Bu çalışmada, bitki su stresinin izlenmesinde topraktaki ve bitkideki ölçümlere dayanan iki teknikten yararlanılarak belirlenen toprak suyu potansiyeli (Ψ) ve bitki su stresi indeksi (CWSI) değerlerinin, mısır bitkisinin sulama zamanının saptanması ve sulamaya ilişkin bazı pratik sonuçlara ulaşılmasında kullanılabilirlikleri Antalya koşullarında araştırılmıştır. Farklı sulama konularında toprak nemi nötronmetre yöntemi ile izlenmiştir. Ψ değerlerinin ölçülmesinde bir termokapl psikrometre kullanılmıştır. CWSI değerleri ise, elde taşınabilir bir infrared termometre ile ölçülen bitki taç sıcaklığı değerlerinden yararlanılarak belirlenmiştir. Ψ ve CWSI’nin bitki su stresinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılabileceği, Ψ =-9 bar ve CWSI= 0.39 değerlerinin mısır bitkisinin sulama zamanına karar vermede ölçüt olarak alınabileceği, mevsimlik ortalama CWSI değerlerinden yaralanılarak mısır dane veriminin tahmin edilebileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, Ψ ve CWSI arasında belirlenen regresyon denkleminden yararlanılarak bir teknikle ölçülen stres düzeyinin diğerine dönüştürülebileceği saptanmıştır.
8. Jackson, R.D., Idso, S.B., Reginato, R.J., Pinter, P.J., Jr., Canopy Temperature as Crop Water Stress Indicator. Water Resour. Res., 17: 1133-1138, 1981.
9. Idso, S.B.; Reginato, R.J.; Jackson, R.D.; Pinter, P.J. Jr., Measuring Yield-Reducing Plant Water Potential Depression in Wheat by Infrared Thermometry.
Irrig.Sci., 2 : 205-212, 1981.
10. Pinter, P.J., Jr., Reginato, R.J., A Thermal Infrared Technique for Monitoring Cotton Water Stress and Scheduling Irrigations. Trans. ASAE, 25 : 1661-1655, 1982.
11. Idso, Ş.B., Non-Water Stressed Baselines: A key to Monitoring and Interpreting Plant Water Stress. Agric. Meteorol., 27 : 59-77, 1982.
12. Idso, S.B., Pinter, P.J., Jr., Reginato, R.J., Non Water Stressed Baseliness: The Importance of Site Selection for Air Temperature and Air Vapour Pressure Deficit Measure¬ments. Agric. and Forest Meteorol., 53 : 73-80, 1990.
13. Singh, C.B.; Sandhu, B.S.J Khera, K.L., Irrigation and Leaf Foliage Effects on Radiation and Canopy Temperature Regimes of Maize in Monsoonal Tropical Area., Ann. Agric. Res., 12 : 219-224, 1991.
14. Reginato, R.J., Field Quantification of Crop Water Stress. Trans. ASAE, 26 : 772-775/781, 1983.
15. Hove 11, T.A., Hatfield, J.L., Yamada, H., Evaluation of Cotton Canopy Temperature to Detect Crop Water Stress. Trans. ASAE, 27:84-88, 1984.
16. Tubaileh, A.S., Sammis, T.W., Lugg, D.G., Utilization of Thermal Infrared. Thermometry for Detection of Water Stress in Spring Barley. Agric. Water Manag., 12:75-85, 1986.
17. Howell, T.A., Musick, J.T., Tolk, J.A., Canopy Temperature of Irrigated Winter Wheat. Trans. ASAE, 29s1692-1698/1706 1986.
18. Nielsen, D.G., Gardner, B.R., Scheduling Irrigations for Corn Wheat the Crop Water Stress Index(CWSI). Apply. Agr. Res., 2 S 295-300, 1987.
19. Yazar, A., Utilization of Infrared Thermometry Technique for Assessing Crop Water Stress and Irrigation Scheduling for Soybean. Doga Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry, 14 r 517-633, 1990.
20. Sojka, R.E.$ Sadler, E.J.; Camp, C.R.; Arnold, F.B., A Comparison of Pressure Chamber, Leaf-Press, and Canopy Temperature for four Species Under Humid Conditions. Environ, and Exper. Botany, 30 : 75-83, 1990.
21. Morey, R.V.; Gilley, R.J., Bergsrud, F.G.; Dirkzwager, L. R., Yield Response of Corn Related to Soil Moisture. Trans. ASAE, 23 : 1165-1170, 1980.
22. Kanber, R., Yazar, A., Eylen, M., Çukurova Koşullarında Buğdaydan Sonra Yetiştirilen İkinci ürün Mısırın Su-Verim İlişkisi. K.H.G.M., Tarsus Ar. Ens. Md. Yay. Gen. Yay. No : 173 J Rap. Ser. No î 108, 1990.
23. Musick, J.T.} Dusek, D.A., Irrigated Corn Yield Response to Water. Trans. ASAE, 23 î 92-103, 1980.
24. Doorenbos, J., and Kassam, A.H., Yield Response to Water. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper. No : 33, Rome, 1979.
25. Glatzel, G., Root Distribution and Soil Water Depletion in an Oak-Hornbeam Stand(Quercus Petraea, Q. Robur, Carpinus Betulus) and a Spruce Thicket(Picea Abies). Root Ecology and Its Practical Application. Int. Symp. Bundesanstalt Gumpenstein, A-8952 Irdning, 577-584, 1983.
26. Pelaez, D., V., and, Boo, R., M., Plant water Potential for Shrubs in Argentina. Jour, of Range Management, 40:6- 9, 1987.
27. Gardner, B.R., Blad, B.L., Garrity, D.P., Watts, D.G., Relationships Between Crop Temperature, Grain Yield, Evapotranspiration, and Phenologioal Development in Two
Hybrids of Moisture Stressed Sorghum. Irrig.Sci., 2 : 213- 224, 1981.
28. Reginato, R.J.; Howe, J., Irrigation Scheduling Using Crop Indicators. J. Irrig. and Drain. Eng., 111:125-133, 1985.
29. Hsiao, T.C., Plant Responses to Water Stress. Ann. Rev. Plant Phsiol., 24 : 519-570, 1973.
30. Pinter, P.J.,Jr., Reginato, R.J., A Thermal Infrared Tech¬nique for Monitoring Cotton Water Stress and Scheduling Irrigations. Trans. ASAE, 25 : 1651-1655, 1982.
31. Nielsen, D.C., Scheduling Irrigations for Soybeans with the Crop Water stress Index(CWSI). Field Crops Res., 23 : 103-106, 1990.
32. Jackson, S.H., Relationships Between Normalized Leaf Water Potential and Crop Water Stress Index Values for Acala Cotton. Affric. Water Manag., 20 : 109-118, 1991.
Utilization of Soil Water Potential and Crop Water Stress lndex (CWSI) Values in Maize Irrigation
This experiment was condueted to investigate the utilization possibility of soil water potential (Ψ ) and crop water stress index (CWSI) values, which can be determined from the two of crop water stress monitoring techniques based on soil and plant measurements, for determining of irrigation time and for obtaining some practical results about irrigation of maize under Antalya conditions. Soil water contents for different irrigation treatments were measured with a neutron moisture meter. The Ψ value measurements were made vith the thermocouple psychrometry technique. Canopy temperature measurements, for determining the CWSI values were obtained by using a portable hand-held infrared thermometer. The results have shown that Ψ and CWSI can be used for guantifying crop water stress. It was found that Ψ=-9 bars and CWSI= 0.39 values can be taken as criteria for deciding irragation time. Average CWSI values of maize under varying soil water regimes were negatively correlated with grain yield. It was also demonstrated that regression between Ψ and CWSI values, allowed direct comparison of stress levels from one technique to the other.
8. Jackson, R.D., Idso, S.B., Reginato, R.J., Pinter, P.J., Jr., Canopy Temperature as Crop Water Stress Indicator. Water Resour. Res., 17: 1133-1138, 1981.
9. Idso, S.B.; Reginato, R.J.; Jackson, R.D.; Pinter, P.J. Jr., Measuring Yield-Reducing Plant Water Potential Depression in Wheat by Infrared Thermometry.
Irrig.Sci., 2 : 205-212, 1981.
10. Pinter, P.J., Jr., Reginato, R.J., A Thermal Infrared Technique for Monitoring Cotton Water Stress and Scheduling Irrigations. Trans. ASAE, 25 : 1661-1655, 1982.
11. Idso, Ş.B., Non-Water Stressed Baselines: A key to Monitoring and Interpreting Plant Water Stress. Agric. Meteorol., 27 : 59-77, 1982.
12. Idso, S.B., Pinter, P.J., Jr., Reginato, R.J., Non Water Stressed Baseliness: The Importance of Site Selection for Air Temperature and Air Vapour Pressure Deficit Measure¬ments. Agric. and Forest Meteorol., 53 : 73-80, 1990.
13. Singh, C.B.; Sandhu, B.S.J Khera, K.L., Irrigation and Leaf Foliage Effects on Radiation and Canopy Temperature Regimes of Maize in Monsoonal Tropical Area., Ann. Agric. Res., 12 : 219-224, 1991.
14. Reginato, R.J., Field Quantification of Crop Water Stress. Trans. ASAE, 26 : 772-775/781, 1983.
15. Hove 11, T.A., Hatfield, J.L., Yamada, H., Evaluation of Cotton Canopy Temperature to Detect Crop Water Stress. Trans. ASAE, 27:84-88, 1984.
16. Tubaileh, A.S., Sammis, T.W., Lugg, D.G., Utilization of Thermal Infrared. Thermometry for Detection of Water Stress in Spring Barley. Agric. Water Manag., 12:75-85, 1986.
17. Howell, T.A., Musick, J.T., Tolk, J.A., Canopy Temperature of Irrigated Winter Wheat. Trans. ASAE, 29s1692-1698/1706 1986.
18. Nielsen, D.G., Gardner, B.R., Scheduling Irrigations for Corn Wheat the Crop Water Stress Index(CWSI). Apply. Agr. Res., 2 S 295-300, 1987.
19. Yazar, A., Utilization of Infrared Thermometry Technique for Assessing Crop Water Stress and Irrigation Scheduling for Soybean. Doga Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry, 14 r 517-633, 1990.
20. Sojka, R.E.$ Sadler, E.J.; Camp, C.R.; Arnold, F.B., A Comparison of Pressure Chamber, Leaf-Press, and Canopy Temperature for four Species Under Humid Conditions. Environ, and Exper. Botany, 30 : 75-83, 1990.
21. Morey, R.V.; Gilley, R.J., Bergsrud, F.G.; Dirkzwager, L. R., Yield Response of Corn Related to Soil Moisture. Trans. ASAE, 23 : 1165-1170, 1980.
22. Kanber, R., Yazar, A., Eylen, M., Çukurova Koşullarında Buğdaydan Sonra Yetiştirilen İkinci ürün Mısırın Su-Verim İlişkisi. K.H.G.M., Tarsus Ar. Ens. Md. Yay. Gen. Yay. No : 173 J Rap. Ser. No î 108, 1990.
23. Musick, J.T.} Dusek, D.A., Irrigated Corn Yield Response to Water. Trans. ASAE, 23 î 92-103, 1980.
24. Doorenbos, J., and Kassam, A.H., Yield Response to Water. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper. No : 33, Rome, 1979.
25. Glatzel, G., Root Distribution and Soil Water Depletion in an Oak-Hornbeam Stand(Quercus Petraea, Q. Robur, Carpinus Betulus) and a Spruce Thicket(Picea Abies). Root Ecology and Its Practical Application. Int. Symp. Bundesanstalt Gumpenstein, A-8952 Irdning, 577-584, 1983.
26. Pelaez, D., V., and, Boo, R., M., Plant water Potential for Shrubs in Argentina. Jour, of Range Management, 40:6- 9, 1987.
27. Gardner, B.R., Blad, B.L., Garrity, D.P., Watts, D.G., Relationships Between Crop Temperature, Grain Yield, Evapotranspiration, and Phenologioal Development in Two
Hybrids of Moisture Stressed Sorghum. Irrig.Sci., 2 : 213- 224, 1981.
28. Reginato, R.J.; Howe, J., Irrigation Scheduling Using Crop Indicators. J. Irrig. and Drain. Eng., 111:125-133, 1985.
29. Hsiao, T.C., Plant Responses to Water Stress. Ann. Rev. Plant Phsiol., 24 : 519-570, 1973.
30. Pinter, P.J.,Jr., Reginato, R.J., A Thermal Infrared Tech¬nique for Monitoring Cotton Water Stress and Scheduling Irrigations. Trans. ASAE, 25 : 1651-1655, 1982.
31. Nielsen, D.C., Scheduling Irrigations for Soybeans with the Crop Water stress Index(CWSI). Field Crops Res., 23 : 103-106, 1990.
32. Jackson, S.H., Relationships Between Normalized Leaf Water Potential and Crop Water Stress Index Values for Acala Cotton. Affric. Water Manag., 20 : 109-118, 1991.
Baştuğ, R., & Irmak, S. (1996). Toprak Suyu Potansiyeli ve Bitki Su Stresi İndeksi (CWSI) Değerlerinin Mısır Sulamasında Kullanılması. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 9(1), 241-255.
AMA
Baştuğ R, Irmak S. Toprak Suyu Potansiyeli ve Bitki Su Stresi İndeksi (CWSI) Değerlerinin Mısır Sulamasında Kullanılması. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. Aralık 1996;9(1):241-255.
Chicago
Baştuğ, Ruhi, ve Suat Irmak. “Toprak Suyu Potansiyeli Ve Bitki Su Stresi İndeksi (CWSI) Değerlerinin Mısır Sulamasında Kullanılması”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 9, sy. 1 (Aralık 1996): 241-55.
EndNote
Baştuğ R, Irmak S (01 Aralık 1996) Toprak Suyu Potansiyeli ve Bitki Su Stresi İndeksi (CWSI) Değerlerinin Mısır Sulamasında Kullanılması. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 9 1 241–255.
IEEE
R. Baştuğ ve S. Irmak, “Toprak Suyu Potansiyeli ve Bitki Su Stresi İndeksi (CWSI) Değerlerinin Mısır Sulamasında Kullanılması”, Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, c. 9, sy. 1, ss. 241–255, 1996.
ISNAD
Baştuğ, Ruhi - Irmak, Suat. “Toprak Suyu Potansiyeli Ve Bitki Su Stresi İndeksi (CWSI) Değerlerinin Mısır Sulamasında Kullanılması”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 9/1 (Aralık 1996), 241-255.
JAMA
Baştuğ R, Irmak S. Toprak Suyu Potansiyeli ve Bitki Su Stresi İndeksi (CWSI) Değerlerinin Mısır Sulamasında Kullanılması. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 1996;9:241–255.
MLA
Baştuğ, Ruhi ve Suat Irmak. “Toprak Suyu Potansiyeli Ve Bitki Su Stresi İndeksi (CWSI) Değerlerinin Mısır Sulamasında Kullanılması”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, c. 9, sy. 1, 1996, ss. 241-55.
Vancouver
Baştuğ R, Irmak S. Toprak Suyu Potansiyeli ve Bitki Su Stresi İndeksi (CWSI) Değerlerinin Mısır Sulamasında Kullanılması. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 1996;9(1):241-55.