Türkiye'de Dijital Uçurumun Kapatılması Üzerine ÖLAKK Yazılımın Sosyolojisi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 33, 221 - 235, 01.07.2018

Hüseyin Tolu

https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2018.3.013.x

Öz

Bu çalışma, Özgür / Libre Açık Kaynak Kodlu Yazılımın ÖLAKK Dijital Bölünme'yi kapatmadaki potansiyel etkisini ve Türkiye'nin ÖLAKK ekosistemindeki mevcut konumuna vurgu yapmaktadır. ÖLAKK birbiriyle bağlantılı olarak sosyal faydaları olduğu ve bunları teknolojik faydalar, ekonomik faydalar, teknolojilere uyum, yerel kapasitenin inşası, paradigmanın değişmesi ve yenilikçi toplumun boyutlarına ulaşılması olarak tanımlayabiliriz. Türkiye çift haneli yazılım endüstrisine ve güçlü FLOSS topluluklarına sahip olmasına rağmen Türkiye dijital uçurumun kapatılmasında ÖLAKK faydalarına henüz ulaşamamıştır. Bunun nedenlerini: ÖLAKK politikanın olmayışı, Pardus projesinin başarısızlığı, merkezi hükümet desteğinin azlıgı ve ilgi eksikliği, yetersiz eğitim fırsatları ve satıcı kilitleme sorunu olarak grouplandırabiliriz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yazılım Sosyolojisi, Özgür / Libre Açık Kaynak Yazılımı ÖLAKK, Dijital Uçurum

Sociology of FLOSS upon Bridging Digital Divide in Turkey

Öz

This study focuses on to what extent and how Free/Libre Open Source Software FLOSS has the potential to bridge the Digital Divide and what Turkey’s current position is in the ecosystem of FLOSS This study argues that FLOSS has interlink and interdependent social benefits technological benefits, economic benefits, adaptation technology, construction of local capacity, and shifting of paradigm and reaching dimensions of the innovative society. Although, these benefits have influence upon efforts of bridging the digital divide and the condition of Turkey indicates that there are significant Turkish FLOSS products, double-digit growth software industry and strong FLOSS communities, Turkey has not achieved FLOSS benefits yet due mainly to no FLOSS policy, failure of Pardus project, lack of centre government support/interest, insufficient educational opportunities and vendor lock-in issue.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sociology of Software, Free/Libre Open Source Software FLOSS, Digital Divide

Kaynakça

• Annan, K. (1999) The speech of UN Secretary Kofi Annan at ITU Telecom Opening Ceremony, Retrieved 04/09/2018 from http://www.itu.int/telecomwt99/press_service/information_for_the_press/press_kit/speeches/annan_cere mony.html
• BILBAO. (2005) Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) and the Millennium Development Goals (Mdgs): Roles of Cities and Local Authorities. Louis-Dominique Ouédraogo.
• BİYESAM (2018) BİYESAM Bilişim Ve Yazılım Eser Sahipleri Meslek Birliği, Retrieved 04/09/2018 at URL: http://www.biyesam.org.tr/default.aspx
• Brown, H. R., Barram, J. D. and Irving, L. (1995) Falling Through the Net: A Survey of the “Have-Nots” in Rural and Urban America, Retrieved 04/09/2018 from https://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html
• Camara, G. & Fonseca, F., (2007) Information Policies and Open Source Software in Developing Countries. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), vol. 58(1):121-132.
• Chomsky, N. (1999) On US Military Budgets, Noam Chomsky interviewed by Ira Shorr, America’s Defence Monitor and the Centre for Defence Information, Retrieved 04/09/2018 from https://chomsky.info/19960211/
• Compaine, B. (2001) The Digital Divide: Facing a crisis or creating a myth? Cambridge, MA: MIT.
• DiMaggio, P. J. & Hargittai, E. (2001) From digital divide to digital inequality: Studying internet use as penetration increases. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, Sociology Department.
• Dragulanescu, N. G. (2002) Social Impact of the “Digital Divide” in a Central-Eastern European Country”, International Information & Library Review, 34, 139−151.
• Duque, R. B. (2007) History of information technology: introduction & conclusion, in W. Shrum, K. Benson, W. Bijker & K. Brunnstein’s (eds), Past, Present and Future of Research in the Information Society.. New York: Springer. Pp. 33 & 43-44.
• FSFeurope (2003) Free Software in Europe European perspectives and work of the FSFeurope free software foundation, Retrieved 04/09/2018 from https://fsfe.org/documents/eur5greve.en.html
• Rousseau, J.J. (1899) Emile, Or Treatise on Education, Prometheus Books, Publishers.
• Ghosh, R. A. (2005) Free/Libre/Open Source Software in Government, presented by Rishab Ghosh, EuroOSCON, Amsterdam, Retrieved 04/09/2018 from http://flosspols.merit.unu.edu/dissemination.php
• Gozukeles, I. I. (2006) Free and Open Source Software Hackers in Turkey, Retrieved 04/09/2018 from https://www.linux.org.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2010/04/Gozukeles-WorkingPaper.pdf
• Habitat (2018) Information, Retrieved 04/09/2018 from http://habitatdernegi.org/en/
• Hargittai, E. (2006) Hurdles to Information Seeking: Explaining Spelling and Typographical Mistakes in Users' Online Search Behaviour, Journal of the Association of Information Systems.
• Hepburn, G., & Buley, J. (2006) Getting Open Source Software into Schools: Strategies and Challenges, the Innovate Journal of Online Education, 3(1).
• IDC Global (2016) The sixth Annual BSA-IDC Global 08 Piracy Study 2016 Retrieved 04/09/2018 from http://globalstudy.bsa.org/2016/
• Latour, B. (1986). The Powers of Association. In J. Law (Ed.), Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge (pp. 264–280). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Kvasny, L. & Keil, M. (2006) The challenges of redressing the digital divide: A tale of two U.S. cities, Information Systems Journal, 16, 23-53.
• Livingstone, S. & Helsper, E. (2007) Gradations in digital inclusion: children, young people and the digital divide, New Media Society, 9-671.
• Margolis, Michael, Resnick, David, and Wolfe Joel D. 1999. Party competition on the Internet in the United States and Britain. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 4, 24–47.
• Ministry of National Education. 2018. National Projects, http://tegm.meb.gov.tr/www/ulusalprojeler/kategori/7
• Norris, P. (2001) Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
• OECD (2001) Understanding the Digital Divide, Paris.
• Pardusvepisi. (2018). Pardus, Retrieved 04/09/2018 from https://www.pisilinux.org/
• Raymond, E.S. (2000) The Cathedral and the Bazaar, Retrieved 04/09/2018 from http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/
• Selwyn, N. (2004) Reconsidering political and popular understanding of the digital divide, New Media and Society, 6(3), 341-62.
• Shih, E., Kenneth L. K., & Jason D. (2008) IT Diffusion in Developing Countries: Policy Issues and Recommendation, Communication of the ACM.
• Snaprud, M., Sawicka, A., Pillai, A., B., Olsen, N., Olsen, M., G., Laupsa, V., & Gjøsæter, T. (2006) Open Source - Basis for synergies in the ICT education and research, presented at NVU Conference – Grimstad.
• Steyaert, J. & Gould, N. (2009) Social Work and the Changing Face of the Digital Divide, British Journal of Social Work, 39(4), 740-753.
• Tapscott, D. (1998) Growing up Digital: The rise of the net generation, New York: Mc-GrawHill.
• Tolu, H. (2018) Strategy of Good Software Governance; FLOSS in the State of Turkey: Good Software Governance, in Optimizing Current Practices in E-Services and Mobile Applications, IGI Global Dissemination of Knowledge, p.198-221.
• TUBISAT (2017) Türkiye Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri Sektörü 94.3 milyar TL büyüklüğe ulaştı, Retrieved 04/09/2018 from http://www.tubisad.org.tr/Tr/News/Sayfalar/TUBISAD-BIT-pazarverileri16.aspx
• Van Dijk, J. (2006) Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Poetics, 34, 221- 235.
• Wajcman, J. (2002) Addressing Technological Change: The Challenge to Social Theory, Current Sociology, 50 (3): 347-363.
• Weber, S. (2000) The Political Economy of Open Source Software, BRIE Working Paper 140, Economy Project Working Paper 15.
• Weber, S. (2004) The Success of Open Source, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
• Weerawarana, S. & Weeratunge J. (2004) Open Source in Developing Countries: Swedish Department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation, Edita Sverige AB.
• Wheeler, A.D. (2015) Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS)? Look at the Numbers! Retrieved 04/09/2018 from http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html
• Wilson, E.J. (2006) The Information Revolution and Developing Countries. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
• Zhao, S. & Elesh, D. (2006) The Second Digital Divide: Unequal Access to Social Capital in the Online World, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal Convention Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada