Şantiyelerde Bilgi Modellemesi ve Dijital Teknolojilerin Kullanımı

Öz

Son 50 yılda, inşaat endüstrisi diğer endüstrilere kıyasla oldukça az teknolojik yeniliğe sahiptir. İnşaat endüstrisinin parçalı doğası ve projelerin bir kereye özgü oluşu yeniliklere karşı direnç göstermesine neden olmaktadır. Değişime olan bu ilgisizliğin yanı sıra verimlilik ve performansı arttırma ihtiyacı uzun bir süredir bilinmektedir. Yapı bilgi modellemesi (YBM), binaların tasarlanma, inşa ve işletilme şeklini hızla değiştiren devrim niteliğinde bir teknoloji ve süreçtir. Bu çalışmanın amacı tasarım aşamasında YBM süreçlerinde modellenen bilgilerin sahadaki personele hangi teknolojiler vasıtasıyla aktarıldığını tespit etmek ve sahadaki üretime sağladığı katkıyı incelemektir. Ayrıca Türk inşaat sektöründe YBM süreçleriyle yürütülen örnekleri incelemek ve sektörün yönelimini arttırmak için akademisyenler ve profesyoneller tarafından yapılan çalışmaları ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma sürecinde Türk inşaat sektöründe YBM uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Sektörde aktif olarak YBM teknolojilerini deneyimlemiş farklı paydaşları temsil eden beş profesyonelle yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Yapılan görüşmeler ve literatürden elde edilen veriler karşılaştırılmıştır. Süreçlerin dijitalleşme yönünde hızla ilerlediği fakat aktif şantiye ortamında hala paftaların kullanıldığı, üretim yapan işçilerin bilgiye geleneksel yöntemlerle ulaştığı görülmektedir. Üç boyutlu modellenen projenin iki boyutta paftaya dönüştürülme ihtiyacı zaman almakta ve mevcut bilginin veriminin azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu durumda sahada hala beklenen dijitalleşme sağlanamamıştır. Literatürde incelenen vaka çalışmalarında, şantiyeye kurulmuş dijital istasyonlarla modellere üç boyutlu olarak ulaşılan uygulamalar mevcuttur. Yatırımcının bütçesi dahilinde uygulanabilecek bu uygulama sahada kaybolan veriye çözüm olabilir. İncelenen örnekler ve yapılan görüşmelerde teknolojiye yapılan bu yatırımların işverene büyük oranda kar olarak döndüğü tespit edilmiştir. İşverenler ilk maliyete değil toplam kara odaklanmalılardır. Sektörün bu dönüşüme dahil olmaları rekabet avantajı sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yapı Bilgi Modellemesi (YBM)
• Saha uygulamaları
• Dijital teknolojiler
• Koordinasyon
• İş birliği

The Use of Information Modelling and Digital Technologies in Construction Sites

Öz

In the last 50 years, the construction industry has had very few technological innovations compared to other industries. The fragmented nature of the construction industry and the one-off nature of projects make it resistant to innovation. This indifference to change, as well as the need to increase efficiency and performance, has long been recognized. Building information modelling is a revolutionary technology and process that is rapidly changing the way buildings are designed, built and operated. The aim of this study is to determine the technologies through which the information modelled in BIM processes is transferred to the personnel in the field during the design phase and to examine the contribution it provides to the production in the field. In addition, to examine the examples carried out by BIM processes in the Turkish construction sector and to reveal the studies carried out by academicians and professionals to increase the direction of the sector. During the research process, BIM applications in the Turkish construction sector were examined. Semi-structured interviews were held with five professionals representing different stakeholders who have actively experienced BIM technologies in the sector. The interviews and the data obtained from the literature were compared. It is seen that the processes are progressing rapidly towards digitalization, but projects in paper format are still used in the active construction site environment, and the workers who produce are accessed by traditional methods. The need to convert a three-dimensional modelled project into a two-dimensional project takes time and reduces the efficiency of existing information. In this case, the expected digitalization in the field still has not been achieved. In the case studies examined in the literature, there are applications where models are accessed in three dimensions with digital stations installed on the construction site. This application, which can be implemented within the investor's budget, can be a solution to the data lost in the field. In the examined examples and interviews, it has been determined that these investments made in technology return to the employer a large amount of profit. Employers should focus on total profit, not initial cost. The sector's involvement in this transformation will provide a competitive advantage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Building Information Modelling (BIM)
• Field applications
• Digital technologies
• Coordination
• Collaboration

Kaynakça

1. Ademci, E., & Gundes, S. (2018). Review of Studies on BIM Adoption in AEC Industry. 5th International Project and Construction Management Conference, November, 14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329058494_Review_of_Studies_on_BIM_Adoption_in_AEC_Industry
2. Aladag, H., Demirdögen, G., & Isık, Z. (2016). Building Information Modeling (BIM) Use in Turkish Construction Industry. Procedia Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.520
3. Amarnath, C. B., Sawhney, A., & Uma Maheswari, J. (2011). Cloud computing to enhance collaboration, coordination and communication in the construction industry. Proceedings of the 2011 World Congress on Information and Communication Technologies, WICT 2011, 1235–1240. https://doi.org/10.1109/WICT.2011.6141425
4. Arif, M., Bendi, D., Toma-Sabbagh, T., & Sutrisna, M. (2012). Construction waste management in India: An exploratory study. Construction Innovation, 12(2), 133–155. https://doi.org/10.1108/14714171211215912
5. Azhar, S. (2011). Building information modelling (BIM): Trends, benefits, risks, and challenges for the AEC industry. Leadership and Management in Engineering, 11(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000127
6. Azhar, S., Khalfan, M., & Maqsood, T. (2012). Building Information Modeling (BIM): Now and Beyond. Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building.
7. Bosché, F., Ahmed, M., Turkan, Y., Haas, C. T., & Haas, R. (2015). The value of integrating Scan-to-BIM and Scan-vs-BIM techniques for construction monitoring using laser scanning and BIM: The case of cylindrical MEP components. Automation in Construction, 49, 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.05.014
8. Bimgenius. (2020). Türkiye BIM Raporu Genel Eğilim ve Beklentiler. www.bimgenius.org

9. Chiu, W. Y. B., & Lai, J. H. K. (2020). Building information modelling for building services engineering: benefits, barriers and conducive measures. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-10-2018-0460
10. DiCicco-Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x
11. Edirisinghe, R. (2019). Digital skin of the construction site: Smart sensor technologies towards the future smart construction site. In Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management (Vol. 26, Issue 2, pp. 184–223). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-04-2017-0066
12. Falorca, J. F., & Lanzinha, J. C. G. (2020). Facade inspections with drones–theoretical analysis and exploratory tests. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-07-2019-0063
13. Fanning, B., Clevenger, C. M., Ozbek, M. E., & Mahmoud, H. (2015). Implementing BIM on infrastructure: Comparison of two bridge construction projects. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 20(4), 04014044. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000239
14. Getuli, V., Ventura, S. M., Capone, P., & Ciribini, A. L. C. (2016). A BIM-based Construction Supply Chain Framework for Monitoring Progress and Coordination of Site Activities. Procedia Engineering, 164(June), 542–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.656
15. Hamledari, H., Rezazadeh Azar, E., & McCabe, B. (2018). IFC-Based Development of As-Built and As-Is BIMs Using Construction and Facility Inspection Data: Site-to-BIM Data Transfer Automation. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 32(2), 04017075. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000727
16. Han, K. K., & Golparvar-Fard, M. (2014). Automated monitoring of operation-level construction progress using 4D bim and daily site photologs. Construction Research Congress 2014: Construction in a Global Network - Proceedings of the 2014 Construction Research Congress, 1033–1042. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413517.106
17. Ibrahim, A., Roberts, D., Golparvar-Fard, M., & Bretl, T. (2017). An Interactive Model-Driven Path Planning and Data Capture System for Camera-Equipped Aerial Robots on Construction Sites. Computing in Civil Engineering 2017. http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784479247.083
18. Işıkdag, U., Underwood, J., Kuruoğlu, M., Goulding, J., & Açıkalın, U. (2009). Construction informatics in Turkey: Strategic role of ICT and future research directions. Electronic Journal of Information Technology in Construction, 14, 412–428
19. Jrade, A., & Lessard, J. (2015). An Integrated BIM System to Track the Time and Cost of Construction Projects: A Case Study. Journal of Construction Engineering, 2015, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/579486
20. Kalfa, S. M. (2018). Building information modeling ( BIM ) systems and their applications in Turkey. 3rd International Conference on Turkey and Turkish Studies, Atina, Yunanistan, 27-30 Haziran, 1(1), 55–66.
21. Keskin, B., Salman, B., & Ozorhon, B. (2020). Airport project delivery within BIM-centric construction technology ecosystems. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-11-2019-0625
22. Kim, S., Chin, S., Han, J., & Choi, C. H. (2017). Measurement of Construction BIM Value Based on a Case Study of a Large-Scale Building Project. Journal of Management in Engineering, 33(6), 05017005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000551
23. Kim, S. Y., Nguyen, M. V., & Luu, V. T. (2020). A performance evaluation framework for construction and demolition waste management: stakeholder perspectives. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-12-2019-0683
24. Köseoğlu, O., & Nurtan Güneş, E. T. (2018). Mobile BIM implementation and lean interaction on construction site: A case study of a complex airport project. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-08-2017-0188
25. Köseoğlu, O., Sakin, M., & Arayıcı, Y. (2018). Exploring the BIM and lean synergies in the Istanbul Grand Airport construction project. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(10), 1339–1354. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-08-2017-0186
26. Liu, Y., Nederveen, S. Van, & Hertogh, M. (2016). Understanding effects of BIM on collaborative design and construction : An empirical study in China. JPMA. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.06.007
27. Luo, X., Li, H., Cao, D., Dai, F., Seo, J., & Lee, S. (2018). Recognizing Diverse Construction Activities in Site Images via Relevance Networks of Construction-Related Objects Detected by Convolutional Neural Networks. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 32(3), 04018012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000756
28. Olatunji, O. A., & Sher, W. (2015). Estimating in geometric 3D CAD. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 20(1), 24–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-07-2014-0011
29. Öktem, S., & Ergen, E. (2017). BIM’e Geçı̇ş Sürecı̇nı̇n Operasyonel Çerçevesı̇. Uluslararası Katılımlı 7. İnşaat Yönetimi Kongresi, 627–635. http://www.imo.org.tr/resimler/ekutuphane/pdf/18260_41_00.pdf
30. Özorhon, B., & Karahan, U. (2016). Critical Success Factors of Building Information Modeling Implementation. Journal of Management in Engineering, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000505
31. Özorhon, B., Karahan, U., & Çağlayan, S. (2017). Analysing the Components of Building Information Modelling ( BIM ) in Construction Projects. 7th Construction Management Congress with International Participation, 0212, 609–618.
32. Rokooei, S. (2015). Building Information Modeling in Project Management: Necessities, Challenges and Outcomes. 4th International Conference on Leadership, Technology, Innovation and Business Management, 210, 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.332
33. Ryan, F., Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., & Ryan, F. (2009). Interviewing in qualitative research: The one-to-one interview. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 16(6), 309–314.
34. Sezer, A. A., & Bröchner, J. (2019). Site managers’ ICT tools for monitoring resources in refurbishment. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(1), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-02-2018-0074
35. Tekin, H., & Atabay, Ş. (2019). Building information modelling roadmap strategy for Turkish construction sector. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Municipal Engineer, 172(3), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.17.00001
36. Tsai, Y.-H., Hsieh, H.-H., & Kang, S.-C. (2014). A BIM-enabled Approach for Construction Inspection. Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, 955–1865.
37. Vegad, K., Madurwar, M., & Ralegaonkar, R. (2014). Application of AV-ERP system for on-site project monitoring. The Eletronic Library.
38. Wang, Y., Wang, X., Wang, J., Yung, P., & Jun, G. (2013). Engagement of facilities management in design stage through BIM: Framework and a case study. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2013(30836). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/189105