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Elma bahçelerinde 'Acı Benek' fizyolojik bozukluğunun organik aktivatör ile önlenmesinin değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 76 - 90, 30.12.2025

Öz

Acı benek, elma meyvesinin kalitesini düşüren fizyolojik bir bozukluktur. Bu sorunla ilgili kesin bir neden olmamasına rağmen, araştırmacılar suda çözünen kalsiyum eksikliğini acı benek bir sonucu olarak ifade etmektedir. Bu araştırmada, acı benekin değerlendirilmesi için bazı elma meyvelerinin (Scarlet Spur elma çeşidi) morfolojik özellikleri ve Ca konsantrasyonu ölçülmüştür. Bu çalışma, hasat öncesi kalsiyum gübrelemesinin, tarla koşullarında seçilen elma çeşitlerinde acı benek bozukluğunun görülme sıklığı üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektedir. İki büyüme mevsimi boyunca yürütülen kontrollü deneylerle, farklı kalsiyum kaynaklarının ve uygulama zamanlamalarının meyve kalsiyum içeriği, acı benek görülme sıklığı ve ilgili fizyolojik parametreler üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. İşlem görmüş ve işlem görmemiş meyvelerde membran stabilitesi, kalsiyum dağılımı ve fenolik bileşik seviyelerini değerlendirmek için biyokimyasal analizler yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, zamanında ve uygun kalsiyum takviyesinin, meyve morfolojisi durumuna göre benek semptomlarını önemli ölçüde azalttığını, meyve kalitesini iyileştirdiğini ve temel fizyolojik tepkileri etkilediğini göstermiştir. Çalışma ayrıca, kalsiyum alımını artırmada biyostimülanların ve büyüme düzenleyicilerinin potansiyel sinerjik etkilerini de araştırmıştır. Bu bulgular, gelecekteki projelerde açıklanabilecek bazı faktörler için etkili besin yönetimi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırma, Türkiye'nin Denizli ilinin Çivril ilçesinde yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, fenol, kitosan ve alisin gibi organik aktivatörlerin kombinasyonu, her birinden sırasıyla 500 cc/100 litre su ve 1000 cc/100 litre su olmak üzere iki farklı dozda kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırma iki yıl (2023 ve 2024) boyunca yapılmış ve herhangi bir kimyasal pestisit kullanılmamıştır. Sonuçlara göre, fenol ve kitosan kombinasyonu, meyve morfolojik ve kimyasal özellikleri üzerinde en fazla etkiye sahip olmuş ve T3 bloğunda (dördüncü tekrarlama) %1 olasılık düzeyinde acı benek oluşumunu azaltmıştır. İki yıl arasında ortalama meyve veriminde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark gözlenmemesine rağmen, ikinci yılda meyve morfolojisi ve kalsiyum içeriğinde birinci yıla göre iyileşmeler kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca, kontrol uygulamasında kullanılan gübrelerin toprak özellikleri ve meyve özellikleri üzerinde de iyileştirici etkileri olduğu gözlemlenmiştir, ancak bu etkiler aktivatörlerin etkilerinden daha az olmuştur. Bu çalışma, organik aktivatörlerin, özellikle fenol, kitosan ve allisinin, elma meyvelerinde acı benek hastalığının önlenmesi üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmıştır. Sonuçlar, fenol ve kitosanın birlikte uygulanmasının, bitkinin savunma sistemini ve kalsiyum alımını artırarak meyve morfolojisini önemli ölçüde iyileştirdiğini ve acı benek oluşumunu azalttığını göstermiştir. Bulgular, farklı çevresel ve çeşit koşullarında aktivatör dozlarını optimize etmek için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç duyulduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

Proje Numarası

0061

Teşekkür

Değerli Turan hocamdan teşekkür ediyorum.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, S., Khan, M. R., and Ali, S. (2020). Role of chitosan in plant defense system: a review. Plant Physiology Reports, 25(2), 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-019-00491-4
  • Alonso, M., Mayoral, D., Blanco, A., and Val, J. (2003). Relacion de la fertilizacion nitrogenada y potasica con el desarrollo del bitter pit en manzanas ‘Golden’. Actas horticult. (SECH), 39, 191–193.
  • Amarante, C. V. T., Steffens, C. A., and Mafra, Á. L. (2010). Calcium sprays and the incidence of bitter pit in 'Fuji' apple trees in Brazil. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 45(5), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2010000500005
  • Bonomelli, C., Arias, M. I., and Villalobos, L. (2018). Adaptation and validation of a methodology for the measurement of calcium fractions in fruits. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 49, 735–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1435681
  • Bulgari, R., Cocetta, G., Trivellini, A., Vernieri, P., and Ferrante, A. (2015). Biostimulants and crop responses: A review. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 31(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2014.931290
  • Bush, D. S. (1995). Calcium regulation in plant cells and its role in signaling. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 46, 95–122. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.46.060195.000523
  • Calvo, P., Nelson, L., and Kloepper, J. W. (2014). Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant and Soil, 383(1), 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8
  • Casero, T., Benavides, A. L., and Recasens, I. (2010). Interrelation between fruit mineral content and pre-harvest calcium treatments on ‘Golden Smoothee’ apple quality. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160903391057
  • Cheng, L., and Sazo, M. M. (2018). Why is ‘Honeycrisp’ so susceptible to bitter pit? Fruit Quarterly, 26, 19–23.
  • Cline, J. A. (2019). Multiple season-long sprays of ethephon or NAA combined with calcium chloride on Honeycrisp: II. Effect on fruit mineral concentrations and incidence of bitter pit. Scientia Horticulturae, 247, 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.11.092
  • Faust, M. (1989). Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees. Wiley.
  • Ferguson, I. B., and Watkins, C. B. (1992). Bitter pit in apple fruit. Horticultural Reviews, 13, 289–355.
  • Ferguson, I. B., Volz, R. K., and Woolf, A. B. (1999). Preharvest factors affecting postharvest physiological disorders of fruit. HortScience, 34(5), 871–876.
  • Gomez, R., and Kalcsits, L. (2020). Physiological factors affecting nutrient uptake and distribution and fruit quality in ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘WA 38’ Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). HortScience, 55, 1327–1336. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15064-20
  • Griffith, C., and Einhorn, T. C. (2023). The effect of plant growth regulators on xylem differentiation, water and nutrient transport, and bitter pit susceptibility of apple. Scientia Horticulturae, 310, 111709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111709
  • Kalcsits, L., Lotze, E., Tagliavini, M., Hannam, K. D., Mimmo, T., Neilsen, D., et al. (2020). Recent achievements and new research opportunities for optimizing macronutrient availability, acquisition, and distribution for perennial fruit crops. Agronomy, 10, 1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111738
  • Kumar, V., Singh, P., and Singh, R. (2018). Phenolic compounds and plant defense: an overview. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(7), 3301–3311.
  • Lotze, E., Joubert, J., and Theron, K. I. (2008). Evaluating pre-harvest foliar calcium applications to increase fruit calcium and reduce bitter pit in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. Scientia Horticulturae, 116, 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.01.006
  • Lotze, M., Greenberg, J. T., and Zhang, W. (2008). Organically produced plant activators and their role in plant defense. Plant Pathology Journal, 24(3), 111–119.
  • Romanazzi, G., Nigro, F., Ippolito, A., Di Venere, D., & Salerno, M. (2013). Effects of pre- and postharvest chitosan treatments on storage decay of table grapes. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 27(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.11.023.
  • Rouphael, Y., and Colla, G. (2020). Editorial: Biostimulants in agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00040
  • Saure, M. C. (2005). Calcium translocation to fleshy fruit: its mechanism and endogenous control. Scientia Horticulturae, 105(1), 65–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2005.01.005
  • Serra, S., De Simone, L., and Santoro, A. (2016). Calcium deficiency and bitter pit in apple: physiological insights and management strategies. Journal of Horticultural Science, 91(5), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2016.1171302
  • Serra, S., Leisso, R., Giordani, L., Kalcsits, L., and Musacchi, S. (2016). Crop load influences fruit quality, nutritional balance, and return bloom in ‘Honeycrisp’ apple. HortScience, 51, 236–244. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.51.3.236
  • Xing, Y., Li, X., Xu, Q., Yun, J., and Lu, Y. (2011). Effects of chitosan coating on quality and antioxidant activities of peeled litchi fruit during cold storage. Food Chemistry, 126(2), 429–433.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.056

Evaluation of preventation of physiology disorder ‘Bitter Pit’ in apple orchard with organic activator

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 76 - 90, 30.12.2025

Öz

Bitter pit is a physiological disorder that decreases the apple fruit quality. Althought there are not any reseaon about this problem but the researchers Express the water soluble calcium defiency as a results of Bitter pit. In this research to evaluate the Bitter pit was measured some apple fruit (Scarlet Spur apple variety) morphological properties and Ca concentration. This study evaluates the effects of pre-harvest calcium fertilization on the incidence of bitter pit disorder in selected apple cultivars under field conditions. Through controlled experiments conducted over two growing seasons, we examined the impact of different calcium sources and application timings on fruit calcium content, bitter pit incidence, and related physiological parameters. Biochemical analyses were performed to assess membrane stability, calcium partitioning, and phenolic compound levels in treated and untreated fruits. The results demonstrated that timely and appropriate calcium supplementation significantly reduced bitter pit symptoms acording to the fruit morphology condition, improved fruit quality, and influenced key physiological responses. The study also explored the potential synergistic effects of biostimulants and growth regulators in enhancing calcium uptake. These findings contribute to the development of effective nutrient management strategies for for some factor that can be explain in the future projects. This research was done in Çivril, Denizli province of Türkiye. In this study was used of organic activators combination sush as phenol, chitosan and alicin in different two doses as 500cc/100 liter water and 1000 cc/100 liter water from each chitosan and alicin respectiviely. This research was done during two years (2023 and 2024) and didnot use of the any chemical pesticides. According to the results, phenol and chitosan combination has the most effects on the fruit morphological and chemical properties and Bitter pit decreasing at 1% probibility level in T3 block (The forth replication), generally. Although no statistically significant difference was observed in the mean fruit yield between the two years, improvements in fruit morphology and calcium content were recorded in the second year compared to the first. Also, in the control treatment the used fertilizers had the improved effects on the soil properties and fruit properties too, althought the effects were less than the activators effects. This study investigated the effects of organic activators, specifically phenol, chitosan, and allicin, on the prevention of bitter pit disorder in apple fruits. Results showed that the combined application of phenol and chitosan significantly improved fruit morphology and reduced bitter pit incidence by enhancing the plant’s defense system and calcium uptake. The findings highlight the need for further research to optimize activator doses across different environmental and varietal conditions.

Proje Numarası

0061

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, S., Khan, M. R., and Ali, S. (2020). Role of chitosan in plant defense system: a review. Plant Physiology Reports, 25(2), 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-019-00491-4
  • Alonso, M., Mayoral, D., Blanco, A., and Val, J. (2003). Relacion de la fertilizacion nitrogenada y potasica con el desarrollo del bitter pit en manzanas ‘Golden’. Actas horticult. (SECH), 39, 191–193.
  • Amarante, C. V. T., Steffens, C. A., and Mafra, Á. L. (2010). Calcium sprays and the incidence of bitter pit in 'Fuji' apple trees in Brazil. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 45(5), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2010000500005
  • Bonomelli, C., Arias, M. I., and Villalobos, L. (2018). Adaptation and validation of a methodology for the measurement of calcium fractions in fruits. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 49, 735–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1435681
  • Bulgari, R., Cocetta, G., Trivellini, A., Vernieri, P., and Ferrante, A. (2015). Biostimulants and crop responses: A review. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 31(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2014.931290
  • Bush, D. S. (1995). Calcium regulation in plant cells and its role in signaling. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 46, 95–122. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.46.060195.000523
  • Calvo, P., Nelson, L., and Kloepper, J. W. (2014). Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant and Soil, 383(1), 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8
  • Casero, T., Benavides, A. L., and Recasens, I. (2010). Interrelation between fruit mineral content and pre-harvest calcium treatments on ‘Golden Smoothee’ apple quality. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160903391057
  • Cheng, L., and Sazo, M. M. (2018). Why is ‘Honeycrisp’ so susceptible to bitter pit? Fruit Quarterly, 26, 19–23.
  • Cline, J. A. (2019). Multiple season-long sprays of ethephon or NAA combined with calcium chloride on Honeycrisp: II. Effect on fruit mineral concentrations and incidence of bitter pit. Scientia Horticulturae, 247, 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.11.092
  • Faust, M. (1989). Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees. Wiley.
  • Ferguson, I. B., and Watkins, C. B. (1992). Bitter pit in apple fruit. Horticultural Reviews, 13, 289–355.
  • Ferguson, I. B., Volz, R. K., and Woolf, A. B. (1999). Preharvest factors affecting postharvest physiological disorders of fruit. HortScience, 34(5), 871–876.
  • Gomez, R., and Kalcsits, L. (2020). Physiological factors affecting nutrient uptake and distribution and fruit quality in ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘WA 38’ Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). HortScience, 55, 1327–1336. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15064-20
  • Griffith, C., and Einhorn, T. C. (2023). The effect of plant growth regulators on xylem differentiation, water and nutrient transport, and bitter pit susceptibility of apple. Scientia Horticulturae, 310, 111709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111709
  • Kalcsits, L., Lotze, E., Tagliavini, M., Hannam, K. D., Mimmo, T., Neilsen, D., et al. (2020). Recent achievements and new research opportunities for optimizing macronutrient availability, acquisition, and distribution for perennial fruit crops. Agronomy, 10, 1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111738
  • Kumar, V., Singh, P., and Singh, R. (2018). Phenolic compounds and plant defense: an overview. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(7), 3301–3311.
  • Lotze, E., Joubert, J., and Theron, K. I. (2008). Evaluating pre-harvest foliar calcium applications to increase fruit calcium and reduce bitter pit in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. Scientia Horticulturae, 116, 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.01.006
  • Lotze, M., Greenberg, J. T., and Zhang, W. (2008). Organically produced plant activators and their role in plant defense. Plant Pathology Journal, 24(3), 111–119.
  • Romanazzi, G., Nigro, F., Ippolito, A., Di Venere, D., & Salerno, M. (2013). Effects of pre- and postharvest chitosan treatments on storage decay of table grapes. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 27(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.11.023.
  • Rouphael, Y., and Colla, G. (2020). Editorial: Biostimulants in agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00040
  • Saure, M. C. (2005). Calcium translocation to fleshy fruit: its mechanism and endogenous control. Scientia Horticulturae, 105(1), 65–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2005.01.005
  • Serra, S., De Simone, L., and Santoro, A. (2016). Calcium deficiency and bitter pit in apple: physiological insights and management strategies. Journal of Horticultural Science, 91(5), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2016.1171302
  • Serra, S., Leisso, R., Giordani, L., Kalcsits, L., and Musacchi, S. (2016). Crop load influences fruit quality, nutritional balance, and return bloom in ‘Honeycrisp’ apple. HortScience, 51, 236–244. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.51.3.236
  • Xing, Y., Li, X., Xu, Q., Yun, J., and Lu, Y. (2011). Effects of chitosan coating on quality and antioxidant activities of peeled litchi fruit during cold storage. Food Chemistry, 126(2), 429–433.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.056
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ziraat Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Leyla Atasay 0000-0001-9527-7368

Turan Karadeniz 0000-0003-0387-7599

Proje Numarası 0061
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 26 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Atasay, L., & Karadeniz, T. (2025). Elma bahçelerinde ’Acı Benek’ fizyolojik bozukluğunun organik aktivatör ile önlenmesinin değerlendirilmesi. AgriTR Science, 7(2), 76-90.