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Uluslarüstü Bir Medya Teorisine Doğru

Yıl 2018, , 119 - 139, 01.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2018.4.009.x

Öz

Uydu sistemleri ve internet, geleneksel habercilik yaklaşımını zayıflatan ciddi bir alternatif oluşturdu, kitle iletişimde yeni düzen arayışını tetikledi. Anlık ve etkileşimli veri aktarımı, bir yandan yerel kullanıcıları küresel okurlara ve muhabirlere dönüştürdü, diğer yandan düşünce ve ifade özgürlüğünde görece bir demokratikleşme trendi başlattı. Geleneksel medya haber kaynaklarındaki içerik üreticileri ve kanallardaki dağıtıcılar, kullanıcı ve tüketicilerin sahip olmadıkları bir &nbspözgürlüğe geniş çapta daime sahip oldular. Fakat etkileşimli kitle iletişim sistemlerini kullanan tüketiciler, bugün çoğu farklı merkezlerde üretilen içeriklerle çok yönlü etkileşim imkanına kavuştular. Bununla birlikte ister geleneksel isterse yeni olsun, belli fikirler için halkın rızasını üreten bir mekanizmaya dönüşen medya karşısında kişiler, bazen bir alıcı, bazen bir proje için harekete geçen bir eylemci, bazen de eylemsizlik halindeki bir kitlenin parçası olma statüsünde bulunur. Kişiler, gösterdikleri rızanın mamül olduğunu fark etmeksizin iradelerini özgür sanırlar bir sosyal deney alanının denekleri olduklarını ve medyanın hipnoz etkisi altında bulunduklarını fark etmeksizin yönetici elitlere karşı minnet duygusu beslerler. Her ne kadar ulusötesi medya şirketleri sayesinde dünya toplumları aynı iletişim teknolojilerini kullanarak aynı içeriklere ulaşılıyor olsa da temelde mesaj kaygılı içerikler yüzünden ortak noktalardan ziyade, toplumsal farklılıklar belirginleşir, radikalleşir ve çatışmalar körüklenir. Yeni medya düzeni tartışmalarının çoğunun merkezinde bu hastalıklı enformasyon dolaşım mekanizması yer alır. &nbspLiteratür taramasına dayalı analik bir yaklaşımla hazırlanmış olan bu makalede, dünya vatandaşlarının, yalın enformasyon kaynağı ve kanalları olarak yeni bir uluslar üstü medya yapılanmasına duydukları ihtiyacın teorik koşulları ve imkanı tartışılmaktadır. Söz konusu uluslarüstü medya idealinin felsefi temelleri, kozmopolitan birey ve edebi barış idelerinde, Teilhard De Cardine’in küresel bilinç tezinde veya İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirgesi&nbsp düşüncesinde içkindir. Mevcut medya, bireyleri “insan olarak” değil, “kullanıcı – tüketici olarak” konumlandırdığından “mesaj kaygısız içerik” üretemez durumdadır. Burada teorik koşulları tasvir edilen uluslar üstü medya, kâr amaçı gütmez, çeşitlilik ve zengin katmanlarıyla birey ve kültürleri dünyalı olma bilinci çerçevesinde tanıtır. Bilim, hak ve özgürlükler, yeryüzü, birlikte mevcudiyet ve “insanlık” kavramları etrafında habercilik yapar.

Kaynakça

  • Asamoah, O. (1966). The Legal Effect of Resolutions of the General Assembly. Colum. J. Transnat'l L., 3, 210, 159, 243.
  • BBC. (2018, April 4). Facebook scandal “hit 87 million users”. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology43649018
  • Bentham, J. (1970). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. (J. B. Hart, Dü.) London: Oxford University Press.
  • Boyd-Barrett. (1977). Media imperialism: towards an international framework for the analysis of media systems. Mass Communication and Society, 16-135.
  • CNNPR (2017). Twitter. Twitter Inc.: https://twitter.com/CNNPR/status/934559957713932290 / November 25.
  • De Lombaerde, P. (2008). International Integration and Societal Progress: A Critical Review of Globalisation Indicators. A Critical Review of Globalisastion Indicators, 327-331.
  • Einstein, A. (2002, May). Why Socialism. Monthly Review, 56-62.
  • Fisk, R. (2001). Al Jazeera: A bold and Original TV Station. Independent. October 11, 2001.
  • FCC (2018, October 1). The Federal Communications Commission. fcc.gov: https://www.fcc.gov/about-fcc/what-we-do
  • Hobson, J. M. (2004). The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. London: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations. Foreign Affairs, 22-49.
  • Hong, Sungook. (2001) Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press.
  • Joseph Oliver Boyd-Barret, S. X. (2008). Al-Jazeera, Phoenix Satellite Television and the Return of the
  • State: Case Studies in Market Liberalization, Public Sphere and Media Imperialism. International Journal of Communication, 206-222 .
  • Kant, I. (1991). Perpetual Peace: A philosophical Sketch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kipling, R. (2000). Poetry for Young People. (E. Gillooly), New York: Sterling Publishing.
  • Laetrius, D. (1895). The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. London: George Bell and Sons.
  • Lippman, P. (1922). Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt.
  • Mahajan, R. (2002). The New Crusade. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Martin, L. H. (2018). Studies in Hellenistic Religion. (P. Pachis, Dü.) Oregon: Cascade Books.
  • Massey, D. (1994). Space, Place and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Mcluhan, H. M. (1966). Information Theory. 234.
  • Noam Chomsky, E. S. (1998). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York.
  • Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974, June 1). The Spiral of Silence a Theory of Public Opinion. Journal of Communication, 43-51.
  • Konyukhovskiy, P.V. (2018). Proxy Wars. Discussion Paper: School of Business & Economics, 4, 1.
  • Pieterse, J. N. (1994). Globalization as Hybridization. International Sociology, 161-184.
  • Postman, N. (1993). Technopoly; The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Vintage Books A Division of Random House, Inc. p.9
  • Press, T. A. (2011). Egypt Security Forces Raid Al Jazeera Office in Cairo. www.haaretz.com: https://www.haaretz.com/1.5184782 - September 29, 2011.
  • Robertson, A. (1957). Legal Problems of european integration. The European Political Community, 105, 143.
  • Said, E. (2004). The Post Colonial Studies Reader Representation and Resistance. (G. G. Bill Ashcroft, Dü.) İstanbul: Routledge.
  • Schramm, W. L. (1964). Mass Media and National Development: The Role of Information in the Developing Countries. Stanford University Press, 65.
  • Schuman, R. (1950). The Schuman Declaration. http.://www.europa.eu: https://europa.eu/europeanunion/about-eu/symbols/europe-day/schuman-declaration_en - May 9, 1950.
  • Tomlinson, J. (1991). Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction. pp. 16-94.
  • Toussaint, Y. (1992). La parole électrique. Du minitel aux nouvelles “machines à communiquer. Esprit Presse, 127-139.
  • Trump, D. (2017). Twitter Inc.: https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/934551607596986368 / November 24, 2017.
  • UNESCO (1973). Declaration of Guiding Principles on the Use of Satellite Broadcasting for the Free Flow of Information, the Spread of Education, and greater Cultural Exchange. to undertake studies on the consequences which the new techniques of communication by artificial satellites might have on the achievement of UNESCO's objectives. Genev: U.N.
  • Warf, B. (2007). Oligopolization of Global Media and Telecommunications and Its Implications for Democracy. Ethics, Place and Environment, 89–105.

Towards A Supranational Media Theory

Yıl 2018, , 119 - 139, 01.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2018.4.009.x

Öz

Satellite systems and the Internet have created a significant alternative that undermines the traditional reporting approach and triggered the search for a new order in mass communication. Instant and interactive data transfer systems have transformed local users into global readers and reporters encouraging a trend of democratization relative to freedom of thought and expression. Content providers and distributors in the traditional news industry which is televisions, magazines, radios, newspapers, online platforms, &nbsphave a wide range of freedom to reach people. Consumers who use interactive mass communication systems have opportunities to interact with the content that is produced in many different centers. However, in the presence of the media defined as a mechanism that manufactures the consent of people for certain ideas, no matter if they are traditional or novel, people sometimes take the position of a buyer or an activist who takes action for a project and sometimes a part of a group of insusceptible people. People think their consent is their freewill without noticing that it is just a product. They feel a sense of gratitude to the ruling elites without noticing that they are the subjects of a social experiment and under the hypnotic influence of the media. Even though the world societies are getting the same content using the same communication technologies thanks to supranational media companies. Particularly because of content created to convey a message, social differences become more explicit and radical rather than the values in common. That’s why conflicts are incited. At the heart of the majority of new media organization debates, the existence of this problematic information lies. This article, which has been prepared with an analytical approach based on a literature review, discusses the theoretical conditions and the possibility of a new supranational media structure that world citizens need as a source of information. The philosophical basis of the supranational media ideal in question is at the heart of cosmopolitan individuals and eternal peace ideals of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The present media are unable to produce content that doesn’t try to convey a message as it positions individuals as “consumers or user” rather than “people”. Here, supranational media depicting theoretical conditions doesn’t seek profit. It introduces individuals and cultures with their diverse social layers in the consciousness of being a cosmopolitan. Supranational media’s output is based on notions like science, rights and freedoms, the earth, coexistence, and "humanity”.

Kaynakça

  • Asamoah, O. (1966). The Legal Effect of Resolutions of the General Assembly. Colum. J. Transnat'l L., 3, 210, 159, 243.
  • BBC. (2018, April 4). Facebook scandal “hit 87 million users”. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology43649018
  • Bentham, J. (1970). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. (J. B. Hart, Dü.) London: Oxford University Press.
  • Boyd-Barrett. (1977). Media imperialism: towards an international framework for the analysis of media systems. Mass Communication and Society, 16-135.
  • CNNPR (2017). Twitter. Twitter Inc.: https://twitter.com/CNNPR/status/934559957713932290 / November 25.
  • De Lombaerde, P. (2008). International Integration and Societal Progress: A Critical Review of Globalisation Indicators. A Critical Review of Globalisastion Indicators, 327-331.
  • Einstein, A. (2002, May). Why Socialism. Monthly Review, 56-62.
  • Fisk, R. (2001). Al Jazeera: A bold and Original TV Station. Independent. October 11, 2001.
  • FCC (2018, October 1). The Federal Communications Commission. fcc.gov: https://www.fcc.gov/about-fcc/what-we-do
  • Hobson, J. M. (2004). The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. London: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations. Foreign Affairs, 22-49.
  • Hong, Sungook. (2001) Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press.
  • Joseph Oliver Boyd-Barret, S. X. (2008). Al-Jazeera, Phoenix Satellite Television and the Return of the
  • State: Case Studies in Market Liberalization, Public Sphere and Media Imperialism. International Journal of Communication, 206-222 .
  • Kant, I. (1991). Perpetual Peace: A philosophical Sketch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kipling, R. (2000). Poetry for Young People. (E. Gillooly), New York: Sterling Publishing.
  • Laetrius, D. (1895). The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. London: George Bell and Sons.
  • Lippman, P. (1922). Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt.
  • Mahajan, R. (2002). The New Crusade. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Martin, L. H. (2018). Studies in Hellenistic Religion. (P. Pachis, Dü.) Oregon: Cascade Books.
  • Massey, D. (1994). Space, Place and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Mcluhan, H. M. (1966). Information Theory. 234.
  • Noam Chomsky, E. S. (1998). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York.
  • Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974, June 1). The Spiral of Silence a Theory of Public Opinion. Journal of Communication, 43-51.
  • Konyukhovskiy, P.V. (2018). Proxy Wars. Discussion Paper: School of Business & Economics, 4, 1.
  • Pieterse, J. N. (1994). Globalization as Hybridization. International Sociology, 161-184.
  • Postman, N. (1993). Technopoly; The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Vintage Books A Division of Random House, Inc. p.9
  • Press, T. A. (2011). Egypt Security Forces Raid Al Jazeera Office in Cairo. www.haaretz.com: https://www.haaretz.com/1.5184782 - September 29, 2011.
  • Robertson, A. (1957). Legal Problems of european integration. The European Political Community, 105, 143.
  • Said, E. (2004). The Post Colonial Studies Reader Representation and Resistance. (G. G. Bill Ashcroft, Dü.) İstanbul: Routledge.
  • Schramm, W. L. (1964). Mass Media and National Development: The Role of Information in the Developing Countries. Stanford University Press, 65.
  • Schuman, R. (1950). The Schuman Declaration. http.://www.europa.eu: https://europa.eu/europeanunion/about-eu/symbols/europe-day/schuman-declaration_en - May 9, 1950.
  • Tomlinson, J. (1991). Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction. pp. 16-94.
  • Toussaint, Y. (1992). La parole électrique. Du minitel aux nouvelles “machines à communiquer. Esprit Presse, 127-139.
  • Trump, D. (2017). Twitter Inc.: https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/934551607596986368 / November 24, 2017.
  • UNESCO (1973). Declaration of Guiding Principles on the Use of Satellite Broadcasting for the Free Flow of Information, the Spread of Education, and greater Cultural Exchange. to undertake studies on the consequences which the new techniques of communication by artificial satellites might have on the achievement of UNESCO's objectives. Genev: U.N.
  • Warf, B. (2007). Oligopolization of Global Media and Telecommunications and Its Implications for Democracy. Ethics, Place and Environment, 89–105.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Fatih Artun Bu kişi benim

Şevki Işıklı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018

Kaynak Göster

APA Artun, F., & Işıklı, Ş. (2018). Uluslarüstü Bir Medya Teorisine Doğru. AJIT-E: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 9(34), 119-139. https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2018.4.009.x