Fear of Missing Out and Problematic Social Media Use: A Research Among University Students in Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 47, 12 - 31, 30.11.2021

Ahmet Çetinkaya , Ali Murat Kırık , Uğur Gündüz

https://doi.org/10.5824/ajite.2021.04.001.x

Öz

This study examines the relationship of fear of missing out (FOMO) with heavy social networking among Turkish university students (aged 17 - 55). Factor analysis of FOMO scale led us to evaluate the construct under two dimensions as (1) fear of missing experience and (2) fear of missing activity. The results revealed that fear of missing activity increases social media intrusion while fear of missing experience is found to have no significant effect. The reverse relationship is also valid: an urge to use social media predicts fear of missing out (activity and experience). Fear of missing experience is associated with problematic social media use (PSMU) and a high desire to use social media.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fear of missing out (FOMO), Parental control, Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU), Social Media Addiction, Social Media Intrusion

FOMO ve Problemli Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: Türkiye’deki Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma

Öz

Bu çalışma gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu (FOMO) ve aşırı sosyal medya kullanımı arasındaki ilişkiyi Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencileri (17-55 yaş aralığı) üzerinde incelemektedir. FOMO ölçeğine ait faktör analizi söz konusu kavramın iki boyut olarak değerlendirilebileceğini göstermiştir: (1) Deneyim kaçırma korkusu ve (2) Aktivite kaçırma korkusu. Sonuçlar aktivite kaçırma korkusunun problemli sosyal medya kullanımını arttırdığını ancak deneyim kaçırma korkusunun önemli bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir. Bu ilişkinin ters yönde de geçerli olduğu görülmüştür: Sosyal medya kullanımı tutkusu gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusunda (aktivite ve deneyim) artışa yol açmıştır. Deneyim kaçırma korkusu problemli sosyal medya kullanımı (PSMU) ve sosyal medya kullanma arzusu ile ilişkilidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu (FOMO), Ebeveyn kontrolü, Problemli sosyal medya kullanımı (PSMU), Sosyal medya bağımlılığı, Sosyal medya kullanımı tutkusu

Kaynakça

• Abel, J. P., Buff, C. L., & Burr, S. A. (2016). Social Media and the Fear of Missing Out: Scale Development and Assessment. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 14(1), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v14i1.9554
• Abhijit, N. (2011). Facebook Addiction. Available at: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facebook‐ addiction.html (accessed 8 October 2018).
• Alt, D. (2015). College students’ academic motivation, media engagement and fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.057
• Anderson, E. L., Steen, E., & Stavropoulos, V. (2017). Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: A systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(4), 430-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1227716
• Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a facebook addiction scale. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 501-517. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517
• Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006
• Ang, L. (2011). Community relationship management and social media. Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, 18(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1057/dbm.2011.3
• Arrivillaga, C., Rey, L., & Extremera, N. (2020). Adolescents’ problematic internet and smartphone use is related to suicide ideation: Does emotional intelligence make a difference? Computers in Human Behavior, 110, 106375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106375
• Axis (2018). A parent’s guide to fomo. (2018). David C Cook.
• Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Király, O., Maraz, A., Elekes, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Andreassen, C. S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample. PLOS ONE, 12(1), e0169839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169839
• Betoncu, O. & Ozdamli, F. (2019). The Disease of 21st Century: Digital Disease.TEM Journal. 8(2). 598-603. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM82-37
• Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook related stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083
• Błachnio, A., & Przepiórka, A. (2018). Facebook intrusion, fear of missing out, narcissism, and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research, 259, 514-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.012
• Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C., & Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.039
• Bodroža, B., & Jovanović, T. (2016). Validation of the new scale for measuring behaviors of facebook users: Psycho-social aspects of facebook use(Psafu). Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 425-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.032
• Casale, S., & Fioravanti, G. (2015). Satisfying needs through Social Networking Sites: A pathway towards problematic Internet use for socially anxious people? Addictive Behaviors Reports, 1, 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2015.03.008
• Chandrima, R. M., Kircaburun, K., Kabir, H., Riaz, B. K., Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., & Mamun, M. A. (2020). Adolescent problematic internet use and parental mediation: A Bangladeshi structured interview study. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 12, 100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100288
• Chang, F.-C., Chiu, C.-H., Miao, N.-F., Chen, P.-H., Lee, C.-M., Chiang, J.-T., & Pan, Y.-C. (2015). The relationship between parental mediation and Internet addiction among adolescents, and the association with cyberbullying and depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.013
• Chou, H.-T. G., & Edge, N. (2012). “They are happier and having better lives than i am”: The impact of using facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), 117-121. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0324
• Chu, S. C., Windels, K., & Kamal, S. (2016). The influence of self-construal and materialism on social media intensity: A study of China and the United States. International Journal of Advertising, 35(3), 569-588.
• Crabtree, M. A., & Pillow, D. R. (2018). Extending the Dual Factor Model of Facebook Use: Social motives and network density predict Facebook use through impression management and open self-disclosure. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.017
• Crowley, D. & Heyer, P. (2011). İletişim Tarihi: Teknoloji, Kültür, Toplum. (translator: M. Ersöz). Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Daly, M. (2018). Social media use may explain little of the recent rise in depressive symptoms among adolescent girls, Clinical Psychological Science, 6: 295.
• Dempsey, A. E., O’Brien, K. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., & Elhai, J. D. (2019). Fear of missing out (Fomo) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic Facebook use. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, 100150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100150
• Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing—A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management, 40, 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012
• Dossey, L. (2014). Fomo, digital dementia, and our dangerous experiment. EXPLORE, 10(2), 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2013.12.008
• Drouinet, M.K., Daren, M. & Daniel, A. (2015). “Mobile Phone Dependency: What’s All the Buzz About?”, in the Wiley Handbook of Psychology, Technology, and Society, eds. Larry D. Rosen, Nancy A. Cheever, and L. Mark Carrier, Wiley Blackwell, 192-206.
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079
• Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of facebook “friends:” social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
• Fabris, M. A., Marengo, D., Longobardi, C., & Settanni, M. (2020). Investigating the links between fear of missing out, social media addiction, and emotional symptoms in adolescence: The role of stress associated with neglect and negative reactions on social media. Addictive Behaviors, 106, 106364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106364
• Fang, J., Wang, X., Wen, Z., & Zhou, J. (2020). Fear of missing out and problematic social media use as mediators between emotional support from social media and phubbing behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 107, 106430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106430
• Franchina, V., Vanden Abeele, M., van Rooij, A., Lo Coco, G., & De Marez, L. (2018). Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among flemish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102319
• Gezgin, D. M. (2018). Understanding Patterns for Smartphone Addiction: Age, Sleep Duration, Social Network Use and Fear of Missing Out. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 13(2), 166-177.
• Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Social networking addiction. Içinde Behavioral Addictions (ss. 119-141). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00006-9
• Gündüz, U. (2013). “Toplumsal Hareketler, Sivil İtaatsizlik ve Sosyal Medya Yansımaları”, Sosyalleşen Birey, Sosyal Medya Araştırmaları 1, eds. Ali Büyükarslan, Ali Murat Kırık.  Çizgi Kitabevi. 33-154.
• Hartmann, M., & Blaszczynski, A. (2018). The longitudinal relationships between psychiatric disorders and gambling disorders. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(1), 16-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9705-z
• Hetz, P. R., Dawson, C. L., & Cullen, T. A. (2015). Social media use and the fear of missing out (Fomo) while studying abroad. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 47(4), 259-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2015.1080585
• Ho, R. C., Zhang, M. W., Tsang, T. Y., Toh, A. H., Pan, F., Lu, Y., Cheng, C., Yip, P. S., Lam, L. T., Lai, C.-M., Watanabe, H., & Mak, K.-K. (2014). The association between internet addiction and psychiatric co-morbidity: A meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 183. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-183
• oge, E., Bickham, D., & Cantor, J. (2017). Digital media, anxiety, and depression in children. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement 2), S76-S80. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758G
• Hussain, Z., & Starcevic, V. (2020). Problematic social networking site use: A brief review of recent research methods and the way forward. Current Opinion in Psychology, 36, 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.05.007
• Jeong, E. J., Ferguson, C. J., & Lee, S. J. (2019). Pathological gaming in young adolescents: A longitudinal study focused on academic stress and self-control in south korea. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(12), 2333-2342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01065-4
• Jordan, A. H., Monin, B., Dweck, C. S., Lovett, B. J., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Misery has more company than people think: Underestimating the prevalence of others’ negative emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(1), 120-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210390822
• Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
• Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Liu, S.-C., Huang, C.-F., & Yen, C.-F. (2009). The associations between aggressive behaviors and internet addiction and online activities in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(6), 598-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011
• Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Yen, C.-F., Chen, C.-S., & Chen, C.-C. (2012). The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: A review of the literature. European Psychiatry, 27(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.011
• Lee, J., Sung, M.-J., Song, S.-H., Lee, Y.-M., Lee, J.-J., Cho, S.-M., Park, M.-K., & Shin, Y.-M. (2018). Psychological factors associated with smartphone addiction in south korean adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(3), 288-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616670751
• Li, W., Diez, S. L., & Zhao, Q. (2019). Exploring problematic internet use among non-latinx black and latinx youth using the problematic internet use questionnaire-short form (Piuq-sf). Psychiatry Research, 274, 322-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.048
• Liu, T. C., Desai, R. A., Krishnan-Sarin, S., Cavallo, D. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2011). Problematic internet use and health in adolescents: Data from a high school survey in connecticut. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(06), 836-845. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06057
• Maclean, J.S. (2017). FOMO, What’s a Parent to do? :An Autoethno GrapHical Study of a Parent’s Experiences of Their Adolecsent’s Excessive Use of Social Media. Lancaster University, Kelvinside Academy. 1-52.
• Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). The assessment of internet addiction in Bangladesh: Why are prevalence rates so different? Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 46-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.01.017
• Marino, C., Gini, G., Angelini, F., Vieno, A., & Spada, M. M. (2020). Social norms and e-motions in problematic social media use among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 11, 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100250
• Mathew, P., & Krishnan, R. (2020). Impact of problematic internet use on the self-esteem of adolescents in the selected school, Kerala, India. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(3), 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.02.008
• Montag, C., Lachmann, B., Herrlich, M., & Zweig, K. (2019). Addictive features of social media/messenger platforms and freemium games against the background of psychological and economic theories. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 2612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142612
• Moreno, M. A., Jelenchick, L. A., & Christakis, D. A. (2013). Problematic internet use among older adolescents: A conceptual framework. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1879-1887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.053
• Oberst, U., Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., Brand, M., & Chamarro, A. (2017). Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.008
• Odacı, H., & Çelik, Ç. B. (2013). Who are problematic internet users? An investigation of the correlations between problematic internet use and shyness, loneliness, narcissism, aggression and self-perception. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2382-2387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.026
• Okwaraji, F., Aguwa, E., Onyebueke, G., Arinze-Onyia, S., & Shiweobi-Eze, C. (2015). Gender, age and class in school differences in internet addiction and psychological distress among adolescents in a nigerian urban city. International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal, 4(3), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.9734/INDJ/2015/18933
• Pallanti, S., Bernardi, S., & Quercioli, L. (2006). The shorter promis questionnaire and the internet addiction scale in the assessment of multiple addictions in a high-school population: Prevalence and related disability. CNS Spectrums, 11(12), 966-974. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900015157
• Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
• Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014
• Riordan, B. C., Flett, J. A. M., Hunter, J. A., Scarf, D., & Conner, T. S. (2018). Fear of missing out (Fomo): The relationship between FoMO, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences in college students. Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Functions, 2(1), 9. http://www.hoajonline.com/psychiatry/2055-3447/2/9
• Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2020). The Social media party: fear of missing out (FoMO), social media intensity, connection, and well-being. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 36(4), 386-392.
• Rogers, A. P., & Barber, L. K. (2019). Addressing FoMO and telepressure among university students: Could a technology intervention help with social media use and sleep disruption? Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 192-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.016
• Rozgonjuk, D., Elhai, J. D., Ryan, T., & Scott, G. G. (2019). Fear of missing out is associated with disrupted activities from receiving smartphone notifications and surface learning in college students. Computers & Education, 140, 103590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.05.016
• Rozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2020). Fear of Missing Out (Fomo) and social media’s impact on daily-life and productivity at work: Do WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat Use Disorders mediate that association? Addictive Behaviors, 110, 106487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106487
• Ruggieri, S., Santoro, G., Pace, U., Passanisi, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2020). Problematic Facebook use and anxiety concerning use of social media in mothers and their offspring: An actor–partner interdependence model. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 11, 100256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100256
• Sato, T. (2006). Internet addiction among students: Prevalence and psychological problems in Japan. Japan Medical Association Journal, 49(7/8), 279.
• Simcharoen, S., Pinyopornpanish, M., Haoprom, P., Kuntawong, P., Wongpakaran, N., & Wongpakaran, T. (2018). Prevalence, associated factors and impact of loneliness and interpersonal problems on internet addiction: A study in Chiang Mai medical students. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.12.017
• Spada, M. M. (2014). An overview of problematic Internet use. Addictive Behaviors, 39(1), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.007
• Thoumrungroje, A. (2014). The influence of social media intensity and EWOM on conspicuous consumption. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 7-15.
• Tifferet, S., & Vilnai-Yavetz, I. (2014). Gender differences in Facebook self-presentation: An international randomized study. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 388-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.016
• TUIK. (2020). Youth in Statistics, 2019. Household internet usage rate of information and communication technology use report. Turkey Statistical Institute Newsletter, 33731.
• Van Dijk, J. (2016). Ağ toplumu, Epsilon Yayincilik.
• We Are Social Digital Report. (2020). Digital 2020 Global Digital Overview. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/digital-2020
• Wolniewicz, C. A., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., & Elhai, J. D. (2018). Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Research, 262, 618-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.058
• Wortham, J. (2011). Feel Like a Wallflower? Maybe It’s Your Facebook Wall. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/10/business/10ping.html. (accessed 12 December 2019).
• Yıldız, M. (2017). İletişim Sürecinde Sosyal Medya ve Sosyal Sermaye, The Journal of Social Science, 1 (2):71-82.