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Judith: The Figure of a Redemptive Woman in the Jewish Apocrypha

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 2, 25 - 44, 30.09.2025

Öz

Jewish holy scriptures, whether canonical or apocryphal, mention many heroines such as community leader, judge, prophetess, warrior and antagonist. One of these is Judith. According to the Book of Judith which is one of the Judaic apocryphal texts, when the Assyrians were occupying all around Jerusalem and posing a threat to Jerusalem, the Children of Israel gained a victory over them through Judith. Judith who came away her safety area influenced Holofernes the Assyrian commander with her charm and own words, and she went into her praetorium and achieved to behead him. After she brought the severed head to her town, Bethulia, and got soldiers hanged it, Judith called for that the people should arm and proceed against the Assyrian army. Thus, the army of Assyria has dispersed, and God has liberated the children of Israel from the captivity and Jerusalem from occupation “through the hands of a woman”. The basic aim of work in hand are to gain an apocryphal scripture to Turkish academy about Judith who is a leaderene in the Jewish history as well as to inspire the studies which will feature strong female characters in the Islamic history. Judith has been an inspiration to many artists and writers in the West throughout history both as a beautiful woman and as heroine who fought for the sake of her people. In the Turkish academic works, there is no study about Judith and the Book of Judith apart from Friedrich Hebbel’s tragedy inspired the Judith’s history. Therefore, Judith’s position in the Jewish history as a heroine and the apocryphal scripture which has written in her name make valuable this topic in the history of religions. In the work, Judith is evaluated not only a strong heroine saving her people from the army of Assyrian, but also a woman shaping to the Jewish woman perception.
In the study, social and religious norms the Semitic religions pushing to secondary and marginalizing women connection between a pioneering, intelligent and heroic woman like Judith being the subject of an apocryphal text is examined. For this reason, the Book of Judith was read descriptively and was interpreted with phenomenological and historical methods of the history of religions. In the work, it was analyzed in what environment did the character of Judith and was criticized how the Israel were saved under the leadership a woman despite the Jewish perspective marginalizing women. Moreover, the Book of Judith was analyzed in the context of historical hermeneutics. Accordingly, the problems was investigated like what period of Jewish history was the book written, main characters’ identity of the book such as Judith and Holofernes, and historicity of the Jews-Assyrians war. Furthermore, due to the murder she committed how Judith’s use of feminine temptation, the possibility of her becoming a Femme Fatale was discussed. Judith’s identity which on the one hand a heroine, on the other hand Femme Fatale is an important issue because of expressing the contradictory meaning about women in the Jewish tradition. Because, from Genesis-Torah, stories about women in many passages of the Hebrew Bible have an ambivalent phraseology in consequence of she is reason and source of sin as well as she is community builder as owner matrilineage, prophetess and heroine. Therefore, through characters like Judith, given message is that the Jewish woman is one of the basic elements of the Holy Scriptures, a lineage founder and Israel’s secret protector.

Kaynakça

  • Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane. “Costuming Judith in Italian Art of the Sixteenth Century”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 325-344. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Aydın, Mehmet. Ansiklopedik Dinler Sözlüğü. Konya: Damla Ofset A.Ş., 2005.
  • Bailey, Elizabeth. “Judith, Jael and Humilitas in the Speculum Virginum”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 275-290. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Bartholomew, Janet. “The Role of Judith in Margaret Fell’s Womens Speaking Justified”. The Sword of Judith, ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 259-274. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Bayer, Bathja. “Judith İn The Art,” Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum. 11/567-569. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007.
  • Bernardini, Paolo. “Judith in the Italian Unification Process. 1800-1900”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 397-410. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Brenner-Idan, Athalya. “Clocthing Seduces: Did You Think İt Was Naked Flesh That Did İt”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble. ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 212-225. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Brine, Kevin R. “The Judith Project”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 3-21, Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Brison, Ora. “Judith: A Pıous Widow Turned Femme Fatale?”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble. ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 175-199. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Ciletti, Elena. “Judith Imagery as Catholic Orthodoxy in Counter-Reformation Italy”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 345-370. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Crum, Roger J. “Judith Between The Private And Public Realms İn Renaissance Florence”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 291-306. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Çınar, Aynur. “Yahudilik’te Kutsal Ruh’un Yansımalarından Biri Olarak Tanrı Sesi Kôl”. Tarihten Günümüze Yahudilik. ed. Abdullah Altuncu. 223-250. Ankara: İlahiyat Yayınları, 2022.
  • Duby, Georges. Erkek Orta Çağ. çev. Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınevi, 1991.
  • Efthimiadis-Keith, Helen. “Food and Death: An Outobıographic Perspective On Tobit Accordıng To One Woman’s Bınge Eating Disorder”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble. ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 98-113. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Efthimiadis-Keith, Helen. “Judith, Feminist Ethics And Feminist Bıblıcal/Hebrew Bible Interperation”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble. ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 141-163. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • England, Emma. “Violent Superwomen: Süper Heroes or Süper Villains Judith Wonder Woman And Leynndıe England”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble, ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan - Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 242-258. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Flusser, David. “Jerome”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum. 11/142-143. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007.
  • Gera, Deborah Levine. “Shorter Medieval Hebrew Tales of Judith”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 81-96. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Gera, Deborah Levine. “The Jewish Textual Traditions”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 23-40. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Glancy, Jennifer A. “Judith The Slaveholder”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble, ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, 200-211. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Goldstein, Jonathan A. (çev) 1.Maccabees. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1976.
  • Grintz, Yehoshua M. “Book of Judith”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum. 11/566-567. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd. 2007.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik. İstanbul: İsam yayınları, 2018.
  • Hebbel, Friedrich. Judith. çev. Ahmet Fırat, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2019.
  • Henten, Jan Willem Van. “Words And Deeds: Seduction And Power İn Judith And Death Proof”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble, ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 226-242. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Herr, Moshe David. “Hanukkah”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum. 8/331-333. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd. 2007.
  • Hicks, E. L. “Judith and Holofernes”. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 6 (1885). 261-274. https://www.jstor.org/stable/623401
  • Jung, Carl Gustav. Dört Arketip, çev. Zehra Aksu Yılmazer. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2005.
  • Jung, Carl G. İnsan ve Sembolleri. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayıncılık, 2015.
  • Kitabı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 3. Basım, 2003.
  • Lahnemann, Henrike, “The Cunning of Judith in Late Medieval German Texts”, The Sword of Judith, ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 239-258. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Llewellyn, Kathleen M. “The Example of Judith in Early Modern French Literature”. The Sword of Judith, ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 213-226. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Levine, Amy Jill. “Redrawing The Boundaries: A New Look At Diaspora As Metaphor Bodies And Bounderies İn The Book Of Tobit”. And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble. ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan - Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, Tobit. 2-22. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Lucas, Peter J. “Judith and the Woman Hero”. The Yearbook of English Studies. 22/Medieval Narrative Special Number (1992). 17-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i284488
  • Mcham, Sarah Blake. “Donatello’s Judith as the Emblem of God’s Chosen People”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 307-326. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Marsh, David. “Judith in Baroque Oratorio”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 385-396. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Mastrangelo, Marc. “Typology and Agency in Prudentius’s Treatment of the Judith Story”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 153-168. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Milne, Pamela J. “What Shall We Do With Judith: A Feminist Assesment Of A Biblical Heroıne”, Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble, ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, 117-136. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Pasler, Jann. “Politics Biblical Debates And French Dramatic Music On Judith After 1870”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 431-452. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Ploeg, J.P.M. Van Der. (çev) Book of Judith. India: St. Joseph’s Press, 1991.
  • Rothkoff, Aaron. “Judah”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum. 11/475-478. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd. 2007.
  • Schmitz, Barbara. “Holofernes’s Canopy in the Septuagint”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 71-80. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Schmitz, Barbara. “The Function Of The Speeches And Prayers in Judith”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble, ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 164-174. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Stern, Ephraim-S. David Sperling, “Miriam”, Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum, 14/311. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd. 2007.
  • Tischler, Nancy M. All Things in the Bible An Encyclopedia of the Biblical World. 1. London: Greenwood Press, 2006.
  • Ulutürk, Muammer. “Kuşatma Altındaki Kudüs: Yahudi Tarihçi Josephus’un Gözünden Yahudi-Roma Savaşı (MS 66-73)”. Diyanet İlmî Dergi 60/4 (2024). 1365-1390.
  • Weingarten, Susan. “Food Sex and Redemption in Megillat Yehudit (the Scroll of Judith)”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 97-126. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • İnternet Kaynakları Sefaria. Erişim 25 Nisan 2025. https://www.sefaria.org/texts

Judith: Yahudi Apokrifasında Kurtarıcı Bir Kadın Figürü

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 2, 25 - 44, 30.09.2025

Öz

Yahudi Kutsal metinlerinde topluma liderlik eden, hakîm, peygamber, savaşçı, yargıç, vb. birçok kadın figürden bahsedilir. Bu kadınlardan biri de Judith’tir. Yahudi apokrif metinlerden biri olan Judith Kitabı’na göre, Asur ordularının Kudüs ve çevresindeki her yeri işgal edip Kudüs için tehdit oluşturdukları bir dönemde İbrani halkı, kendilerine liderlik eden Judith aracılığıyla Asurlara karşı zafer kazanmıştır. Evinin güvenli alanından çıkan Judith, güzelliği ve etkili konuşmasıyla Asur komutanı Holofernes’i etkilemiş ve onun çadırına girerek kafasını kesmeyi başarmıştır. Ardından kestiği kafayı kendi şehri Bethulia’ya getirip kale burcundaki mazgallı siperlere astıran Judith, İbrani halkından silahlanıp Asurlular üzerine yürümelerini istemiştir. Judit’hin yaptıkları sayesinde İnraniler Asur ordusunun dağılmasını sağlamıştır. Tanrı “bir kadının eliyle” Yahudi halkını esaretten, Kudüs’ü de işgalden kurtarmış, İbranileri zafere ulaştırmıştır.
Elinizdeki çalışmanın temel hedefi, hem Judith gibi Yahudi tarihindeki cesur, bilge, lider ve öncü bir kadın karakter olan Judith’e dair apokrif bir eseri Türk akademisine kazandırmak hem de İslam’da benzeri kadın karakterleri ön plana çıkaracak çalışmalara ilham vermektir. Judith, gerek bir kadın olarak güzelliği gerekse kadın bir kahraman olarak kendi halkı için yaptıklarıyla tarih boyunca Batı’daki birçok sanatçı (ressam, heykeltraş, şair vb.) ve yazara ilham olmuştur. Türkiye’de yapılan çalışmalarda ise Alman edebiyatçı Friedrich Hebbel’in Judith Kitabı’ndan esinlenerek yazdığı trajedisi dışında Judith Kitabı hakkında herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu sebeple kadın bir kahraman olarak Judith’in Yahudi tarihindeki yeri ve onun adına yazılan apokrif metin, mezkur konuyu Dinler Tarihi açısından değerli hale getirmektedir. Bu sebeple Judith, bu çalışmada sadece halkını Asurlardan kurtaran güçlü bir kahraman profili olarak değil, aynı zamanda Yahudiliğin kadın algısını şekillendiren bir kadın olarak da değerlendirilmiştir. Makalede semitik dinlerin ataerkil bakış açısıyla kadını ikincil bir varlık ve öteki konuma iten dini ve toplumsal kabulleri ile Judith gibi bilge, akıllı, öncü ve kahraman bir kadının apokrif bir metne konu olması arasındaki bağlantı değerlendirilmiştir. Bu sebeple Judith metni öncelikle deskriptif bir okumaya tabi tutularak Dinler Tarihi’nin tarihsel, fenomenolojik yöntemleriyle kendi dini önemi bağlamında açıklanmıştır.
Çalışmada Judith karakterinin nasıl bir ortamda ortaya çıktığı tahlil edilmiş ve kadını toplumda ikincil bir varlık olmaya iten Yahudi bakış açısına rağmen bu halkın en çaresiz olduğu bir dönemde yine bir kadının önderliğinde nasıl kurtulduğu eleştirilmiştir. Diğer yandan Judith Kitabı tarihsel hermenötik bağlamında da incelemeye tabi tutulmuş ve bu kitabın Yahudi tarihinin hangi döneminde yazıldığı, Judith ve Holofernes gibi baş karakterlerin kimlik özellikleri, Yahudilerin Asurlularla yaptığı savaşın tarihselliği gibi meseleler de ele alınıp irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca Yahudi tarihinde bir kahraman olarak değerlendirilen Judith’in dişil kışkırtıcılığı kullanarak icra ettiği cinayet sebebiyle, onun edebi bir Femme Fatale olma ihtimali değerlendirilmiştir. Judith’in bir yandan halkını kurtaran bir kahraman diğer yandan da Femme Fatale kişiliği, Yahudi dini geleneğinde kadına yüklenen bazen pozitif bazen negatif olan çelişkili anlamı ifade ettiğinden kanaatimizce açıklanması gereken bir meseledir. Çünkü Yaratılış kitabından itibaren Tanah’ın pek çok yerinde kadın, bir yandan günahın müsebbibi olarak Âdem’i kışkırtan Havva diğer yandan Yahudi halkına ana-ata, savaşçı, peygamber, yargıç, kahraman gibi toplum lideri olan ikircikli bir doğaya sahiptir. Güçlü bir savaşçı olan Asur komutanı Holofernes’in kafasını kesen Judith gibi karakterler vasıtasıyla Yahudilik’te kadının adeta kutsal metnin temel unsuru, soyun kurucusu ve İsrâil’in gizli koruyucusu olduğu mesajı verilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane. “Costuming Judith in Italian Art of the Sixteenth Century”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 325-344. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Aydın, Mehmet. Ansiklopedik Dinler Sözlüğü. Konya: Damla Ofset A.Ş., 2005.
  • Bailey, Elizabeth. “Judith, Jael and Humilitas in the Speculum Virginum”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 275-290. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Bartholomew, Janet. “The Role of Judith in Margaret Fell’s Womens Speaking Justified”. The Sword of Judith, ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 259-274. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Bayer, Bathja. “Judith İn The Art,” Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum. 11/567-569. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007.
  • Bernardini, Paolo. “Judith in the Italian Unification Process. 1800-1900”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 397-410. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Brenner-Idan, Athalya. “Clocthing Seduces: Did You Think İt Was Naked Flesh That Did İt”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble. ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 212-225. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Brine, Kevin R. “The Judith Project”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 3-21, Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Brison, Ora. “Judith: A Pıous Widow Turned Femme Fatale?”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble. ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 175-199. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Ciletti, Elena. “Judith Imagery as Catholic Orthodoxy in Counter-Reformation Italy”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 345-370. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Crum, Roger J. “Judith Between The Private And Public Realms İn Renaissance Florence”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 291-306. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Çınar, Aynur. “Yahudilik’te Kutsal Ruh’un Yansımalarından Biri Olarak Tanrı Sesi Kôl”. Tarihten Günümüze Yahudilik. ed. Abdullah Altuncu. 223-250. Ankara: İlahiyat Yayınları, 2022.
  • Duby, Georges. Erkek Orta Çağ. çev. Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınevi, 1991.
  • Efthimiadis-Keith, Helen. “Food and Death: An Outobıographic Perspective On Tobit Accordıng To One Woman’s Bınge Eating Disorder”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble. ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 98-113. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Efthimiadis-Keith, Helen. “Judith, Feminist Ethics And Feminist Bıblıcal/Hebrew Bible Interperation”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble. ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 141-163. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • England, Emma. “Violent Superwomen: Süper Heroes or Süper Villains Judith Wonder Woman And Leynndıe England”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble, ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan - Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 242-258. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Flusser, David. “Jerome”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum. 11/142-143. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 2007.
  • Gera, Deborah Levine. “Shorter Medieval Hebrew Tales of Judith”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 81-96. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Gera, Deborah Levine. “The Jewish Textual Traditions”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 23-40. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Glancy, Jennifer A. “Judith The Slaveholder”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble, ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, 200-211. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Goldstein, Jonathan A. (çev) 1.Maccabees. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1976.
  • Grintz, Yehoshua M. “Book of Judith”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum. 11/566-567. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd. 2007.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik. İstanbul: İsam yayınları, 2018.
  • Hebbel, Friedrich. Judith. çev. Ahmet Fırat, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2019.
  • Henten, Jan Willem Van. “Words And Deeds: Seduction And Power İn Judith And Death Proof”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble, ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 226-242. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Herr, Moshe David. “Hanukkah”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum. 8/331-333. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd. 2007.
  • Hicks, E. L. “Judith and Holofernes”. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 6 (1885). 261-274. https://www.jstor.org/stable/623401
  • Jung, Carl Gustav. Dört Arketip, çev. Zehra Aksu Yılmazer. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2005.
  • Jung, Carl G. İnsan ve Sembolleri. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayıncılık, 2015.
  • Kitabı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 3. Basım, 2003.
  • Lahnemann, Henrike, “The Cunning of Judith in Late Medieval German Texts”, The Sword of Judith, ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 239-258. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Llewellyn, Kathleen M. “The Example of Judith in Early Modern French Literature”. The Sword of Judith, ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 213-226. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Levine, Amy Jill. “Redrawing The Boundaries: A New Look At Diaspora As Metaphor Bodies And Bounderies İn The Book Of Tobit”. And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble. ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan - Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, Tobit. 2-22. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Lucas, Peter J. “Judith and the Woman Hero”. The Yearbook of English Studies. 22/Medieval Narrative Special Number (1992). 17-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i284488
  • Mcham, Sarah Blake. “Donatello’s Judith as the Emblem of God’s Chosen People”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 307-326. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Marsh, David. “Judith in Baroque Oratorio”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 385-396. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Mastrangelo, Marc. “Typology and Agency in Prudentius’s Treatment of the Judith Story”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 153-168. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Milne, Pamela J. “What Shall We Do With Judith: A Feminist Assesment Of A Biblical Heroıne”, Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble, ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, 117-136. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Pasler, Jann. “Politics Biblical Debates And French Dramatic Music On Judith After 1870”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 431-452. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Ploeg, J.P.M. Van Der. (çev) Book of Judith. India: St. Joseph’s Press, 1991.
  • Rothkoff, Aaron. “Judah”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum. 11/475-478. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd. 2007.
  • Schmitz, Barbara. “Holofernes’s Canopy in the Septuagint”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 71-80. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • Schmitz, Barbara. “The Function Of The Speeches And Prayers in Judith”. Tobit And Judith The Feminist Companion To The Bıble, ed. Athalya Brenner-Idan-Helen Efthimiadis-Keith. 164-174. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
  • Stern, Ephraim-S. David Sperling, “Miriam”, Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. F. Skolnik-M. Berenbaum, 14/311. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd. 2007.
  • Tischler, Nancy M. All Things in the Bible An Encyclopedia of the Biblical World. 1. London: Greenwood Press, 2006.
  • Ulutürk, Muammer. “Kuşatma Altındaki Kudüs: Yahudi Tarihçi Josephus’un Gözünden Yahudi-Roma Savaşı (MS 66-73)”. Diyanet İlmî Dergi 60/4 (2024). 1365-1390.
  • Weingarten, Susan. “Food Sex and Redemption in Megillat Yehudit (the Scroll of Judith)”. The Sword of Judith. ed. Kevin R. Brine vd. 97-126. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010.
  • İnternet Kaynakları Sefaria. Erişim 25 Nisan 2025. https://www.sefaria.org/texts
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dinler Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Zeynep Yiğit 0009-0009-4434-1046

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 26 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Yiğit, Zeynep. “Judith: Yahudi Apokrifasında Kurtarıcı Bir Kadın Figürü”. Akdeniz İlahiyat Dergisi 2 (Eylül2025), 25-44.