EVALUATION ON THE DEMOCRATIC APPEARANCE OF GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS

Öz

The issue of government systems proceeds through some complex concepts and institutions. The most important of these concepts and set of institutions are the separation of powers and the value of democracy. We believe that the parliamentary government system is more effective in terms of separation of powers and democracy. In this study, after the conceptual and institutional features of the presidential system and the parliamentary system were revealed, the delegation features were tried to be determined in terms of democracy value. In this direction, we first tried to examine the separation of powers and its effects on the government system. Secondly, after briefly presenting the conceptual and institutional sequences of the presidential, hyper-presidential system, we examined its relationship with the current government system in Turkey. Essentially, we have contented ourselves with making a conceptual association rather than examining the features of the current government system in Turkey in detail. Finally, we tried to emphasize that the parliamentary system is more attractive in terms of separation of powers and democracy, and that our country should return to this system as an off-path solution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Seperation of Powers
• Government Systems
• Democracy Value
• Hyper-Presidential System
• Parliamentary System

HÜKÜMET SİSTEMLERİNİN DEMOKRATİKLİK GÖRÜNÜMÜ ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Hükümet sistemleri meselesi karmaşık kimi kavram ve kurumlar üzerinden ilerlemektedir. Bu kavram ve kurumlar dizisinden en önemlileri erkler ayrılığı ve demokratiklik değerdir. Erkler ayrılığı ve demokratiklik değer bakımından parlamenter hükümet sisteminin daha etkin olduğu kanaatindeyiz. Bu çalışmada, başkanlık sistemi ve parlamenter sistemin kavramsal ve kurumsal özellikleri ortaya konulduktan sonra demokratiklik değer bakımından delegasyon özellikleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda öncelikle erkler ayrılığı ve hükümet sistemine etkilerini incelemeye çalıştık. İkinci olarak başkanlık, hiper-başkanlık sistemi kavramsal ve kurumsal dizilerini kısaca ortaya koyduktan sonra Türkiye’deki cari hükümet sistemiyle ilişkisini irdeledik. Esasen burada Türkiye’deki mevcut hükümet sisteminin özelliklerini detaylı incelemekten ziyade kavramsal bir ilişkilendirme yapmakla yetindik. Son olarak ise erkler ayrılığı ve demokratiklik değer bakımından parlamenter sistemin daha cazip olduğunu, ülkemizin de sistem dışı (off-path) bir çözüm olarak bu sisteme dönmesinin gerekliliğini vurgulamaya çalıştık.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Erkler Ayrılığı
• Hükümet Sistemleri
• Demokratiklik Değer
• Hiper-Başkanlık Sistemi
• Parlamenter Sistem

Kaynakça

1. Adler, John. Constitutional and Administrative Law. London: Macmillan, 1999.
2. Albert, Richard. “Presidential Values in Parliamentary Democracies.”, I-CON 8, (2010): 207-236.
3. Barber, N. W.. “The Seperation of Powers and the British Constitution.”, University of Oxford Legal Research Paper Series 3, S.03 (2012): 1-18.
4. Barendt, Eric. “Seperation of Powers and Constitutional Governmet.”, Publix Law, (1995): 599-619.
5. Barker, Scott. “An Overview of Presidential Impeachment.”, Colorado Lawyer, (August- September 2018): 30-36.
6. Beetham, David. Parliament and Democracy in the Twenty-First Century. Switzerland: Inter-Parliamentary Uninon, 2007.
7. Bellamy, Richard. “The Political Form of the Constitution: the Seperation of Powers, Rights and Representative Democracy.”, Political Studies XLIV, (1996): 436-456.
8. Boyunsuz, Şule. Dünyada Başkanlık Sistemleri. Ankara: İmge Yayınları, 2017.

9. Boyunsuz, Şule Özsoy. “Türkiye’nin İçinde Bulunduğu Sistem Gerçek Bir Başkanlık Sistemi Değil.” Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 8, 2024, https://daktilo1984.com/roportajlar/sule-ozsoyboyunsuz- turkiyenin-icinde-bulundugu-sistem-gercek-bir-baskanlik-sistemi-degil/.
10. Brownlee, Jason. “Potents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions.”, American Journal of Political Science 53, S.3 (2009): 515-532.
11. Burns, Arnold I. ve Stephen J. Markman. “Understanding Seperation of Powers.”, Pace Law Review 7, S.3 (1987): 575-607.
12. Casper, Gerhard. “An Essay in Seperation of Powers: Some Erarly Versions and Practices.”, William and Mary Law Review 30, (1989): 211-261.
13. Jose Antonio Cheibub ve Fernando Limongi, “Democratic Institutions and Regime Survival: Parliamentary and Presidential Democracies Reconsidered”, Annual Review of Political Science, (2002): 1-32.
14. Cheibub, Jose Antonio. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
15. Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Elkins, Zachary ve Ginsburg, Tom, “Latin American Presidentialism in Comparative and Historical Perspective.”, Texas Law Review 89, (2011): 73-98.
16. Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Elkins, Zachary ve Ginsburg, Tom. “Still the Land of Presidenatialism? Executives and the Latin American Constitution”, in Detlef Nolte ve Almut Schilling-Vacaflor, editör. New Constitutionalism in Latin America: Promises and Practices. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
17. Coghill, Ken and Others. “The Functions of Parlaiment: Reality Challenges Tradition.”, Australasian Parliamentary Review 27, S.2 (2012): 55-70.
18. Çelik, İrfan. “Kuvvetler Ayrılığı: Bir İndirgeme ve Dönüşüm.”, Liberal Düşünce Dergisi 16, S.64 (2011): 135-159.
19. Çelik Ulusoy, Demet. “Measuring the Presidential Powers: New Governmental Design in Turkey.”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 70, S.3 (2021): 1013-1105.
20. Doğmuş, Simay. “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin X-Türkiye Kararı Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme.”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20, S.1 (2018): 351-396.
21. Epstein, David ve Sharyn O’Halloran. “The Nondelegation Doctrine and the Seperation of Powers: A Political Science Approach.”, Cardozo Law Review 20, (1999): 947-987.
22. Ferro, Hector Fix ve Salazar-Urgate, Pedro. “Presidentialism”, in Michel Rosenfeld ve Andras Sajo, editör. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
23. Gardbaum, Stephen. “The New Commonwealth Model of Constitutionalism.”, The American Journal of Comparative Law 49, (2001): 707-760.
24. Gören, Zafer. “Erkler Ayrılığı İlkesi ve 2017 Anayasa Değişikliği ile Benimsenen Hükümet Sistemi.”, İzmir Barosu Dergisi, (Eylül 2019): 469-489.
25. Gözler, Kemal. “Elveda Kuvvetler Ayrılığı, Elveda Anayasa.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 11, 2023, https://www.anayasa.gen.tr/elveda-anayasa-v2.pdf.
26. Hernandez-Mirabal, Ivo. Legislative Control over the Executive in Latin American Presidential System. Tübingen: Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Sozialwissenschaften in der Fakultät für Sozial- und Verhaltenswissenschaften der Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Januar 2004.
27. Horn, Hans-Detlef. “Demokrasi”, Çev. Hüseyin Yıldız, in Otto Depenheuer ve Christoph Grabenwarter, editör. Anayasa Teorisi. İstanbul: Lale Yayıncılık, 2014.
28. Pasi Ihalainen, Cornelia Llie ve Kari Palonen, “Parliament as a Conceptual Nexus”, in Pasi Ihalainen, Cornelia Llie ve Kari Palonen, editör. Parliament and Parliamentarism. New York: Berghahn, 2016.
29. Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin. “The Challenge of Presidentialism à la Turca in Turkey.”, Istanbul Policy Center Commentary, (November 2014): 1-4.
30. Kama, Sezen. “Parlamenter Hükümet Sistemi Olarak ‘Westminster Modeli’ Britanya Örneği Üzerine Bir Deneme.”, MÜHFHAD C. 22, S.2 (2016): 161-201.
31. Karaman, Ebru. “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesinin Kararlarının Yerine Getirilmemesinden Doğan Sorumluluk.”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası LXXII, S.1 (2014): 411-434.
32. Korkut, Levent. “Ergun Özbudun’la Hükümet Sistemleri Üzerine Söyleşi.”, Demokrasi Platformu 9, S.33 (2013): 1-12.
33. Landau, David. “Abusive Constitutionalism.”, University of California Davis 47, (2013): 189-260.
34. Larkins, Christopher. “The Judiciary and Delegative Democracy in Argentina.”, Comparative Politics 30, S.4 (1998): 423-442.
35. Leston, Cristina. Parliamentary Institutions: Basic Concepts. Vietnam: United Nations Development Programme Project, 2007.
36. Levitsky, Steven ve Way, Lucan A.. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
37. Lijhpart, Arend. Patterns of Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
38. Linz, Juan J.. “Democracy: Presidential or Parliamentary Does It Make Difference?.”, Yale University, (July 1985): 1-19.
39. Linz, Juan J.. “The Perils of Presidentialism.”, Journal of Democracy 1, S.1 (1990): 51- 69.
40. Linz, Juan J.. “The Virtues of Parliamentarism.”, Journal of Democracy 1, S.4 (1990): 84-91.
41. Linz, Juan J. ve Stepan, Alfred. Problems of Demcoratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
42. Lowell, A. Lawrence. Governments and Parties in Continental Europe. London: Longmans Green, and Co., 1896.
43. Mainwaring, Scott ve Shugart, Matthew S.. “Juan Linz, Presidenatialism, and democracy: Critical Apprasial.”, Comparative Politics 29, S.4 (1997): 449-471.
44. Mariana, Llanos ve Nolte, Detlef. “The Many Faces of Latin American Presidenatialism.”, Latin America, S.1 (2016): 1-12.
45. Martinez, Christopher A. ve Dockendorff, Andres. “Hyper-Presidentialism under Question: Evidence from Chile”, in Mariana Llanos ve Leiv Marsteintredet, editör, Latin America in Times of Turbuluence. Melbourne: Routledge, 2023.
46. Müller, Wolfang, Torbjörn Bergman ve Kaare Storm, “Parliamentary Democracy: Promise and Problems”, in Wolfang C. Müller, Torbjörn Bergman ve Kaare Strom, editör. Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies. Oxford ve New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
47. Norton, Philip. The Commons in Perspective. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981.
48. O’Donnell, Guillermo. “Delegative Democracy.”, Journal of Democracy 5, S.1 (1994): 59-69.
49. Özbudun, Ergun. “Başkanlık Sistemi ve Türkiye.”, Liberal Perspektif Analiz, S.1 (2015): 1-18.
50. Özkan Duvan, Ayşe. “Devlet Teorisinde Kuvvetler Ayrılığının Doğuşu: Locke ve Montesquieu.”, YBHD 4, S.1, (2019): 35-60.
51. Pollard, A. F.. The Evolution of Parliament, Institute of Historical Research. Second Edition, 1926.
52. Posner, Richard A.. “The Constitution as an Economic Document.”, George Wahsington Law Review 56, (1987): 4-38.
53. Rose-Ackerman, Susan, Desireto, Diane A. ve Volosin, Natalia, “Hyper-Presidentialism: Seperation of Powers without Chceks and Balances in Argentina and the Philippines.”, Berkeley Journal of International Law 29, S.1 (2011): 246-333.
54. Rose-Ackerman, Susan ve Melgar, Edgar Andres. “Hyper-Presidenatial Administration: Executive Policymaking in Latin America.”, Arizona Law Review 54, (2022): 246-333.
55. Salihpaşaoğlu, Yaşar. “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi ve Türkiye: Bazı Rakamlar ve Gerçekler.”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi XIII, S.1-2 (2009): 253-281.
56. Samuels, David J. ve Shugart, Matthew S.. Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
57. Sartori, Giovanni. “Constitutionalism: A Preliminiary Discussion.”, The American Political Sicence Review 56, S.4 (1962): 853-864.
58. Sartori, Giovanni. Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes. London: Macmillan Press, 1994.
59. Shugart, Matthew Soberg ve Mainwaring, Scott. “Democracy in Latin America: Rethinking the Terms of the Debate”, in Scott Mainwaring ve Matthew Soberg Shugart, editör. Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
60. Tsebelis, George. “Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism.”, British Journal of Political Science 25, S.3 (1995): 289-325.
61. Turhan, Mehmet. “Stabilization of the Parliamentary System in Turkey.”, Dicle University Journal of Law Faculty 1, S.1 (1983): 133-149.
62. Verney, Douglas V.. The Analysis of Political System. Glencoe: The Free Press, 1959. Yamamoto, Hironori. Tools for Parliamentary Oversight. Switzerland: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2007.
63. Waldron, Jeremy. “Seperation of Powers in Thought and Practice.”, Boston College Law Review 54, S.2 (2013): 433-468.
64. Whitehead, Laurence. “Varieties of Presidentialism, and the Quality of Democracy.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 10, 2023, https://archivos.juridicas.unam.mx/www/bjv/libros/ 6/2748/28.pdf.