İletişim Teorileri İletişim Teknolojilerindeki Yeniliklerden Etkilenmekte midir? : Suskunluk Sarmalı Teorisine Bir Bakış

Öz

Bilgisayar teknolojileri ve internet insanlararsı etkileşim için yeni standartlar belirlemiş ve bireylere iletişim alanında yeni ufuklar açmıştır. Bunun sonucunda bireylerin etraflarını çevreleyen dünyayı algısı etkilenmektedir. Bu durmadan değişen çevre gözönüne alındığında iletişim teorilerinin tekrar gözden geçirilmesi ve eleştirel düşünme yaklaşımıyla akademisyenlerce tekrar değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu sayede teorilerin günümüz konjonktürünü açıklayabilme kapasitesi de denenmiş olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı suskunluk sarmalı teorisine ve bilgisayar aracılı iletişim ortamlarına odaklanan araştırmaları gözden geçirerek bir literliteratureması oluşturmaktır. Sonuçlar göstermektedir ki suskunluk sarmalı, bilgisayar aracılı iletişim ortamlarının bireyleri sosyal yaptırımlardan kurtaran yapısına ragmen görülebilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bilgisayar aracılı iletişim
• Suskunluk Sarmalı
• İletişim
• İnternet

Are Communication Theories Affected by New Communication Technologies? : A Look at Spiral of Silence Theory

Öz

Computer technologies and Internet set new standards for interaction and let people explore new horizons in the field of communication. As a consequence, individual’s perception of the world surrounding his/herself may be affected. Considering this ever-evolving climate of change, communication theories have to be revisited and efforts of critical thinking should be made by scholars in order to keep theories up-to-date or determine them as not capable of explaining contemporary conjuncture. The purpose of this study is to review previous research studies focused on computer mediated communication and spiral of silence. Results show that spiral of silence may occur despite characteristics of computer mediated communication that can liberate individuals from social sanctions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• CMC
• Spiral of silence
• Communication
• Internet

Kaynakça

1. Christie, C., Dill, E. (2016). Evaluating peers in cyberspace: The impact of anonymity. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 292-299.
2. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Reflections on the ‚Spiral of Silence‛,Communication Yearbook, 14, 288-297.
3. Eveland, W. P., Morey, A. C. and Hutchens, M. J. (2011). Beyond deliberation: New directions for the study of informal political conversation from a communication perspective. Journal of Communication, 61, 1082-1103.
4. Fox, J., Cruz, C., & Lee, J. Y. (2015). Perpetuating online sexism offline: Anonymity, interactivity, and the effects of sexist hashtags on social media.Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 436-442.
5. Gearhart, S., Zhang, W. (2015). ‚Was It Something I Said?‛‚No, It Was Something You Posted ‛ A Study of the Spiral of Silence Theory in Social Media Contexts. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(4), 208-213.
6. Glynn, C.J., Hayes, A. F.; Shanahan, J. (1997). Perceived support for one’s opinions and willingness to speakout: A meta-analyses of survey studies on the ‚spiral of silence‛. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 452-464.
7. Goffman, E. (1966), Alienation from interaction. In A. G. Smith (Ed.), Communication and culture (pp.103-118). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
8. Gonçalves, J. F. F. (2015). A peaceful pyramid? Hierarchy and anonymity in newspaper comment sections. Observatorio (OBS*), 9(4).

9. Haines, R., Hough, J., Cao, L., & Haines, D. (2014). Anonymity in Computer-Mediated Communication: More Contrarian Ideas with Less Influence. Group Decision and Negotiation, 23(4), 765-786.
10. Ho, S. & Mcleod, D. M. (2008). Social-Psychological Influences on opinion Expression in Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication, Communication Research, 35 (2), 190-207.
11. Kennamer, J. (1990). Self-serving biases in perceiving the opinions of others: Implications for the spiral of silence. Communication Research, 17, 393-404.
12. Kwak, H., Blackburn, J., & Han, S. (2015). Exploring Cyberbullying and Other Toxic Behavior in Team Competition Online Games. arXiv preprint arXiv:1504.02305.
13. Lasorsa, D. (1991). Political outspokenness: Factors working against the spiral of silence. Journalism Quarterly, 68, 131-140.
14. Latane, B., Williams, K. and Harkins, S. (1979). Many handsmake light work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 822-832.
15. Lee, E. (2006). When and How Does Depersonalization Increase Conformity to Group Norms in Computer-Mediated Communication? Communication Research, 33 (6), 423-447.
16. Lee, H. Y. & Choi, Y. J., Lee, C. (2004). The Spiral of Silence in Online Discussions: An examination of the spiral of silence hypothesis in the bulletin board postings about the 2002 Korean presidental elections. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans, Louisiana.
17. McDevitt, M., Kiousis, S. and Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2003). Spiral of Moderation: Opinion expressionin computer-mediated discussion. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 15 (4), 454-470.
18. Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974). The Spiral of silence: A theory of the public opinion. Journal of Communication, 24, 43-51.
19. Price, V., Cappella, J. N.,& Nir, L. (2002). Does disagreement contribute to more deliberative opinion? Political Communication, 19, 95-112.
20. Rains, S. A. (2007). ‚The impact of Anonymity on Perceptions of Source Credibility and Influence in Computer-Mediated Group Communication‛, Communication Research, 34 (1), 100-125.
21. Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Lee, E. (2001). Real talk: Manipulating the dependent variable in spiral of silence research. Communication Research, 28, 304-324.
22. Stromer-Galley, J. (2003). Diversity of political conversation on the Internet:Users' perspectives
23. Tajfel, H. (1978). Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups (pp. 61-76). London: Academic Press.
24. Tanner, E. (2001). Chilean conversations: Internet forum participants debate Augusto Pinochet’s detention. Journal of Communication, 51, 383-403.
25. Tsfati, Y. (2003). Media skepticism and climate of opinion perception. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 15, 65-82.
26. Walther, J. B. (1994). Anticipated ongoing interaction versus channel effectson relational combination in computer-mediated-interaction. Human Communication Research, 20, 473-499.
27. Wanta, W & Dimitrova, D. V. (2000). Chatrooms andThe Spiral Of Silence: An Examination Of Online Discussion During The Final 1996 US Presidential Debate. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Acapulco, Mexico.