A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF THE JURISDICTION RULE IN THE RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS IN TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: Prof. Dr. Peter HAY 90. Doğum Günü Özel Sayısı, 539 - 576, 23.01.2026

Abdullah Harun Korkmaz

Öz

This article examines the jurisdictional rule for the recognition of foreign arbitral awards under Article 60/2 of the Turkish Private International and Procedural Law Code (No. 5718, “PIL Code”). The current regulation equates recognition with enforcement, mandating the "presence of assets" of the award-debtor in Türkiye as the final jurisdictional link. This article argues that this rule creates a "latent gap" (örtülü boşluk) by disregarding the non-executive, "shield" function of recognition, such as establishing res judicata for negative declaratory awards. The rule erroneously conflates the "shield" function of recognition with the "sword" function of enforcement (i.e., executability), thereby improperly utilizing a jurisdictional rule as a restrictive test for legal interest. This issue is shown to be further complicated by the conflicting precedents of the Turkish Court of Cassation (e.g., the 1985/2025 restrictive view vs. the 2019 proactive view) regarding the existence of legal interest for standalone recognition requests. Through a comparative analysis of certain frequently preferred arbitral seats—France, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Hong Kong, the USA, and the UAE—this study confirms that none of these legal systems require the presence of assets as a prerequisite for recognition and enforcement. Consequently, this article proposes two specific legislative amendments to remedy this latent gap: (i) explicitly allowing for in-proceeding recognition, or (ii) expanding jurisdiction for standalone recognition claims to include the domicile of the applicant or a designated central court (e.g., in Istanbul or Ankara).

Anahtar Kelimeler

arbitration , arbitrator , recognition , enforcement , jurisdiction , comparative law , foreign , award , judgment

TÜRKİYE’DE YABANCI HAKEM KARARLARININ TANINMASINDAKİ YETKİ KURALININ MUKAYESELİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Öz

Bu makale, 5718 sayılı MÖHUK’un 60. maddesinde düzenlenen yabancı hakem kararlarının tanınmasındaki yetki kuralını incelemektedir. Mevcut düzenleme, tanımayı tenfiz hükümleriyle eş tutmakta ve yetki silsilesinin son halkası olarak aleyhine tanıma istenen tarafın Türkiye’de "mal varlığının bulunmasını" şart koşmaktadır. Bu makale, söz konusu kuralın, tanımanın (bir "kalkan" olarak) icraî nitelik taşımayan ve kesin hüküm etkisine dayanan koruma işlevini göz ardı ederek "örtülü bir boşluk" oluşturduğunu savunmaktadır. Kural, tanımanın "kalkan" işlevini, tenfizin "kılıç" işleviyle (yani icra kabiliyetiyle) hatalı bir şekilde birleştirmekte; böylece yetki meselesini hukukî menfaat testi gibi kullanmaktadır. Bu sorunun, Yargıtay'ın müstakil tanıma taleplerinde hukukî menfaatin varlığı konusundaki çelişkili içtihatlarıyla (örn. 1985/2025 ve 2019 tarihli kararlar) daha da karmaşık hale geldiği tespit edilmiştir. Fransa, İngiltere, Singapur, Hong Kong, ABD ve BAE gibi önde gelen tahkim rejimlerinin mukayeseli incelemesi, bu ülkelerin hiçbirinde tanıma-tenfiz için mal varlığı şartı aranmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu örtülü boşluğun giderilmesi için iki somut kanunî değişiklik önerilmektedir: (i) Herhangi bir yargılama içinde (dava içi) tanımaya açıkça izin veren bir hüküm eklenmesi veya (ii) müstakil tanıma başvuruları için yetkinin, talep edenin yerleşim yeri ya da merkezî bir mahkemeyi (örn. İstanbul/Ankara) kapsayacak şekilde genişletilmesi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Milletlerarası , Tahkim , Hakem , Karar , İlam , Tanıma , Tenfiz , Yetki , Mukayeseli Hukuk

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim. Herhangi bir zamanda, çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu bildiririm.

Teşekkür

Yorumları için Dr. Candan Yasan Tepetaş'a ve ismini bilmediğim hakemlere teşekkür ederim.

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