluluğun benzersiz sosyo-ekonomik yapısı ve ekolojik uyumu incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma, bölgesel ve küresel düzeyde pastoralizmin sürdürülebilirliği ve kültürel çeşitliliğin korunması konularına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Saha ve katılımcı gözlem tekniklerinin bir kombinasyonu ile yürütülen araştırma, Hamar topluluğunun geleneksel yaşam biçimlerini sürdürürken karşılaştıkları günlük faaliyetleri, kültürel uygulamaları ve zorlukları incelenmiştir. Gözlemci ve katılımcı gözlem tekniklerinin kullanılması, toplumun günlük pratiklerini derinlemesine incelemeyi ve ileride fiziki antropoloji alanında gerçekleştirmeyi düşündüğüm beslenme alışkanlıklarının biyolojik yönden ele alınacağı araştırmanın ön çalışmasını da oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırma sayesinde makale, Etiyopya'daki yerli kültürlerin korunmasına ilişkin daha geniş bir söyleme katkıda bulunmakta ve gelişen dış etkilerin ortasında Hamar toplumunun zengin mirasını koruma ihtiyacını vurgulamaktadır.

Teşekkür

In particular, I would like to thank Maya for his invaluable help in assisting me with my observations. I would like to express my gratitude to the Hamar community for their hospitality during my research. Additionally, I appreciate the support provided by the South Omo Research Center. As a survivor of the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023, I would like to express my gratitude to Koç University ANAMED for providing me with the opportunity to write this article and pursue my academic studies.

Kaynakça

  • Adicha, A. & Mada, M. (2020). Agro Pastoralist’s Perception and Willingness to Participate in Water Harvesting Practices in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 223-234. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20200805.16
  • Bekele, D., Alamirew, T., Kebede, A. et al. (2019). Modeling Climate Change Impact on the Hydrology of Keleta Watershed in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Environmental Modeling & Assessment (24): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-018-9619
  • Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia], & ICF International. (2012). Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, MD USA: Central Statistical Agency.
  • Clack, T. & Brittain, M. (2008). The River: Peoples and Histories of the Omo-Turkana Area. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.
  • Courtright, P., Klungsøyr, P., Lewallen, S. et al. (1993). The Epidemiology of Blindness and Visual Loss in Hamar Tribesmen of Ethiopia: The Role of Gender. Tropical Geography and Medicine 45(4) 168-170.
  • De Munck, V. & Sobo, E. (1998). Using Methods in the Field: A Practical Introduction and Casebook. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
  • Dessiye, B. (2012). The Impacts of Harmful Traditional Practices on Women’s Socio-Economic and Political Activities: The Case of Pastoral Women in Hamer Woreda, South Omo Zone, SNNPRS. Master's thesis, Indira Gandhi National Open University, India.
  • Erlandson, D. A., Elizabeth, L.H., Bruce, L.S. et al. (1993). Doing Naturalistic Inquiry: A Guide to Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Gebeyehu, A. K. & Abbink, J. (2022). Land, Sugar, and Pastoralism in Ethiopia: Comparing the Impact of the Omo-Kuraz Sugar Projects on Local Livelihoods and Food Security in the Lower Omo Valley. Pastoralism 12 (1) 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-022-00242-8.
  • Gedefaw. M. (2015). Environmental and Medicinal Value Analysis of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Tree Species in Sanja, North Gondar, Ethiopia AIJCSR-480 (2): 20-35.
  • Girma, M. (2023). Production system of indigenous goat population reared in pastoral and agro-pastoral districts of SNNPR, Ethiopia. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 13(1): 51-59. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v13i1.68007.
  • Hames, R. & Michael, P. (2014). Direct and Indirect Behavior Observations. In: Bernard R and Gravlee C (eds) The Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Rowland and Littlefield: Lanham, pp. 293-313.
  • Jaćimović, S., Kiprovski, B., Sikora, V., et al. (2024). Diversity in nutritional and functional quality of sorghum restorer lines collection. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research (ISSN 1336-8672).
  • Johanson, D. & Edey, M. (1981). Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind Simon & Schuster.
  • Kaplan, M.& Kızılşimşek, M. (2012). Farklı Tane Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Hat ve Çeşitlerinin Besleme Değerlerinin Belirlenmesi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 28, (1): 11-14.
  • Kawulich, B.B. (2005). Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum. Qualitative Social Research 6, (2): 1-28.
  • Kusse, K., Alemayehu, Yidnekachew E, Gedion E et al. (2022). The Market Chain Analysis of Live Cattle in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation, and Technology 12 (1): 56-66. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v12i1.61032.
  • Levine, D. N. (2004). Reconfiguring the Ethiopian nation in a global era. International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 1-15.
  • Lydall, J., Strecker, I. A. (1979a). The Hamar of Southern Ethiopia (Vol. 12). Renner.
  • Lydall, J., Strecker, I. (1979b) Work Journal: The Hamar of Southern Ethiopia Vol. I. Hohenschäftlarn: Renner.
  • Lydall, J. (2000a). The Threat of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Northeast African Studies,7(1),41-61.
  • Lydall, J. (2000b). Having fun with ideophones: a socio-linguistic look at ideophones in Hamar, Southern Ethiopia. In Proceedings of the XIV International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (pp. 886-91). Addis Ababa University.
  • Marshall, C. & Rossman, G.B. (2014). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications.
  • Mekuriaw, Z. & Harris-Coble, L. (2021). Ethiopia’s livestock systems: Overview and areas of inquiry.
  • Michael, Y.G, Hadgu, K. and Ambaye, Z. (2005). Addressing Pastoralist Conflict in Ethiopia: The Case of the Kuraz and Hamer Sub-districts of South Omo Zone. Report, Africa Peace Forum, Ethiopian Pastoralist Research and Development Association.
  • Munro-Hay, S. (2019). Ethiopia, The Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide. I.B. Tauris.
  • Niebling, M. (2017). Schooling in Hamar in the South Omo Zone. In: 3. Kölner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT III), Köln, Germany, 5-7 September.
  • Pastoral Development Office (PDO) (2005). Report Paper. Hamer District Pastoral Development Office, Dimeka.
  • Petrollino, S. (2022). The Hamar cattle model: the semantics of appearance in a pastoral linguaculture. Language Science, 89, 101448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2021.101448
  • Strecker Ivo, A. (1976). "Traditional Life and Prospects for Socio-Economic Development in the Hamar Administrative District of Southern Gamu Gofa." A Report to the Relief and Rehabilitation Commission of the Provisional Military Government of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
  • Strecker, I. A. & Berinas, B. A. (2013). The Hamar of Southern Ethiopia (Vol. 12). LIT Verlag Münster.
  • Stringer, C. (2003). Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia. Nature. 423(6941):692–3, 695.
  • Szava, A. (2015). Explaining Child Malnutrition in Two Villages in South West Ethiopia: Local Views and Local Opportunities. PhD Thesis, Charles Darwin University, Australia.
  • Tefera, S. (2013). From cattle herding to sedentary agriculture: the role of hamer women in transition. African Study Monographs, Suppl. 46: 121–133.
  • Tegegne, A., Gebremedhin, B., Hoekstra, D., Belay, B., and Mekasha, Y. (2013). Smallholder dairy production and marketing systems in Ethiopia: IPMS experiences and opportunities for market-oriented development. Working Paper No. 31. ILRI: Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2024). Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Republic of Botswana. https://ich.unesco.org.
  • Whyte, W.F. (1979). On Making the Most of Participant Observation The American Sociologist, February 14 (1): 56-66.
  • Worku, B. & Lisanework, N. (2016). Pastoral Perceptions towards Livestock and Rangeland Management Practices in Kuraz District of South Omo Zone, South Western Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 6, (1): 1-10.
  • Yali, W. & Begna, T. (2022). Sorghum breeding in Ethiopia: Progress, achievements and challenges. Agricultural Science and Food Technology 8(1): 045-051. DOI: 10.17352/2455-815X.000144.
  • Yitbarek, Y. (2020). The 2015 conflict in Hamar district of South Omo Zone, southern Ethiopia. In: Susanne Epple/Getachew Assefa, Legal Pluralism in Ethiopia, 371-398. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839450215-017.

LIFE IN THE HEART OF SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE PASTORAL LIFE OF THE HAMAR PEOPLE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 14 - 28, 04.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1477827

Öz

Ethiopia is a country with a rich cultural history spanning thousands of years, where diverse ethnic groups coexist. This study focuses on one example of this diversity, the rural Hamar people in the Lower Omo Valley, which is internationally recognised for its unique cultural practices and ecological richness. The Hamar community is among the diverse ethnic groups in the Southern Omo Region and embodies a pastoral lifestyle closely linked to agro-pastoralism, in which cattle play a central role both culturally and economically. This lifestyle is particularly notable in the region due to its specific cultural practices and economic reliance on cattle. This study presents an in-depth examination of the pastoral lifestyle and traditional practices of the Hamar people in the Lower Omo Valley in southwestern Ethiopia. The aim is to understand the cultural, economic and environmental dynamics underlying the lifestyle of the Hamar and to explore the unique socio-economic structure and ecological adaptation of these villages. The study is also intended to contribute to the sustainability of pastoralism and to the preservation of cultural diversity at both a regional and global level. The use of observer and participant observation techniques also constitutes a preliminary study of the biological aspects of dietary habits, which I intend to examine in dept through the daily practices of the society and to carry out in the field of physical anthropology in the future. Through this research, the paper contributes to the wider discourse on the preservation of Ethiopian culture, highlighting the need to protect the rich heritage of the Hamar community amidst evolving external influences.

Etik Beyan

This article is the original work of the author and has not been published or submitted elsewhere. I confirm that all data and information are correct and that I have acted in accordance with ethical rules in the writing of this article.

Teşekkür

In particular, I would like to thank Maya for his invaluable help in assisting me with my observations. I would like to express my gratitude to the Hamar community for their hospitality during my research. Additionally, I appreciate the support provided by the South Omo Research Center. As a survivor of the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023, I would like to express my gratitude to Koç University ANAMED for providing me with the opportunity to write this article and pursue my academic studies.

Kaynakça

  • Adicha, A. & Mada, M. (2020). Agro Pastoralist’s Perception and Willingness to Participate in Water Harvesting Practices in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 223-234. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20200805.16
  • Bekele, D., Alamirew, T., Kebede, A. et al. (2019). Modeling Climate Change Impact on the Hydrology of Keleta Watershed in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Environmental Modeling & Assessment (24): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-018-9619
  • Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia], & ICF International. (2012). Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, MD USA: Central Statistical Agency.
  • Clack, T. & Brittain, M. (2008). The River: Peoples and Histories of the Omo-Turkana Area. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.
  • Courtright, P., Klungsøyr, P., Lewallen, S. et al. (1993). The Epidemiology of Blindness and Visual Loss in Hamar Tribesmen of Ethiopia: The Role of Gender. Tropical Geography and Medicine 45(4) 168-170.
  • De Munck, V. & Sobo, E. (1998). Using Methods in the Field: A Practical Introduction and Casebook. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
  • Dessiye, B. (2012). The Impacts of Harmful Traditional Practices on Women’s Socio-Economic and Political Activities: The Case of Pastoral Women in Hamer Woreda, South Omo Zone, SNNPRS. Master's thesis, Indira Gandhi National Open University, India.
  • Erlandson, D. A., Elizabeth, L.H., Bruce, L.S. et al. (1993). Doing Naturalistic Inquiry: A Guide to Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Gebeyehu, A. K. & Abbink, J. (2022). Land, Sugar, and Pastoralism in Ethiopia: Comparing the Impact of the Omo-Kuraz Sugar Projects on Local Livelihoods and Food Security in the Lower Omo Valley. Pastoralism 12 (1) 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-022-00242-8.
  • Gedefaw. M. (2015). Environmental and Medicinal Value Analysis of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Tree Species in Sanja, North Gondar, Ethiopia AIJCSR-480 (2): 20-35.
  • Girma, M. (2023). Production system of indigenous goat population reared in pastoral and agro-pastoral districts of SNNPR, Ethiopia. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 13(1): 51-59. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v13i1.68007.
  • Hames, R. & Michael, P. (2014). Direct and Indirect Behavior Observations. In: Bernard R and Gravlee C (eds) The Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Rowland and Littlefield: Lanham, pp. 293-313.
  • Jaćimović, S., Kiprovski, B., Sikora, V., et al. (2024). Diversity in nutritional and functional quality of sorghum restorer lines collection. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research (ISSN 1336-8672).
  • Johanson, D. & Edey, M. (1981). Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind Simon & Schuster.
  • Kaplan, M.& Kızılşimşek, M. (2012). Farklı Tane Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Hat ve Çeşitlerinin Besleme Değerlerinin Belirlenmesi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 28, (1): 11-14.
  • Kawulich, B.B. (2005). Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum. Qualitative Social Research 6, (2): 1-28.
  • Kusse, K., Alemayehu, Yidnekachew E, Gedion E et al. (2022). The Market Chain Analysis of Live Cattle in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation, and Technology 12 (1): 56-66. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v12i1.61032.
  • Levine, D. N. (2004). Reconfiguring the Ethiopian nation in a global era. International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 1-15.
  • Lydall, J., Strecker, I. A. (1979a). The Hamar of Southern Ethiopia (Vol. 12). Renner.
  • Lydall, J., Strecker, I. (1979b) Work Journal: The Hamar of Southern Ethiopia Vol. I. Hohenschäftlarn: Renner.
  • Lydall, J. (2000a). The Threat of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Northeast African Studies,7(1),41-61.
  • Lydall, J. (2000b). Having fun with ideophones: a socio-linguistic look at ideophones in Hamar, Southern Ethiopia. In Proceedings of the XIV International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (pp. 886-91). Addis Ababa University.
  • Marshall, C. & Rossman, G.B. (2014). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications.
  • Mekuriaw, Z. & Harris-Coble, L. (2021). Ethiopia’s livestock systems: Overview and areas of inquiry.
  • Michael, Y.G, Hadgu, K. and Ambaye, Z. (2005). Addressing Pastoralist Conflict in Ethiopia: The Case of the Kuraz and Hamer Sub-districts of South Omo Zone. Report, Africa Peace Forum, Ethiopian Pastoralist Research and Development Association.
  • Munro-Hay, S. (2019). Ethiopia, The Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide. I.B. Tauris.
  • Niebling, M. (2017). Schooling in Hamar in the South Omo Zone. In: 3. Kölner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT III), Köln, Germany, 5-7 September.
  • Pastoral Development Office (PDO) (2005). Report Paper. Hamer District Pastoral Development Office, Dimeka.
  • Petrollino, S. (2022). The Hamar cattle model: the semantics of appearance in a pastoral linguaculture. Language Science, 89, 101448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2021.101448
  • Strecker Ivo, A. (1976). "Traditional Life and Prospects for Socio-Economic Development in the Hamar Administrative District of Southern Gamu Gofa." A Report to the Relief and Rehabilitation Commission of the Provisional Military Government of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
  • Strecker, I. A. & Berinas, B. A. (2013). The Hamar of Southern Ethiopia (Vol. 12). LIT Verlag Münster.
  • Stringer, C. (2003). Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia. Nature. 423(6941):692–3, 695.
  • Szava, A. (2015). Explaining Child Malnutrition in Two Villages in South West Ethiopia: Local Views and Local Opportunities. PhD Thesis, Charles Darwin University, Australia.
  • Tefera, S. (2013). From cattle herding to sedentary agriculture: the role of hamer women in transition. African Study Monographs, Suppl. 46: 121–133.
  • Tegegne, A., Gebremedhin, B., Hoekstra, D., Belay, B., and Mekasha, Y. (2013). Smallholder dairy production and marketing systems in Ethiopia: IPMS experiences and opportunities for market-oriented development. Working Paper No. 31. ILRI: Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2024). Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Republic of Botswana. https://ich.unesco.org.
  • Whyte, W.F. (1979). On Making the Most of Participant Observation The American Sociologist, February 14 (1): 56-66.
  • Worku, B. & Lisanework, N. (2016). Pastoral Perceptions towards Livestock and Rangeland Management Practices in Kuraz District of South Omo Zone, South Western Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 6, (1): 1-10.
  • Yali, W. & Begna, T. (2022). Sorghum breeding in Ethiopia: Progress, achievements and challenges. Agricultural Science and Food Technology 8(1): 045-051. DOI: 10.17352/2455-815X.000144.
  • Yitbarek, Y. (2020). The 2015 conflict in Hamar district of South Omo Zone, southern Ethiopia. In: Susanne Epple/Getachew Assefa, Legal Pluralism in Ethiopia, 371-398. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839450215-017.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer), Afrika Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Evrim Tekeli 0000-0002-4546-8921

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekeli, E. (2024). LIFE IN THE HEART OF SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE PASTORAL LIFE OF THE HAMAR PEOPLE. Africania, 4(2), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1477827
AMA Tekeli E. LIFE IN THE HEART OF SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE PASTORAL LIFE OF THE HAMAR PEOPLE. Africania. Ağustos 2024;4(2):14-28. doi:10.58851/africania.1477827
Chicago Tekeli, Evrim. “LIFE IN THE HEART OF SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE PASTORAL LIFE OF THE HAMAR PEOPLE”. Africania 4, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2024): 14-28. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1477827.
EndNote Tekeli E (01 Ağustos 2024) LIFE IN THE HEART OF SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE PASTORAL LIFE OF THE HAMAR PEOPLE. Africania 4 2 14–28.
IEEE E. Tekeli, “LIFE IN THE HEART OF SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE PASTORAL LIFE OF THE HAMAR PEOPLE”, Africania, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 14–28, 2024, doi: 10.58851/africania.1477827.
ISNAD Tekeli, Evrim. “LIFE IN THE HEART OF SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE PASTORAL LIFE OF THE HAMAR PEOPLE”. Africania 4/2 (Ağustos 2024), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.58851/africania.1477827.
JAMA Tekeli E. LIFE IN THE HEART OF SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE PASTORAL LIFE OF THE HAMAR PEOPLE. Africania. 2024;4:14–28.
MLA Tekeli, Evrim. “LIFE IN THE HEART OF SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE PASTORAL LIFE OF THE HAMAR PEOPLE”. Africania, c. 4, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 14-28, doi:10.58851/africania.1477827.
Vancouver Tekeli E. LIFE IN THE HEART OF SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE PASTORAL LIFE OF THE HAMAR PEOPLE. Africania. 2024;4(2):14-28.