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BLOKZİNCİR TABANLI SÖZLEŞMELERİN FİKRÎ MÜLKİYET HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ: DÖNÜŞÜM VE ÖNERİLER

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 649 - 668, 15.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.54704/akdhfd.1675422

Öz

Bilişim teknolojilerinde ortaya çıkan yeni gelişmeler, ekonomik, ticari, sosyal, kültürel alanlarda olduğu gibi hukuk alanıyla da ilgili etki ve sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Hukuk alanıyla doğrudan bağlantılı olan blokzinciri teknolojilerinin kullanılmaya başlanmasıyla sözleşmeler hukukuna yeni teknolojilerin yansıması yeni boyutları düşünmeyi gerekli kılmaktadır. Özellikle blokzinciri gibi dağıtık yapılı teknolojilerin hukuki işlemlere entegre edilmesi, klasik sözleşme teorisinin yeniden değerlendirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Akıllı sözleşmeler; irade beyanı, sözleşme özgürlüğü ve yargı denetimi gibi temel hukuki ilkelerle doğrudan etkileşim hâlindedir. Bu durum, yalnızca teknik değil, aynı zamanda normatif ve kavramsal düzeyde de yeni sorular ve çözüm arayışlarını gündeme getirmektedir. Dolayısıyla hukuk, dijital çağın gerçeklikleriyle uyumlu, çok disiplinli bir yaklaşımla yeniden şekillenmek zorundadır.
Bu çalışma, bu teknolojilerin sunduğu bir yenilik olan “akıllı sözleşmeler” ile fikrî mülkiyet hukukunun entegrasyonunu değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Telif hakları, patentler ve marka lisanslama süreçlerinde otomasyon, şeffaflık ve güvenli veri kaydı sağlayan bu yeni nesil sözleşmelerin potansiyel faydaları ve beraberinde getirdiği hukuki riskler incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, niteliksel yöntemle oluşturulan literatür taraması ve normatif analiz çerçevesinde, sözleşme hukukundaki irade beyanı, esneklik ve yargı denetimi gibi ilkelerle akıllı sözleşmelerin çatışma potansiyeli değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, lüks ürünler, ilaç sektörü ve dijital içerik dağıtımı gibi uygulama alanları üzerinden blokzinciri tabanlı hak takibinin somut etkileri tartışılmıştır. Çalışma, yalnızca Türkiye’de değil, küresel düzeyde de dijitalleşen hukuk sistemlerinin karşılaştığı ortak sorunları anlamaya çalışarak karşılaştırmalı bir hukuk perspektifi sunmaktadır. Böylece, fikrî mülkiyet korumasının dijital çağda yeniden nasıl inşa edilebileceğine dair güçlük ve önerilere dikkat çekilmiştir. Ayrıca, hukuki güvenlik, taraf iradesi ve sözleşme özgürlüğü ilkeleri bağlamında, akıllı sözleşmelerin dönüşüm potansiyeli eleştirel bir bakışla yeniden yorumlanmaktadır. Son olarak, yasal standart eksikliği, yorumlanamazlık ve geri alınamazlık gibi teknik zorluklara karşı çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma hem akademik literatüre katkı sunmak hem de dijital dönüşüm sürecindeki hukuk sistemine yönelik bir uyum perspektifi geliştirme amacını taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akıncı, Şahin. Borçlar Hukuku Bilgisi (Genel Hükümler). 14. baskı. Ankara: Sayram Yayınları, 2022.
  • Akıncı, Şahin. “Covid-19’un Borç İlişkilerine ve Bazı Borçlar Hukuku Sözleşmelerine Etkisi.” İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Covid-19 Hukuk Özel Sayısı 19, no. 38 (Yaz 2020/2): 67.
  • Alay, H. Koray, ve M. Talin Deveciyan. “Sürdürülebilir Rekabetçi Avantaj Kaynakları: Blok Zincir Teknolojisi ve Yenilenebilir Enerji.” Toplum ve Doğa İçin Blokzinciri Sempozyumu, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2022, 5-17.
  • Atzori, Marcella. 2015. “Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?” Journal of Governance and Regulation 6 (1): 45-62.
  • Antonopoulos, Andreas M., and Gavin Wood. 2018. Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media. https://github.com/ ethereumbook/ethereumbook.
  • Badur, Emel, ve Gülmelahat Doğan. “Fikri Haklar Açısından Araştırma Geliştirme Sözleşmeleri.” Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 26, no. 3 (2022): 79-115.
  • Barfield, Woodrow H. 2021. Advanced Introduction to Law and Artificial Intelligence. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Bhargavan, Karthikeyan, Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, Cédric Fournet, Georges Gonthier, Markulf Kohlweiss, and Santiago Zanella-Beguelin. 2016. “Formal Verification of Smart Contracts.” In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 19-22. New York: ACM.
  • Bonnet, Stephanie, and Frank Teuteberg. 2025. “Blockchain and NFTs in IP Management: Expert Insights on Benefits, Challenges, and Future Prospects.” International Journal of Blockchain Applications and Secure Computing 3 (1): 1-10. https://www. igi-global.com/viewtitle.aspx?titleid=369334.
  • Buterin, Vitalik. 2014. Ethereum White Paper: A Next Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform. https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/.
  • Küçükali, Canan. “Telif Koruması Anlamında (Takas Edilemez Jeton) NFT’ler.” In Uluslararası Bilişim ve Teknoloji Hukuku Sempozyumu Tebliğler Kitabı, 564. Ankara: Adalet Yayınları, 2021.
  • Casey, Michael J., and Paul Vigna. 2018. The Truth Machine: The Blockchain and the Future of Everything. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Clack, Christopher D., Vikram A. Bakshi, and Lee Braine. 2016. “Smart Contract Templates: Essential Requirements and Design Options.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.00771.
  • Cong, Lin William, and Zhiguo He. 2018. “Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts.” SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2985764.
  • Çağlayan Aksoy, Pınar. Akıllı Sözleşmelerin Kuruluşu ve Geçerlilik Şartları. 2. baskı. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2021.
  • De Filippi, Primavera, and Samer Hassan. 2016. “Blockchain Technology as a Regulatory Technology: From ‘Code is Law’ to ‘Law is Code’”. First Monday 21 (12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i12.7113.
  • Depoorter, Ben. 2009. “Technology and Uncertainty: The Shaping Effect on Copyright Law.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 157 (6): 1831-1868.
  • Eren, Fikret. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler. İstanbul: Yetkin Yayınları, 2022.
  • Finck, Michèle. 2019. Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Guadamuz, Andres. 2021. “Smart Contracts and Intellectual Property: Challenges and Reality.” SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 3911121. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3911121.
  • Hughes, Justin. 2017. “The Blockchain and the Future of Copyright.” Intellectual Property Watch. https://www.ip-watch.org/2017/12/11/blockchain-future-copyright/.
  • Kaal, Wulf A., and Craig Calcaterra. 2018. “Crypto Transaction Dispute Resolution.” The Business Lawyer (Forthcoming). SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2992962.
  • Lemieux, Victoria L. 2016. “Trusting Records: Is Blockchain Technology the Answer?” Records Management Journal 26 (2): 110-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-12- 2015-0042.
  • Lessig, Lawrence. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
  • Mik, Eliza. 2017. “Smart Contracts: Terminology, Technical Limitations, and Legal Implications.” Law, Innovation and Technology 9 (2): 269-300.
  • OECD. Recommendation of the Council on Blockchain and Other Distributed Ledger Technologies. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2022. https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/ instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0470.
  • Raskin, Max. 2017. “The Law and Legality of Smart Contracts.” Georgetown Law Technology Review 1: 305-341.
  • Regner, Ferdinand, Julian Urbach, and Alexander R. Schweizer. 2021. “NFTs in Practice - Non-Fungible Tokens as Core Component of a Blockchain-Based Event Ticketing Application.” In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/ 10125/71029/1/0593.pdf.
  • Savelyev, Alexander. 2018. “Copyright in the Blockchain Era: Promises and Challenges.” Computer Law & Security Review 34 (3): 550-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. clsr.2017.11.008.
  • Surden, Harry. 2012. “Computable Contracts.” UC Davis Law Review 46 (2): 629-699. https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/faculty-articles/148.
  • Swan, Melanie. 2015. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media.
  • Szabo, Nick. 1996. “Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets.” Extropy 16. http://szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html.
  • Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. 2016. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World. New York: Penguin.
  • Usta, Ahmet, and Serkan Doğantekin. 2017. Blockchain 101 (v2). İstanbul: Koin Bülteni Yayınları.
  • Werbach, Kevin. 2018. The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Werbach, Kevin, and Nicolas Cornell. 2017. “Contracts Ex Machina.” Duke Law Journal 67 (2): 313-382.
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Blockchain Whitepaper for the IP Ecosystem. Geneva: WIPO, 2020. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/cws/en/cws_9/ cws_9_item_7b.pdf
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The PCT System: Overview and Benefits. Geneva: WIPO, 2022. https://www.wipo.int/pct/en/.
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). WIPO Technology Trends 2019: Artificial Intelligence. Geneva: WIPO, 2019. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/ wipo_pub_1055.pdf.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). 1994. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27- trips_04c_e.htm.

IMPACT OF BLOCKCHAIN-BASED CONTRACTS ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW: TRANSFORMATION AND SUGGESTIONS

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 649 - 668, 15.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.54704/akdhfd.1675422

Öz

New developments in information technologies have effects and consequences in the field of law as well as in economic, commercial, social and cultural fields. With the introduction of blockchain technologies, which are directly related to the field of law, the reflection of new technologies on the law of contracts makes it necessary to consider new dimensions. In particular, the integration of distributed technologies such as blockchain into legal transactions necessitates a re-evaluation of classical contract theory. Smart contracts interact directly with fundamental legal principles such as declaration of will, freedom of contract, and judicial review. This situation raises new questions and search for solutions not only at the technical level, but also at the normative and conceptual level. Therefore, law has to be reshaped with a multidisciplinary approach that is compatible with the realities of the digital age.
This study aims to evaluate the integration of intellectual property law with “smart contracts”, which is an innovation offered by these technologies. The potential benefits and legal risks of these next-generation contracts, which provide automation, transparency and secure data recording in copyright, patents and trademark licensing processes, are examined. In the study, within the framework of the literature review and normative analysis created by qualitative method, the conflict potential of smart contracts with principles such as declaration of will, flexibility and judicial review in contract law was evaluated. In addition, the tangible effects of blockchain-based rights tracking through application areas such as luxury goods, pharmaceutical industry, and digital content distribution were discussed. The study presents a comparative legal perspective by trying to understand the common problems faced by digitalizing legal systems not only in Türkiye but also at the global level. Thus, the challenges and suggestions on how to reconstruct intellectual property protection in the digital age were highlighted. In addition, in the context of the principles of legal security, party will and freedom of contract, the transformation potential of smart contracts is critically reinterpreted.
Finally, solutions to technical difficulties such as lack of legal standards, inability to interpret and irreversibility are presented. In this context, this study aims to contribute to the academic literature and to develop a perspective of adaptation to the legal system in the digital transformation process.

Kaynakça

  • Akıncı, Şahin. Borçlar Hukuku Bilgisi (Genel Hükümler). 14. baskı. Ankara: Sayram Yayınları, 2022.
  • Akıncı, Şahin. “Covid-19’un Borç İlişkilerine ve Bazı Borçlar Hukuku Sözleşmelerine Etkisi.” İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Covid-19 Hukuk Özel Sayısı 19, no. 38 (Yaz 2020/2): 67.
  • Alay, H. Koray, ve M. Talin Deveciyan. “Sürdürülebilir Rekabetçi Avantaj Kaynakları: Blok Zincir Teknolojisi ve Yenilenebilir Enerji.” Toplum ve Doğa İçin Blokzinciri Sempozyumu, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2022, 5-17.
  • Atzori, Marcella. 2015. “Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?” Journal of Governance and Regulation 6 (1): 45-62.
  • Antonopoulos, Andreas M., and Gavin Wood. 2018. Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media. https://github.com/ ethereumbook/ethereumbook.
  • Badur, Emel, ve Gülmelahat Doğan. “Fikri Haklar Açısından Araştırma Geliştirme Sözleşmeleri.” Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 26, no. 3 (2022): 79-115.
  • Barfield, Woodrow H. 2021. Advanced Introduction to Law and Artificial Intelligence. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Bhargavan, Karthikeyan, Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, Cédric Fournet, Georges Gonthier, Markulf Kohlweiss, and Santiago Zanella-Beguelin. 2016. “Formal Verification of Smart Contracts.” In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 19-22. New York: ACM.
  • Bonnet, Stephanie, and Frank Teuteberg. 2025. “Blockchain and NFTs in IP Management: Expert Insights on Benefits, Challenges, and Future Prospects.” International Journal of Blockchain Applications and Secure Computing 3 (1): 1-10. https://www. igi-global.com/viewtitle.aspx?titleid=369334.
  • Buterin, Vitalik. 2014. Ethereum White Paper: A Next Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform. https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/.
  • Küçükali, Canan. “Telif Koruması Anlamında (Takas Edilemez Jeton) NFT’ler.” In Uluslararası Bilişim ve Teknoloji Hukuku Sempozyumu Tebliğler Kitabı, 564. Ankara: Adalet Yayınları, 2021.
  • Casey, Michael J., and Paul Vigna. 2018. The Truth Machine: The Blockchain and the Future of Everything. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Clack, Christopher D., Vikram A. Bakshi, and Lee Braine. 2016. “Smart Contract Templates: Essential Requirements and Design Options.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.00771.
  • Cong, Lin William, and Zhiguo He. 2018. “Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts.” SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2985764.
  • Çağlayan Aksoy, Pınar. Akıllı Sözleşmelerin Kuruluşu ve Geçerlilik Şartları. 2. baskı. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2021.
  • De Filippi, Primavera, and Samer Hassan. 2016. “Blockchain Technology as a Regulatory Technology: From ‘Code is Law’ to ‘Law is Code’”. First Monday 21 (12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i12.7113.
  • Depoorter, Ben. 2009. “Technology and Uncertainty: The Shaping Effect on Copyright Law.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 157 (6): 1831-1868.
  • Eren, Fikret. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler. İstanbul: Yetkin Yayınları, 2022.
  • Finck, Michèle. 2019. Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Guadamuz, Andres. 2021. “Smart Contracts and Intellectual Property: Challenges and Reality.” SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 3911121. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3911121.
  • Hughes, Justin. 2017. “The Blockchain and the Future of Copyright.” Intellectual Property Watch. https://www.ip-watch.org/2017/12/11/blockchain-future-copyright/.
  • Kaal, Wulf A., and Craig Calcaterra. 2018. “Crypto Transaction Dispute Resolution.” The Business Lawyer (Forthcoming). SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2992962.
  • Lemieux, Victoria L. 2016. “Trusting Records: Is Blockchain Technology the Answer?” Records Management Journal 26 (2): 110-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-12- 2015-0042.
  • Lessig, Lawrence. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
  • Mik, Eliza. 2017. “Smart Contracts: Terminology, Technical Limitations, and Legal Implications.” Law, Innovation and Technology 9 (2): 269-300.
  • OECD. Recommendation of the Council on Blockchain and Other Distributed Ledger Technologies. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2022. https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/ instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0470.
  • Raskin, Max. 2017. “The Law and Legality of Smart Contracts.” Georgetown Law Technology Review 1: 305-341.
  • Regner, Ferdinand, Julian Urbach, and Alexander R. Schweizer. 2021. “NFTs in Practice - Non-Fungible Tokens as Core Component of a Blockchain-Based Event Ticketing Application.” In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/ 10125/71029/1/0593.pdf.
  • Savelyev, Alexander. 2018. “Copyright in the Blockchain Era: Promises and Challenges.” Computer Law & Security Review 34 (3): 550-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. clsr.2017.11.008.
  • Surden, Harry. 2012. “Computable Contracts.” UC Davis Law Review 46 (2): 629-699. https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/faculty-articles/148.
  • Swan, Melanie. 2015. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media.
  • Szabo, Nick. 1996. “Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets.” Extropy 16. http://szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html.
  • Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. 2016. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World. New York: Penguin.
  • Usta, Ahmet, and Serkan Doğantekin. 2017. Blockchain 101 (v2). İstanbul: Koin Bülteni Yayınları.
  • Werbach, Kevin. 2018. The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Werbach, Kevin, and Nicolas Cornell. 2017. “Contracts Ex Machina.” Duke Law Journal 67 (2): 313-382.
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Blockchain Whitepaper for the IP Ecosystem. Geneva: WIPO, 2020. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/cws/en/cws_9/ cws_9_item_7b.pdf
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The PCT System: Overview and Benefits. Geneva: WIPO, 2022. https://www.wipo.int/pct/en/.
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). WIPO Technology Trends 2019: Artificial Intelligence. Geneva: WIPO, 2019. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/ wipo_pub_1055.pdf.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). 1994. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27- trips_04c_e.htm.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku
Bölüm Teorik Makale
Yazarlar

Bükre Şeyma Dönder 0000-0003-4680-8833

Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Dönder, B. Ş. (2025). BLOKZİNCİR TABANLI SÖZLEŞMELERİN FİKRÎ MÜLKİYET HUKUKUNA ETKİSİ: DÖNÜŞÜM VE ÖNERİLER. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 649-668. https://doi.org/10.54704/akdhfd.1675422


24280This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.