Bitki Su Stresi indeksini (CWSI) Belirleme Yöntemleri

Yıl 1996, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 256 - 270, 01.12.1996

Ruhi Baştuğ

Öz

Bitkilerde su stresinin sayısal olarak ifade edilmesi durumunda, artan su stresini bitkilerin verimliliği, elde edilecek ürünün miktarı ve kalitesi ile i 1işkilendirmek mümkün olur. Su stresinin optimum düzeyi tanımlanacak olursa, bu bilgi yetiştirici tarafından sulama programlaması ve işletmeciliği kararlarında kullanılabilir.
Bitki su stresi indeksi (CWSI) belirli bir bitki veya tarlada su stresini saptamak için geliştirilmiş bir indeks olup infrared termometre tekniği ile ölçülen bitki tacı sıcaklıkları ve buna karşılık gelen havanın buhar basınoı açığını (VPD) kullanır.
Bu makalede, bitki su stresi indeksini (CVfSI) belirlemede kullanılan teorik (enerji dengesi) yöntem, emprik(deneyimsel grafiksel) yöntem ve uygulamalı yöntemin açıklanması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bitki Su Stresi indeksi, infrared thermometry, irrigation scheduling

The Methods of Determining Crop Water Stress Index

Öz

If water stress of a plant can be numerically quantified, it can be correlated the effect of increasing water stress on crop productivity, amount of yield and product quality. When an optimum level of vater stress has been defined, the information can be used by the grower in irrigation scheduling and management decisions.
The crop water stress index (CWSI), uses canopy temperatures measured with the infrared thermometry technique and a corresponding air vapor pressure deficits (VPD) to determine the water stress of a particular plant or field.
The purpose of this article is to explain the methods for determining CWSI, the theorical (energy balance) method, the emprical (graphical) method and the applied method.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Crop Water Stress Index, infrared thermometry, irrigation scheduling

Kaynakça

• 1. Howell, T.A., Hatfield, J.L., Yamada, H., Davis, K.R., Evaluation of Cotton Canopy Temperature to Detect Crop Water Stress. Trans. ASAE, 27:84-88, 1984.
• 2. Reginato, R.J., Field Quantification of Crop Water Stress Trans. ASAE, 26: 772-775,781, 1983.
• 3. Hiler, E.A., Clark, R.N., Stress Day Index to Character¬ize Effects of Water Stress on Crop Yields. Trans. ASAE, 14 î 757-761, 1971.
• 4. Hiler, E.A., Howell, T.A., Lewis, R.B., Boos, R.F., Ir¬rigation Timing by the Stress Day Index Method. Trans. ASAE, 14:393-398, 1974.
• 5. Meron, M., Grimes, D.W., Phene, C.J., Davis, K.R., Pres¬sure Chamber Procedures for Leaf Water Potential Measure¬ments of Cotton. Irrig. Sci. 8:215-222, 1987.
• 6. Grimes, D.W., Yamada, H., Hughes, S.W., Climate-Normaized Cotton Leaf Water Potentials for Irrigation Scheduling. Agric. Water Manag., 12:293-304, 1987.
• 7. Khrler, W.L., Cotton Leaf Temperatures as Related to Soil Water Depletion and Meteorological Factors. Agron. J., 65: 404-409, 1973.
• 8. Ehrler, W.L., Idso, S.B., Jackson, R.D., Reginato, R.J., Diurnal Changes in Plant Water Potential and Canopy Temperature of Wheat as Affected by Drought. Agron. J., 70:999-1004, 1978.
• 9. Idso, S.B., Reginato, R.J., Jackson, R.D., Pinter, P.J., Jr., Measuring Yield-Reducing Plant Water Potential Depression in Wheat by Infrared Thermometry. Irrig. Sci., 2:205-212, 1981.
• 10. Jackson, R.D., Idso, S.B., Reginato, R.J., Pinter, P.J., Jr,, Canopy Temperature as a Crop Water Stress Indicator. Water Resour. Res. 17:1133-1138., 1981.
• 11. Idso, S.B., Reginato, R.J., Radin, J.W., Leaf Diffusion Resistance and Photosynthesis in Cotton as Related to a Foliage Temperature Based Plant Water Stress Index. Agric. Meteorol., 27S27-34, 1982,
• 12. Pinter, P.J., Jr., Reginato, R.J., A Thermal Infrared Technique for Monitoring Cotton Water Stress and Scheduling Irrigations. Trans. ASAE, 25:1651-1655, 1982.
• 13. Jackson, R.D., Canopy Temperature and Crop Water Stress, Advances in Irrigation, Vol. 1 (Ed. D, Hillel), Academic Press, New York, 43-85, 1982.
• 14. Idso, S.B., Jackson, R.D., Pinter, P.J., Jr., Reginato, R.J., Hatfield, J.L., Normalizing the Stress-Degree-Day Parameter for Environmental Variability. Agric.Meteorol., 24:45-55, 1981.
• 15. Idso, S.B., Non-Water-Stressed Baselines: A Key to Measuring and Interpreting Plant water Stress. Agric. Meteorol., 27:59-70, 1982.
• 16. Geiser, K.M., Slack, D.G., Allred, E.R., Stange, K.W., Irrigation Scheduling Using Crop Water Canopy-Air Temperature Difference. Trans. ASAE, 25:689-694, 1982.
• 17. Garrot, D.J., The User’s Guide to Understanding the Crop AG Multimeter Model 510B. Everest Interscience, Inc. Model 510B Infrared AG Multimeter Owner’s Manual, 1990.
• 18. Monteith, J.L., Priciples of Environmental Physics, Edward Arnold, London, 241 pp., 1973.
• 19. Jensen, M.E., Consumptive Use of Water and Irrigation Water Requirements, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 215 pp., 1974.
• 20. Howell, T.A., Jordan, W.R., Hiler, E.A., Evaporative Demand as a Plant Stress. Modification of Aerial Environment of Plants, Monogr. 2 (Ed. by B.J. Barfield and J.P. Gerber) 97-113, Amer. Soc. of Agric. Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich., 1979.
• 21. Howell, T.A,, Musick, J.T., Tolk, J.A., Canopy Tempera¬ture of Irrigated Winter Wheat. Trans. ASAE, 29 s 1692- 1698, 1706, 1986.
• 22. Idso, S.B., Stomatal Regulation of Evaporation from Well- Watered Plant Canopies: A New Synthesis. Agric. and For¬est Meteoro 1., 27: 213—217, 1983.
• 23. O’Toole, J.C., Real, J., Estimation of Aerodynamic and Crop Resistances from Canopy Temperature. Agron. J., 78: 303-310, 1986.
• 24. Hipps, L.E., Asrar, G., Kanemasu, E.T. , A Theoretically Based Normalization of Environmental Effects on Foliage Temperature. Agric. and Forest Meteorol.,35:113-122,1985.
• 25. O’Toole, J.C., Hatfield, J.L, Effect of Wind on the Crop Water Stress Index Derived by Infrared Thermometry, Agron, J., 75:811-817, 1983.
• 26. Idso, S.B., Reginato, R.J., Reciosky, D.C., Hatfield, J.L., Determining Soil-Induced Plant Water Potential Depressions in Alfalfa by means of Infrared Thermometry. Agron. J., 73:826-830, 1981.
• 27. Reginato, R.J., Field Quantification of Crop Water Stress Trans. ASAE, 26: 772-775, 781, 1983.