HEALTH LITERACY AND HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN ISTANBUL: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Öz
Background: With a population of adults aged 65 years and over exceeding 1.2 million, Istanbul remains a primary focus of geriatric research due to both its demographic weight and the health system pressures generated by rapid urban transformation. Despite this, the relationships among health literacy (HL), perceived healthcare access, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in this population have not been adequately examined. This study aimed to determine HL levels among older adults residing in diverse living environments in Istanbul, to characterise their associations with the age-specific subscales of the WHOQOL-OLD-TR module, and to test HL's independent contribution to HRQoL. Methods: A quantitative, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted between June and December 2025 among 421 older adults living under varying residential arrangements in Istanbul (community-dwelling independently, with family, or under institutional care). Data were collected via Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI). Health literacy was assessed using the Turkish Health Literacy Scale-32 (TSOY-32), quality of life was measured with the WHOQOL-OLD-TR module, and a researcher-developed perceived healthcare access questionnaire was additionally administered. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 26.0). Results: Among participants, 46.1% had inadequate and 42.2% had limited HL, yielding a combined deficit rate of 88.3%. The mean TSOY-32 score was 24.99 ± 8.78, corresponding to the upper boundary of the "inadequate" HL category (0–25). The mean HRQoL score was 48.58 ± 13.41, with the Sensory Abilities domain recording the lowest subscale score (44.11 ± 16.13). A statistically significant association was found between HL category and total WHOQOL-OLD-TR score (H = 55.96, p < 0.001, η² = 0.285). A moderate positive correlation was identified between HL and HRQoL (Pearson r = 0.469, p < 0.001). In the multiple regression model, HL emerged as the strongest independent predictor of HRQoL (β = 0.458, R² = 0.222, F(6, 414) = 23.84, p < 0.001). Domain-level patterns showed marked variation: The Autonomy subscale exhibited a strong dose-response relationship (η² = 0.240, r_s = 0.37), whereas the Sensory Abilities and Intimacy subscales demonstrated smaller effect sizes consistent with a threshold-type relationship (η² ≈ 0.05). General satisfaction with healthcare access remained above 80%; however, digital health platform utilisation was notably low (21.4%). Residents of Darülaceze — a structured long-term care institution — scored significantly higher on HL than older adults in other care settings (31.47 ± 7.89 vs. 22.16 ± 7.31; p < 0.001), a difference that cannot be attributed to socioeconomic selection bias. Conclusion: Health literacy is the principal modifiable determinant of HRQoL among older adults in Istanbul, independent of educational attainment, age, and chronic disease burden. Domain-level asymmetries highlight the limitations of uniform intervention approaches; in particular, the strong dose-response relationship observed for the Autonomy subscale suggests that HL-enhancing interventions may yield measurable gains in independent decision-making capacity. Routine HL screening in primary care, plain-language communication standards, and the wider dissemination of structured institutional care practices inspired by the Darülaceze model are recommended as evidence-based policy priorities.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
Etik Beyan
Teşekkür
Kaynakça
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Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Sağlık Yönetimi, Yaşlı Bakımı
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yayımlanma Tarihi
1 Ağustos 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
3 Mayıs 2026
Kabul Tarihi
14 Mayıs 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2