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An Example of the Religious Life of Medieval Kings: King John, Charity and Almsgiving

Yıl 2024, , 16 - 28, 31.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.1385909

Öz

This study provides glimpses into the religious life of King John, who ascended to the throne of England in the 13th century, and whose political activities commenced to be witnessed towards the end of the 12th century. Rather than examining all aspects of John’s religious life, the focus here is on acts of charity and benevolence, which hold significant importance in Christian doctrine. The study seeks to answer questions such as, ‘‘Did John engage in acts of charity for political reasons, or were these acts purely religious obligations?’’ Additionally, this study explores the practices of the Angevins concercing charity and benevolence, shedding ligt on how doctrinal interpretations become customary in the state. The research draws from archival documents like the Pipe Roll and Patent Rolls, as well as chronicles. Furthermore, it reveals that John gave alms and engaged in acts of benevolence ‘‘to attain God’s favor, redeem the souls of his ancestors, and compensate for any unfulfilled or neglected religious duties.’’ It was understood that the accusation of profanity in his time was actually due to practice rather than interpretation, and that John was not lacking in religious interpretation. As can be seen in all believers, John is not very keen on fulfilling his religious obligations.

Kaynakça

  • Aquinas, T. (2004). Summa theologiae. (R. J. Batten, Çev.). McGraw- Hill Book Company (1975, 1. Baskı)
  • Brodman, J. W. (2009). Charity religion in medieval europe. The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Bynum, C. W. (1987). Holy feast and holy fast, The religious significance of food to medieval women. (1. Baskı). University of California Press.
  • Çelik, M. (1987). Süryani Kilisesi’nin tarihi. (Cilt I). Yaylacık Matbaası.
  • Ceylanbaş F. (2023). Kral John dönemi İngiltere’de feodalite ve Magna Carta’ya giden yol. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi.
  • Cheney, C. R. (1976). Pope Innocent III and England. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cheney, C. R. (1981). Levies on the English clergy for the poor and for the king 1203. The English Historical Review, 96(380), 577-582. Coggeshall, Radulphi de. (Ed.). Stevenson J. (1875). Chronicon Anglicanum, RS 66, The Pennsylvania State Collage Library.
  • Cole, H. (Ed.). (1844). Rotulus misae-anni regni Johannis quarti decimi. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Cross, F. L. ve Livingstone E. A. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3. Baskı, Oxford Press.
  • Dixon-Smith, S. A. (2003). Feeding the poor to commemorate the dead, The pro anima almsgiving of Henry III of England 1227-1272. [Doktora Tezi, Londra Üniversitesi].
  • Duman, A. (2008). Sadaka. TDV İslam ansiklopedisi içinde. TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi.
  • Farmer, H. ve Douie, L. (Ed.). (1961). Magna vita sancti hugonis the life of st hugh of Lincoln. Clarendon Press.
  • Farrer, W. (1920). Feudal Cambridgeshire. Cambridge University Press.
  • Golding, B. (1996). The cloister and the world, Essays in medieval history in honour of Barbara Harvey. J. Blair (Ed.), The hermit and the hunter (s. 1-13) içinde. Oxford University Press.
  • Gransden, A. (1974). Historical writing in England, 550-1307. Cornell University Press.
  • Hardy, T. D. (Ed.). (1833). Rotuli litterarum clausarum in turri Londinensi 1204-1224. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Hardy, T. D. (Ed.). (1834). Rotuli litterarum clausarum in turri Londinensi 1224-1227. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Hardy, T. D. (Ed.). (1835). Rotuli litterarum patentium in turri Londinensi asservati 1199-1216. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Hardy, T. D. (Ed.). (1837). Rotuli chartarum in turri Londinensi asservati 1199-1216. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Hardy, T. D. (Ed.). (1844). Rotuli de liberate ac de misis et praestitis regnante Johanne. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Harvey, K. (2008). Piety of king John. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, King’s College Londra].
  • Johnstone, H. (1929). Poor- relief in the royal households of thirteenth-century England. Chicago Journals, 4(2), 149-167.
  • Kellett, A. (1990). King John in knaresborough, The first known royal maundy. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 62(1), 69-91.
  • Knowles, D. (Ed.). (2020), Monastic contutitions of Lanfrac. Oxford University Press.
  • Landon, L. (Ed.). (1939). Cartae antiquae rolls 1- 10. Public Record Office.
  • Latimer, P. (1999). Early thirtenth- century prices. S. D. Church (Ed.), King John, New interpretations (s. 41-73) içinde. Boydell Press.
  • Mollat, M. (1986). The poor in the Middle Ages, an essay in social history. Yale University Press.
  • Özmen, S. (2018). Frank idaresi altında Yahudiler. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, (1), 52-66. Prestwich, M. (1985). The piety of Edward I: Proceedings of the 1984 harlaxton symposium. W. R. Ormrod (Ed.), England in the thirteenth century (s. 120-128) içinde. Boydell Press.
  • Riley, H. T. (Ed.). (1867). Gesta abbatum monasterii santci albani, a thoma walsingham, regnante Ricardo Secundo, ejusdem ecclesiae praecentore, compilata. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rubin, M. (1987). Charity and community in medieval Cambridge. Cambridge Studies Publisher.
  • Saltman, A. (Ed.). (1978). Commentary on the book of chronicles. Bar-Ilan University Press.
  • Sayers, J. (1994). Innocent III, Leader of Europe 1198-1216. Longman Publisher.
  • Stenton, D. M. (Ed.). (1953). The great roll of the pipe for the thirteenth year of the reign of King John, Michaelmas 1211 (Pipe Roll 57), PRS.
  • Tanner, N. ve Watson S. (2006). Least of the laity, the minimum requirements for a medieval christian. Jounal of Medieval History, 32(4), 395-423.
  • Titow, J. Z. (1969). English rural society 1200-1350. Routletge Library Edition, Rural History.
  • Vincent, N. (2003). The Politics of Church and State as Reflected in the Winchester Pipe Rolls 1208-1280. Boydell Press.
  • Vincent, N. C. (2010). Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury. L. J. Bataillion, N. Bériou, G. Dahan ve R. Quinto, Turnhout (Ed.), in Étienne Langton, Prédicateur, bibliste, théologien (s. 51-123) içinde. Brepols Publishers.
  • Webster, P. (2012). The military orders. P. W. Edbury (Ed.), Politics and power, (s. 126-200) içinde. Ashgate Publisher.
  • Webster, P. (2013). King John and Rouen, Royal Itineration, Kingship, and the Norman Capital, 1199-1204. L. V. Hicks and E. Brenner (Ed.), Society and culture in medieval Rouen, 911- 1300. (s. 309-369) içinde. Brepols Publishers.
  • Young, C. (1960). King John and England, An Illustration of the Medieval Practice of Charity, Church History, Cambridge University Press, 29(3), 264-274.

Orta Çağ Krallarının Dini Yaşamından Bir Örnek: Kral John, Hayırseverlik ve Sadaka

Yıl 2024, , 16 - 28, 31.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.1385909

Öz

Bu çalışma, XII. yüzyılın sonlarında siyasî faaliyetlerini görmeye başladığımız ve XIII. yüzyılda İngiltere Kralı olan John’un dinî yaşamından kesitler sunmaktadır. Burada John’un dinî hayatına dair tüm meseleleri incelemek yerine Hristiyan itikadında da önemli bir yer tutan sadaka ve hayırseverlik ibadetleri ele alınmıştır. John’un ‘‘Siyasî saiklerle mi sadaka ibadetinde bulunduğu yoksa tamamen dinî bir vecibe olarak mı bu ibadetleri gerçekleştirdiği?’’ sorularına cevap aranmıştır. Angevinlerin de sadaka ve hayırseverlik ibadetlerinde nasıl bir yol izlediği ve itikadî yorumların nasıl devlet teamülü halini aldığı gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada Pipe Roll, Patentium gibi arşiv belgelerinin yanı sıra kroniklerden de yararlanılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmamızda telif eserlerden faydalanılmış ve literatür takip edilmiştir. Çalışma göstermektedir ki John ‘‘Tanrı sevgisine mazhar olmak, atalarının ruhlarını kurtuluşa erdirmek ve yapmadığı/yapamadığı ibadetlerin diyetini ödemek için’’ sadaka vermiş ve hayırseverliklerde bulunmuştur. Döneminde dinsizlikle itham edilmesinin aslında yorumdan ziyade uygulamadan kaynaklandığı, John’un dini yorumlama konusunda eksiğinin olmadığı anlaşılmıştır. Tüm inananlarda görülebileceği gibi John da dini vecibelerini yerine getirme noktasında pek de istekli değildir.

Kaynakça

  • Aquinas, T. (2004). Summa theologiae. (R. J. Batten, Çev.). McGraw- Hill Book Company (1975, 1. Baskı)
  • Brodman, J. W. (2009). Charity religion in medieval europe. The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Bynum, C. W. (1987). Holy feast and holy fast, The religious significance of food to medieval women. (1. Baskı). University of California Press.
  • Çelik, M. (1987). Süryani Kilisesi’nin tarihi. (Cilt I). Yaylacık Matbaası.
  • Ceylanbaş F. (2023). Kral John dönemi İngiltere’de feodalite ve Magna Carta’ya giden yol. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi.
  • Cheney, C. R. (1976). Pope Innocent III and England. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cheney, C. R. (1981). Levies on the English clergy for the poor and for the king 1203. The English Historical Review, 96(380), 577-582. Coggeshall, Radulphi de. (Ed.). Stevenson J. (1875). Chronicon Anglicanum, RS 66, The Pennsylvania State Collage Library.
  • Cole, H. (Ed.). (1844). Rotulus misae-anni regni Johannis quarti decimi. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Cross, F. L. ve Livingstone E. A. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3. Baskı, Oxford Press.
  • Dixon-Smith, S. A. (2003). Feeding the poor to commemorate the dead, The pro anima almsgiving of Henry III of England 1227-1272. [Doktora Tezi, Londra Üniversitesi].
  • Duman, A. (2008). Sadaka. TDV İslam ansiklopedisi içinde. TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi.
  • Farmer, H. ve Douie, L. (Ed.). (1961). Magna vita sancti hugonis the life of st hugh of Lincoln. Clarendon Press.
  • Farrer, W. (1920). Feudal Cambridgeshire. Cambridge University Press.
  • Golding, B. (1996). The cloister and the world, Essays in medieval history in honour of Barbara Harvey. J. Blair (Ed.), The hermit and the hunter (s. 1-13) içinde. Oxford University Press.
  • Gransden, A. (1974). Historical writing in England, 550-1307. Cornell University Press.
  • Hardy, T. D. (Ed.). (1833). Rotuli litterarum clausarum in turri Londinensi 1204-1224. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Hardy, T. D. (Ed.). (1834). Rotuli litterarum clausarum in turri Londinensi 1224-1227. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Hardy, T. D. (Ed.). (1835). Rotuli litterarum patentium in turri Londinensi asservati 1199-1216. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Hardy, T. D. (Ed.). (1837). Rotuli chartarum in turri Londinensi asservati 1199-1216. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Hardy, T. D. (Ed.). (1844). Rotuli de liberate ac de misis et praestitis regnante Johanne. Eyre-Spottiswood Publishers.
  • Harvey, K. (2008). Piety of king John. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, King’s College Londra].
  • Johnstone, H. (1929). Poor- relief in the royal households of thirteenth-century England. Chicago Journals, 4(2), 149-167.
  • Kellett, A. (1990). King John in knaresborough, The first known royal maundy. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 62(1), 69-91.
  • Knowles, D. (Ed.). (2020), Monastic contutitions of Lanfrac. Oxford University Press.
  • Landon, L. (Ed.). (1939). Cartae antiquae rolls 1- 10. Public Record Office.
  • Latimer, P. (1999). Early thirtenth- century prices. S. D. Church (Ed.), King John, New interpretations (s. 41-73) içinde. Boydell Press.
  • Mollat, M. (1986). The poor in the Middle Ages, an essay in social history. Yale University Press.
  • Özmen, S. (2018). Frank idaresi altında Yahudiler. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, (1), 52-66. Prestwich, M. (1985). The piety of Edward I: Proceedings of the 1984 harlaxton symposium. W. R. Ormrod (Ed.), England in the thirteenth century (s. 120-128) içinde. Boydell Press.
  • Riley, H. T. (Ed.). (1867). Gesta abbatum monasterii santci albani, a thoma walsingham, regnante Ricardo Secundo, ejusdem ecclesiae praecentore, compilata. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rubin, M. (1987). Charity and community in medieval Cambridge. Cambridge Studies Publisher.
  • Saltman, A. (Ed.). (1978). Commentary on the book of chronicles. Bar-Ilan University Press.
  • Sayers, J. (1994). Innocent III, Leader of Europe 1198-1216. Longman Publisher.
  • Stenton, D. M. (Ed.). (1953). The great roll of the pipe for the thirteenth year of the reign of King John, Michaelmas 1211 (Pipe Roll 57), PRS.
  • Tanner, N. ve Watson S. (2006). Least of the laity, the minimum requirements for a medieval christian. Jounal of Medieval History, 32(4), 395-423.
  • Titow, J. Z. (1969). English rural society 1200-1350. Routletge Library Edition, Rural History.
  • Vincent, N. (2003). The Politics of Church and State as Reflected in the Winchester Pipe Rolls 1208-1280. Boydell Press.
  • Vincent, N. C. (2010). Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury. L. J. Bataillion, N. Bériou, G. Dahan ve R. Quinto, Turnhout (Ed.), in Étienne Langton, Prédicateur, bibliste, théologien (s. 51-123) içinde. Brepols Publishers.
  • Webster, P. (2012). The military orders. P. W. Edbury (Ed.), Politics and power, (s. 126-200) içinde. Ashgate Publisher.
  • Webster, P. (2013). King John and Rouen, Royal Itineration, Kingship, and the Norman Capital, 1199-1204. L. V. Hicks and E. Brenner (Ed.), Society and culture in medieval Rouen, 911- 1300. (s. 309-369) içinde. Brepols Publishers.
  • Young, C. (1960). King John and England, An Illustration of the Medieval Practice of Charity, Church History, Cambridge University Press, 29(3), 264-274.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Politik İktisat ve Sosyal Değişim, Ortaçağ Avrupa Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Fuat Ceylanbaş 0000-0002-5270-0442

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 17 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Ceylanbaş, F. (2024). Orta Çağ Krallarının Dini Yaşamından Bir Örnek: Kral John, Hayırseverlik ve Sadaka. Artuklu Humanities(16), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.1385909