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Kot kumlama ve silikozis: 20 yıllık serüven

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 49 - 53, 01.02.2025
https://doi.org/10.61845/agrimedical.1615532

Öz

Silikoz, 2004 yılında Türkiye'de kot kumlama sektöründe çalışan genç işçiler arasında yeniden ortaya çıkan ciddi bir meslek hastalığıdır. Kotlara "eskitilmiş" görünüm kazandırmak için yapılan silika bazlı kumlama işlemi, işçilerin zararlı silika tozuna maruz kalmasına neden olmuş ve ilerleyici akciğer hastalıkları ile artan mortalite oranlarına yol açmıştır. Farkındalık eksikliği, ilk vakaların yanlış teşhis edilmesine, tanıda gecikmeye ve gereksiz invaziv girişimlere neden olmuştur.
2009 yılında Türkiye’de bu işlemin yasaklanması, meslek hastalıklarını önleme konusunda önemli bir adım olmuştur. Ancak, tehlikeli uygulama kısa sürede başka ülkelere kaymış ve yerel düzenlemelerin yetersiz olduğu bölgelerde benzer trajedilere yol açmıştır. Günümüzde artık yeni maruziyet yaşanmasa da silikoz nedeniyle sağlık sorunları yaşayan işçilerin durumu hala önemli bir sorun teşkil etmektedir.
Silikoz salgını, kâr odaklı yaklaşımların güvenlik önlemleri yerine geçirilmesinin yıkıcı etkilerini gözler önüne sermektedir. Günümüzde öncelik, hayatta kalan hastaların yaşam kalitesini artıracak sağlık hizmetlerini sağlamaya ve benzer trajedilerin başka sektörlerde tekrarlanmaması için önleyici politikalar geliştirmeye verilmelidir. Küresel iş birliği, işçi güvenliğini sağlamak için düzenlemelerin sıkı bir şekilde uygulanması ve tüketici taleplerinin güvenli uygulamaları destekleyecek şekilde yönlendirilmesi bu sürecin temel unsurlarıdır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. David AM. Fashion Victims: The Dangers of Dress Past and Present. London: Bloomsbury Publishing; 2015.
  • 2. Hobson J. To die for? The health and safety of fast fashion. Occup Med (Lond). 2013;63(5):317-9.
  • 3. Akgun M, Gorguner M, Meral M, Turkyilmaz A, Erdogan F, Saglam L, et al. Silicosis caused by sandblasting of jeans in Turkey: a report of two concomitant cases. J Occup Health. 2005;47(4):346-49.
  • 4. Akgün M. Reporting an Index Case: "Mighty Oaks from Little Acorns Grow". Turk Thorac J. 2019;20(4):267-68.
  • 5. Akgun M, Ucar EY, Araz O, Parker JE. Prognosis of patients with silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Chest. 2012;141(3):831.
  • 6. Akgun M, Mirici A, Ucar EY, Kantarci M, Araz O, Gorguner M. Silicosis in Turkish denim sandblasters. Occup Med (Lond). 2006;56(8):554-58.
  • 7. Akgun M, Araz O, Akkurt I, Eroglu A, Alper F, Saglam L, et al. An epidemic of silicosis among former denim sandblasters. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(5):1295-303.
  • 8. Kerget B, Araz O, Yilmazel Ucar E, Karaman A, Calik M, Alper F, et al. Female workers' silicosis diagnosis delayed due to gender bias. Occup Med (Lond). 2019;69(3):219-22.
  • 9. Parry V. The American Thoracic Society methods in epidemiologic, clinical, and operations research program: research capacity building in action. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013;10(4):383-85.
  • 10. Tutar N, Demir R, Büyükoğlan H, Oymak FS, Gülmez I, Kanbay A. The prevalence of occupational asthma among denim bleachery workers in Kayseri. Tuberk Toraks. 2011;59(3):227-35.
  • 11. Sahbaz S, Inönü H, Ocal S, Yilmaz A, Pazarli C, Yeğinsu A, et al. Denim sandblasting and silicosis: two new subsequent cases in Turkey. Tuberk Toraks. 2007;55(1):87-91.
  • 12. Yilmaz S, Bogatekin G, Senyigit A, Büyükbayram H, Senyigit A. Silicosis due to denim sandblasting: four cases. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2009;29(3):765-70.
  • 13. Ermis H, Gulbas G, Yumrutepe T, In E, Mutlu LC, Gunen H, et al. Two cases with silicosis caused by denim sandblasting. Ann Med Res. 2021;18(1):59-62.
  • 14. Akgün M. Denim production and silicosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2016;22(2):165-69.
  • 15. Bakan ND, Özkan G, Çamsari G, Gür A, Bayram M, Açikmeşe B, et al. Silicosis in denim sandblasters. Chest. 2011;140(5):1300-304.
  • 16. Akgün M, Ergan B. Silicosis in Turkey: Is it an endless nightmare or is there still hope? Turk Thorac J. 2018;19(2):89-93.
  • 17. Yoruk O, Ates O, Araz O, Aktan B, Alper F, Sutbeyaz Y, et al. The effects of silica exposure on upper airways and eyes in denim sandblasters. Rhinology. 2008;46(4):328.
  • 18. Ozmen CA, Nazaroglu H, Yildiz T, Bayrak AH, Senturk S, Ates G, et al. MDCT findings of denim-sandblasting-induced silicosis: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health. 2010;9(1):17.
  • 19. Alper F, Akgun M, Onbas O, Araz O. CT findings in silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(12):2739-44.
  • 20. Akgun M, Kantarci M, Araz O, Ucar EY, Mirici A. Silicosis due to denim sandblasting: multidetector CT findings. N Z Med J. 2008;121(1273):69-71.
  • 21. Akgün M, Ozmen I, Ozari Yildirim E, Tuzun B, Toreyin ZN, Kayinova A, et al. Pitfalls of using the ILO classification for silicosis compensation claims. Occup Med (Lond). 2022;72(6):372-77.
  • 22. Yılmaz Cankaya B, Karaman A, Albez FS, Polat G, Alper F, Akgün M. Association of silicosis severity with pectoralis major muscle and subcutaneous fat volumes and the pulmonary artery/aorta ratio evaluated by CT. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2021;27(1):37-41.
  • 23. Karaman A, Araz O, Alper F, Subasi ID, Bozdogan E, Karatas D, et al. Role of DCE-MRI in evaluating PMF and centrilobular nodules in silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Acta Med Mediterr. 2015;31(1):31-37.
  • 24. Kaynar H, Aydın Y, Akgün M, Eroğlu A. Pneumothorax in the cases with silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi. 2012;20(2):291-94.
  • 25. Ozden K, Araz O, Ucar EY, Alper F, Akgun M. Co-existence of tuberculous meningitis and pulmonary tuberculosis in a denim sandblaster. Eurasian J Med. 2012;44(1):54-57.
  • 26. Karaman A, Araz O, Subasi ID, Gedikli Y, Alper F, Ozden K, et al. Accelerated pulmonary silicosis with metastatic Echinococcus alveolaris of the lungs and brain. Acta Med Mediterr.2015;31(1):39-41.
  • 27. Altundaş Hatman E, Acar Karagül D, Kılıçaslan Z. Rheumatological diseases in denim sandblasters with silicosis: what should pulmonologists look for? Turk Thorac J. 2020;21(6):446-50.
  • 28. Yildiz T, Eşsizoğlu A, Onal S, Ateş G, Akyildiz L, Yaşan A, et al. Quality of life, depression, and anxiety in young male patients with silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Tuberk Toraks.2011;59(2):120-25.
  • 29. Akgun M, Araz O, Ucar EY, Karaman A, Alper F, Gorguner M, et al. Silicosis appears inevitable among former denim sandblasters: a 4-year follow-up study. Chest. 2015;148(3):647-54.
  • 30. Albez FS, Araz Ö, Yılmazel Uçar E, Alper F, Karaman A, Sağlam L, et al. Long-term follow-up of young denim sandblasters in Turkey. Occup Med (Lond). 2022;72(6):403-10.
  • 31. Aksakal A, Daharlı C, Topal BN, Kerget B, Kaşali K, Akgün M. Former jean sandblasters die younger. Occup Med (Lond). 2024;74(8):607-11.
  • 32. Altundaş Hatman E, Acar Karagül D, Kuman Oyman E, Tüzün B, Şimşek KO, Kılıçaslan Z. Premature deaths due to silicosis in Turkey, 2006-2017: a longitudinal study. Balkan Med J. 2021;38(6):374-81.
  • 33. Nadir Öziş T, Şafak Alıcı N, Alıcı İO, Ergün D, Avcı E, Hoca NT, et al. Risk factors for mortality in denim sandblasters with silicosis: selecting candidates for lung transplantation. Turk Thorac J. 2021;22(1):50-56.
  • 34. Dogan H, Akgun M, Araz O, Ucar EY, Yoruk O, Diyarbakir E, et al. Association of human leukocyte antigen polymorphisms with disease severity and latency in silicosis patients. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2014;9(1):17.
  • 35. Cullinan P, Muñoz X, Suojalehto H, Agius R, Jindal S, Sigsgaard T, et al. Occupational lung diseases: from old and novel exposures to effective preventive strategies. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(5):445-55.
  • 36. Benmerzoug S, Rose S, Bounab B, Gosset D, Duneau L, Chenuet P, et al. STING-dependent sensing of self-DNA drives silica-induced lung inflammation. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):5226.
  • 37. Murgia N, Akgun M, Blanc PD, Costa JT, Moitra S, Muñoz X, et al. The occupational burden of respiratory diseases: an update. Pulmonology. 2024;30(3):221-29.
  • 38. Heinzerling A, Harrison R, Flattery J, Fazio JC, Gandhi S, Cummings KJ. Deadly countertops: an urgent need to eliminate silicosis among engineered stone workers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025;211(3):287-93.

Denim sandblasting and silicosis: A 20-year journey

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 49 - 53, 01.02.2025
https://doi.org/10.61845/agrimedical.1615532

Öz

Silicosis re-emerged as a critical occupational health issue in 2004 among young workers in Türkiye’s denim sandblasting industry. The use of silica-based sandblasting to create a "distressed" look exposed workers to harmful silica dust, leading to progressive lung diseases and increased mortality. A lack of awareness at the time resulted in misdiagnoses, delayed interventions, and unnecessary invasive procedures.
The ban on silica-based sandblasting in Türkiye in 2009 was a significant milestone in occupational health. However, the hazardous practice soon migrated to other countries with weaker regulations, causing similar tragedies. While new exposures have since ceased, the focus today lies on addressing the health needs of affected workers and preventing similar crises in other industries.
The silicosis epidemic underscores the devastating consequences of prioritizing profit over safety. Current priorities include providing comprehensive healthcare to surviving workers and developing proactive policies to prevent future occupational health crises. Global cooperation is essential to enforcing stringent regulations, enhancing worker education, and reshaping consumer demand toward safer practices. These steps are vital to ensure that the lessons of the past 20 years are not repeated in other sectors.

Kaynakça

  • 1. David AM. Fashion Victims: The Dangers of Dress Past and Present. London: Bloomsbury Publishing; 2015.
  • 2. Hobson J. To die for? The health and safety of fast fashion. Occup Med (Lond). 2013;63(5):317-9.
  • 3. Akgun M, Gorguner M, Meral M, Turkyilmaz A, Erdogan F, Saglam L, et al. Silicosis caused by sandblasting of jeans in Turkey: a report of two concomitant cases. J Occup Health. 2005;47(4):346-49.
  • 4. Akgün M. Reporting an Index Case: "Mighty Oaks from Little Acorns Grow". Turk Thorac J. 2019;20(4):267-68.
  • 5. Akgun M, Ucar EY, Araz O, Parker JE. Prognosis of patients with silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Chest. 2012;141(3):831.
  • 6. Akgun M, Mirici A, Ucar EY, Kantarci M, Araz O, Gorguner M. Silicosis in Turkish denim sandblasters. Occup Med (Lond). 2006;56(8):554-58.
  • 7. Akgun M, Araz O, Akkurt I, Eroglu A, Alper F, Saglam L, et al. An epidemic of silicosis among former denim sandblasters. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(5):1295-303.
  • 8. Kerget B, Araz O, Yilmazel Ucar E, Karaman A, Calik M, Alper F, et al. Female workers' silicosis diagnosis delayed due to gender bias. Occup Med (Lond). 2019;69(3):219-22.
  • 9. Parry V. The American Thoracic Society methods in epidemiologic, clinical, and operations research program: research capacity building in action. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013;10(4):383-85.
  • 10. Tutar N, Demir R, Büyükoğlan H, Oymak FS, Gülmez I, Kanbay A. The prevalence of occupational asthma among denim bleachery workers in Kayseri. Tuberk Toraks. 2011;59(3):227-35.
  • 11. Sahbaz S, Inönü H, Ocal S, Yilmaz A, Pazarli C, Yeğinsu A, et al. Denim sandblasting and silicosis: two new subsequent cases in Turkey. Tuberk Toraks. 2007;55(1):87-91.
  • 12. Yilmaz S, Bogatekin G, Senyigit A, Büyükbayram H, Senyigit A. Silicosis due to denim sandblasting: four cases. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2009;29(3):765-70.
  • 13. Ermis H, Gulbas G, Yumrutepe T, In E, Mutlu LC, Gunen H, et al. Two cases with silicosis caused by denim sandblasting. Ann Med Res. 2021;18(1):59-62.
  • 14. Akgün M. Denim production and silicosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2016;22(2):165-69.
  • 15. Bakan ND, Özkan G, Çamsari G, Gür A, Bayram M, Açikmeşe B, et al. Silicosis in denim sandblasters. Chest. 2011;140(5):1300-304.
  • 16. Akgün M, Ergan B. Silicosis in Turkey: Is it an endless nightmare or is there still hope? Turk Thorac J. 2018;19(2):89-93.
  • 17. Yoruk O, Ates O, Araz O, Aktan B, Alper F, Sutbeyaz Y, et al. The effects of silica exposure on upper airways and eyes in denim sandblasters. Rhinology. 2008;46(4):328.
  • 18. Ozmen CA, Nazaroglu H, Yildiz T, Bayrak AH, Senturk S, Ates G, et al. MDCT findings of denim-sandblasting-induced silicosis: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health. 2010;9(1):17.
  • 19. Alper F, Akgun M, Onbas O, Araz O. CT findings in silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(12):2739-44.
  • 20. Akgun M, Kantarci M, Araz O, Ucar EY, Mirici A. Silicosis due to denim sandblasting: multidetector CT findings. N Z Med J. 2008;121(1273):69-71.
  • 21. Akgün M, Ozmen I, Ozari Yildirim E, Tuzun B, Toreyin ZN, Kayinova A, et al. Pitfalls of using the ILO classification for silicosis compensation claims. Occup Med (Lond). 2022;72(6):372-77.
  • 22. Yılmaz Cankaya B, Karaman A, Albez FS, Polat G, Alper F, Akgün M. Association of silicosis severity with pectoralis major muscle and subcutaneous fat volumes and the pulmonary artery/aorta ratio evaluated by CT. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2021;27(1):37-41.
  • 23. Karaman A, Araz O, Alper F, Subasi ID, Bozdogan E, Karatas D, et al. Role of DCE-MRI in evaluating PMF and centrilobular nodules in silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Acta Med Mediterr. 2015;31(1):31-37.
  • 24. Kaynar H, Aydın Y, Akgün M, Eroğlu A. Pneumothorax in the cases with silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi. 2012;20(2):291-94.
  • 25. Ozden K, Araz O, Ucar EY, Alper F, Akgun M. Co-existence of tuberculous meningitis and pulmonary tuberculosis in a denim sandblaster. Eurasian J Med. 2012;44(1):54-57.
  • 26. Karaman A, Araz O, Subasi ID, Gedikli Y, Alper F, Ozden K, et al. Accelerated pulmonary silicosis with metastatic Echinococcus alveolaris of the lungs and brain. Acta Med Mediterr.2015;31(1):39-41.
  • 27. Altundaş Hatman E, Acar Karagül D, Kılıçaslan Z. Rheumatological diseases in denim sandblasters with silicosis: what should pulmonologists look for? Turk Thorac J. 2020;21(6):446-50.
  • 28. Yildiz T, Eşsizoğlu A, Onal S, Ateş G, Akyildiz L, Yaşan A, et al. Quality of life, depression, and anxiety in young male patients with silicosis due to denim sandblasting. Tuberk Toraks.2011;59(2):120-25.
  • 29. Akgun M, Araz O, Ucar EY, Karaman A, Alper F, Gorguner M, et al. Silicosis appears inevitable among former denim sandblasters: a 4-year follow-up study. Chest. 2015;148(3):647-54.
  • 30. Albez FS, Araz Ö, Yılmazel Uçar E, Alper F, Karaman A, Sağlam L, et al. Long-term follow-up of young denim sandblasters in Turkey. Occup Med (Lond). 2022;72(6):403-10.
  • 31. Aksakal A, Daharlı C, Topal BN, Kerget B, Kaşali K, Akgün M. Former jean sandblasters die younger. Occup Med (Lond). 2024;74(8):607-11.
  • 32. Altundaş Hatman E, Acar Karagül D, Kuman Oyman E, Tüzün B, Şimşek KO, Kılıçaslan Z. Premature deaths due to silicosis in Turkey, 2006-2017: a longitudinal study. Balkan Med J. 2021;38(6):374-81.
  • 33. Nadir Öziş T, Şafak Alıcı N, Alıcı İO, Ergün D, Avcı E, Hoca NT, et al. Risk factors for mortality in denim sandblasters with silicosis: selecting candidates for lung transplantation. Turk Thorac J. 2021;22(1):50-56.
  • 34. Dogan H, Akgun M, Araz O, Ucar EY, Yoruk O, Diyarbakir E, et al. Association of human leukocyte antigen polymorphisms with disease severity and latency in silicosis patients. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2014;9(1):17.
  • 35. Cullinan P, Muñoz X, Suojalehto H, Agius R, Jindal S, Sigsgaard T, et al. Occupational lung diseases: from old and novel exposures to effective preventive strategies. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(5):445-55.
  • 36. Benmerzoug S, Rose S, Bounab B, Gosset D, Duneau L, Chenuet P, et al. STING-dependent sensing of self-DNA drives silica-induced lung inflammation. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):5226.
  • 37. Murgia N, Akgun M, Blanc PD, Costa JT, Moitra S, Muñoz X, et al. The occupational burden of respiratory diseases: an update. Pulmonology. 2024;30(3):221-29.
  • 38. Heinzerling A, Harrison R, Flattery J, Fazio JC, Gandhi S, Cummings KJ. Deadly countertops: an urgent need to eliminate silicosis among engineered stone workers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025;211(3):287-93.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Halk Sağlığı (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme Makalesi
Yazarlar

Metin Akgün 0000-0003-3404-4274

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Şubat 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Şubat 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 15 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Akgün M. Denim sandblasting and silicosis: A 20-year journey. Ağrı Med J. Şubat 2025;3(1):49-53. doi:10.61845/agrimedical.1615532