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The Effect of Microplastics on Living Things

Yıl 2022, , 94 - 98, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1058792

Öz

Our oceans and seas have been polluted with plastics for nearly 60 years. The increase in plastic consumption all over the world, the possibility of plastics remaining in the environment for hundreds of years without decomposing, the decomposition of plastics into smaller pieces, the detection of organisms at all levels of the marine food chain, and the possibility of human exposure to microplastics through food increase the awareness on this issue day by day. With the introduction of microplastics and nanoplastics, scientists have started to work on this pollution in water, especially since 2010. The common view is that the impact of this type of pollution on the environment will increase and harm living things.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Carpenter EJ, Anderson SJ, Harvey GR, Miklas HP, Peck BB.Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. Science.1972; 178:749-750.
  • 2. Carsten Lassen, Steffen Foss Hansen, Kerstin Magnusson, Fredrik Norén ,Nanna Isabella Bloch Hartmann , Pernille Rehne Jensen , Torkel Gissel Nielsen , Anna Brinch. Environmental protection agecy( EPA). Microplastics - Occurrence, effects and sources of releases to the environment in Denmark. Environmental Project No,1993). Swedish Environmental Research Institute 4 DTU Aqua , Published by: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 1401 Copenhagen K Year: 2015.ISBN no. 978-87-93352-80-3. 2015 (accessed:11 January 2022).
  • 3. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Summary of expert discussion forum on possible human health risks from microplastics in the marine environment. EPA Forum Convened -on April 23, 2014. Washington, DC: Marine Pollution Control Branch, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (6 February 2015). Available from: http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/trash_free_waters_microplastics_expert_forum_meeting_summary_2-6-15.pdf. (accessed 15 January 2022)
  • 4. Eerkes-Medrano D, Thompson RC, Aldridge DC. Microplastics infreshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Res. 2015; 75:63–82.
  • 5. Shabbir S, Faheem M, Ali N, Kerr PG, Wang LF, Kuppusamy S, Li Y. Periphytic biofilm: an innovative approach for biodegradation of microplastics. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 15(717):137064.
  • 6. Bharath MK, Srinivasalu S, Natesan U, Ayyamperumal R, Kalam SN, Anbalagan S et al. Microplastics as anemerging threat to the freshwater ecosystems of Veeranam lake in south India: a multidimensional approach. Chemosphere. 2021; 264(Pt2):128502.
  • 7.Wright A, Thompson RC, Galloway TS. The physical impacts ofmicroplastics on marine organisms. Environ Pollut. 2013; 178:483-492.
  • 8.Weis J, Andrews CJ, Dyksen JE, et al. Human Health Impacts of Microplastics and Nanoplastics Prepared by the Public Health Standing Committee Approved by the NJDEP Science Advisory Board. Response to the Charge Questions regarding: Microplastics and Nanoplastics. Final report on the Public Health Standing Committee’s project on microplastics,2015. Accessed: https://www.state.nj.us/dep/sab/NJDEP-SAB-PHSC-final-2016.pdf (accessed 15 January 2022).
  • 9. Lusher AL, Hollman PCH, Mendoza-Hill JJ. Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture: status of knowledge on their occurrence andimplications for aquatic organisms and food safety. FAO Fisheriesand Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 615. Rome Italy.2017.
  • 10. Smith M, Love DC, Rochman CM, Neff RA. Microplastics in seafood and the implications for human health. Curr Environ Health Rep.2018; 5:375–386
  • 11. Banaee M, Soltanian S, Sureda A, Gholamhosseini A, Haghi BN, Akhlaghi M, et al. Evaluation of single and combined effects of cadmium and micro-plastic particles on biochemical and immunological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Chemosphere. 2019; 236:124335.
  • 12. Bhagat J, Zang L, Nishimura N, Shimada Y. Zebrafish: an emerging model to study microplastic and nanoplastic toxicity. Sci Total Environ .2020; 728:138707.
  • 13. Brandts I, Barría C, Martins MA, Franco-Martínez L, Barreto A, Tvarijonaviciute A, et al. Waterborne exposure of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to polymethylmethacrylate nanoplastics causes effects at cellular and molecular levels. J Hazard Mater. 2021;403:123590.
  • 14. Berber AA. Genotoxıc evaluation of polystyrene microplastic. SAUJS.2019; 23(3), 358-367.
  • 15. Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv. 2017;3:e1700782.
  • 16. Kaposi KL, Mos B, Kelaher BP, Dworjanyn SA. Ingestion of microplastic has limited impact on a marine larva. Environ Sci Technol.2014; 48(3):1638–1645.
  • 17. Deng Y, Zhang Y, Lemos B, Ren H. Tissue accumulation of microplastics in mice and biomarker responses suggest widespread health risks of exposure. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46687.
  • 18. Banaee M, Gholamhosseini A, Sureda A, Soltanian S, Fereidouni MS, Ibrahim ATA. Effects of microplastic exposure on the blood biochemical parameters in the pond turtle (Emys orbicularis). Environ Sci Pollut Res.2020; 28:9221–9234.
  • 19. Ying Yong CQ, Valiyaveetill S and Tang BL. Review. Toxicity of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Mammalian Systems. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17, 1509.
  • 20. Hirt N and Malapel MB. Immunotoxicity and intestinal effects of nano- and microplastics: a review of the literatüre. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2020; 17:57.
  • 21. Browne MA, Galloway T, Thompson R. Microplastic-an emerging contaminant of potential concern? Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2007; 3(4):559-566.
  • 22. Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Morton B. Accumulation and Fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2009; 364(1526):1985-1998.
  • 23. Hopewell J, Dvorak R, Kosior E. Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2009; 364(1526): 2115–2126.
  • 24. Meeker JD, Sathyanarayana S, Swan SH.Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2009; 364:2097–2113.
  • 25. Oehlmann J, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Kloas W, Jagnytsch O, Lutz I, Kusk KO, Wollenberger L, Santos EM, Paull GC, Van Look KJW, Tyler CR. A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2009; 364(1526):2047–2062.
  • 26. Ryan PG, Moore CJ, van Franeker JA, Moloney CL. Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2009; 364(1526):1999–2012.
  • 27. Shaxson L.Structuring policy problems for plastics, the environment and human health: reflections from the UK. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2009; 364(1526):2141–2151.
  • 28.Song JH, Murphy RJ, Narayan R, Davies GBH. Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci.2009; 364(1526):2127–2139.
  • 29. Browne MA, Crump P, Nivens SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R. Accumulation of microplastics on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol.2011; 45(21): 9175e9179.
  • 30.Goldstein MC, Rosenberg M, Cheng L. Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect. Biol Lett. 2012; 8(5):817–820.
  • 31.Claessens M, De Meester S, Van Landuyt L, De Clerck K, Janssen CR. Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast. Mar Pollut Bull.2 011; 62(10):2199e2204-2199e2204.
  • 32. Jovanović B, Gökdağ K, Güven O, Emre Y, Whitley EM, Kideys AE. Virgin microplastics are not causing imminent harm to fish after dietary exposure. Mar Pollut Bull.2018;130:123-131.
  • 33. Jovanović B. Ingestion of microplastics by fish and its potential consequences from a physical perspective. Integr Environ Assess Manag.2017; 13(3):510–515.
  • 34. Malinich TD, Chou N, Sepulveda MS, Höök TO. No Evidence of microplastic impacts on consumption or growth of larval Pimephales promelas. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2018; 37(11):2912-2918.
  • 35.Valeria HR, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science&Technology.2012; 46(6):3060-3075.
  • 36. Kögel T, Bjorøy Ø, Toto B, Bienfait AM, Sanden M. Micro and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life: Determining factors. Sci Total Environ. 2020;709:136050.
  • 37. Besseling E, Wegner A, Foekema EM, Van Den Heuvel-Greve MJ, Koelmans AA. Effects of microplastic on fitness and PCB bioaccumulation by the lugworm Arenicola marina (L.). Environ Sci Technol.2012; 47:593-600.
  • 38. Mattsson K, Johnson EV, Malmendal A, Linse S, Hansson LA, Cedervall T. Brain damage and behavioural disorders in fish induced by plastic nanoparticles delivered through the food chain. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7, 11452.
  • 39. Deng, Y, Zhang, Y, Qiao R, Bonilla MM, Yang, X, Ren H et al. Evidence that microplastics aggravate the toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants in mice (Mus musculus). J Hazard Mater. 2018;357: 348–354.
  • 40. Yang YF, Chen CY, Lu TH, Liao CM. Toxicity-based toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic assessment for bioaccumulation of polystyrene microplastics in mice. J Hazard. Mater. 2019; 366, 703–713.
  • 41. De Felice B, Bacchetta R, Santo N, Tremolada P, Parolini M. Polystyrene microplastics did not affect body growth and swimming activity in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018; 25: 34644–34651.
  • 42. Pekmezekmek AB, Emre M, Erdogan S, Bertan Yilmaz B, Tunc E, Yasar Sertdemir Y et al. Effects of high-molecular-weight polyvinyl chloride on Xenopus laevis adults and embryos: the mRNA expression profiles of Myf5, Esr1, Bmp4, Pax6, and Hsp70 genes during early embryonic development. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16527-1
  • 43. Schwabl P, Köppel S, Königshofer P, Bucsics T, Trauner M, Reiberger, T, et al. Detection of various microplastics in human stool: A prospective case series. Ann Intern Med. 2019; 171(7):453-457.
  • 44. World Health Organization (WHO). Available from: https://www.who.int/ water_sanitation_health/publications/microplastics-in-drinking-water/en. Accessed 12 January 2021.
  • 45. Wright SL, Kelly FJ. Plastic and human health: A micro issue? Environ Sci Technol. 2017; 51: 6634–6647.
  • 46.Gouin T, Ellis-Hutchings R , Hampton LMT, Lemieux LC and Stephanie L. Wright SL. Screening and prioritization of nano- and microplastic particle toxicity studies for evaluating human health risks -development and application of a toxicity study assessment tool. Microplastics and Nanoplastics. 2022; 2:2
  • 47. Kokalji AJ, Dolar A, Drobne D, Marinšek M, Dolenec M ,Škrlep L et al. Environmental hazard of polypropylene microplastics from disposable medical masks: acute toxicity towards Daphnia magna and current knowledge on other polypropylene microplastics . Microplastics and Nanoplastics. 2022; 2:1

Mikroplastiklerin Canlılara Etkileri

Yıl 2022, , 94 - 98, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1058792

Öz

Okyanus ve denizlerimiz yaklaşık 60 yıldan beri plastiklerle kirlenmektedir. Tüm dünyada plastik tüketiminin artması, plastiklerin bozunmadan yüzlerce yıl çevrede kalması, plastiklerin daha küçük parçalara ayrışması, deniz besin zincirinin tüm seviyelerindeki organizmalarda tespit edilmesi ve insanların gıda yoluyla mikroplastiklere maruz kalma olasılığı bu konudaki farkındalığı her geçen gün artırmaktadır. Mikroplastikler ve nanoplastiklerin devreye girmesiyle özellikle 2010 yılından beri bilim adamları sulardaki bu kirlilikle ilgili çalışma yapmaya başlamışlardır. Ortak görüş bu kirlilik türünün çevre üzerine etkisinin daha da büyüyeceği ve canlılara zarar vereceği şeklindedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Carpenter EJ, Anderson SJ, Harvey GR, Miklas HP, Peck BB.Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. Science.1972; 178:749-750.
  • 2. Carsten Lassen, Steffen Foss Hansen, Kerstin Magnusson, Fredrik Norén ,Nanna Isabella Bloch Hartmann , Pernille Rehne Jensen , Torkel Gissel Nielsen , Anna Brinch. Environmental protection agecy( EPA). Microplastics - Occurrence, effects and sources of releases to the environment in Denmark. Environmental Project No,1993). Swedish Environmental Research Institute 4 DTU Aqua , Published by: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 1401 Copenhagen K Year: 2015.ISBN no. 978-87-93352-80-3. 2015 (accessed:11 January 2022).
  • 3. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Summary of expert discussion forum on possible human health risks from microplastics in the marine environment. EPA Forum Convened -on April 23, 2014. Washington, DC: Marine Pollution Control Branch, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (6 February 2015). Available from: http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/trash_free_waters_microplastics_expert_forum_meeting_summary_2-6-15.pdf. (accessed 15 January 2022)
  • 4. Eerkes-Medrano D, Thompson RC, Aldridge DC. Microplastics infreshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Res. 2015; 75:63–82.
  • 5. Shabbir S, Faheem M, Ali N, Kerr PG, Wang LF, Kuppusamy S, Li Y. Periphytic biofilm: an innovative approach for biodegradation of microplastics. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 15(717):137064.
  • 6. Bharath MK, Srinivasalu S, Natesan U, Ayyamperumal R, Kalam SN, Anbalagan S et al. Microplastics as anemerging threat to the freshwater ecosystems of Veeranam lake in south India: a multidimensional approach. Chemosphere. 2021; 264(Pt2):128502.
  • 7.Wright A, Thompson RC, Galloway TS. The physical impacts ofmicroplastics on marine organisms. Environ Pollut. 2013; 178:483-492.
  • 8.Weis J, Andrews CJ, Dyksen JE, et al. Human Health Impacts of Microplastics and Nanoplastics Prepared by the Public Health Standing Committee Approved by the NJDEP Science Advisory Board. Response to the Charge Questions regarding: Microplastics and Nanoplastics. Final report on the Public Health Standing Committee’s project on microplastics,2015. Accessed: https://www.state.nj.us/dep/sab/NJDEP-SAB-PHSC-final-2016.pdf (accessed 15 January 2022).
  • 9. Lusher AL, Hollman PCH, Mendoza-Hill JJ. Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture: status of knowledge on their occurrence andimplications for aquatic organisms and food safety. FAO Fisheriesand Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 615. Rome Italy.2017.
  • 10. Smith M, Love DC, Rochman CM, Neff RA. Microplastics in seafood and the implications for human health. Curr Environ Health Rep.2018; 5:375–386
  • 11. Banaee M, Soltanian S, Sureda A, Gholamhosseini A, Haghi BN, Akhlaghi M, et al. Evaluation of single and combined effects of cadmium and micro-plastic particles on biochemical and immunological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Chemosphere. 2019; 236:124335.
  • 12. Bhagat J, Zang L, Nishimura N, Shimada Y. Zebrafish: an emerging model to study microplastic and nanoplastic toxicity. Sci Total Environ .2020; 728:138707.
  • 13. Brandts I, Barría C, Martins MA, Franco-Martínez L, Barreto A, Tvarijonaviciute A, et al. Waterborne exposure of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to polymethylmethacrylate nanoplastics causes effects at cellular and molecular levels. J Hazard Mater. 2021;403:123590.
  • 14. Berber AA. Genotoxıc evaluation of polystyrene microplastic. SAUJS.2019; 23(3), 358-367.
  • 15. Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv. 2017;3:e1700782.
  • 16. Kaposi KL, Mos B, Kelaher BP, Dworjanyn SA. Ingestion of microplastic has limited impact on a marine larva. Environ Sci Technol.2014; 48(3):1638–1645.
  • 17. Deng Y, Zhang Y, Lemos B, Ren H. Tissue accumulation of microplastics in mice and biomarker responses suggest widespread health risks of exposure. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46687.
  • 18. Banaee M, Gholamhosseini A, Sureda A, Soltanian S, Fereidouni MS, Ibrahim ATA. Effects of microplastic exposure on the blood biochemical parameters in the pond turtle (Emys orbicularis). Environ Sci Pollut Res.2020; 28:9221–9234.
  • 19. Ying Yong CQ, Valiyaveetill S and Tang BL. Review. Toxicity of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Mammalian Systems. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17, 1509.
  • 20. Hirt N and Malapel MB. Immunotoxicity and intestinal effects of nano- and microplastics: a review of the literatüre. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2020; 17:57.
  • 21. Browne MA, Galloway T, Thompson R. Microplastic-an emerging contaminant of potential concern? Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2007; 3(4):559-566.
  • 22. Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Morton B. Accumulation and Fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2009; 364(1526):1985-1998.
  • 23. Hopewell J, Dvorak R, Kosior E. Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2009; 364(1526): 2115–2126.
  • 24. Meeker JD, Sathyanarayana S, Swan SH.Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2009; 364:2097–2113.
  • 25. Oehlmann J, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Kloas W, Jagnytsch O, Lutz I, Kusk KO, Wollenberger L, Santos EM, Paull GC, Van Look KJW, Tyler CR. A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2009; 364(1526):2047–2062.
  • 26. Ryan PG, Moore CJ, van Franeker JA, Moloney CL. Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2009; 364(1526):1999–2012.
  • 27. Shaxson L.Structuring policy problems for plastics, the environment and human health: reflections from the UK. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2009; 364(1526):2141–2151.
  • 28.Song JH, Murphy RJ, Narayan R, Davies GBH. Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci.2009; 364(1526):2127–2139.
  • 29. Browne MA, Crump P, Nivens SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R. Accumulation of microplastics on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol.2011; 45(21): 9175e9179.
  • 30.Goldstein MC, Rosenberg M, Cheng L. Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect. Biol Lett. 2012; 8(5):817–820.
  • 31.Claessens M, De Meester S, Van Landuyt L, De Clerck K, Janssen CR. Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast. Mar Pollut Bull.2 011; 62(10):2199e2204-2199e2204.
  • 32. Jovanović B, Gökdağ K, Güven O, Emre Y, Whitley EM, Kideys AE. Virgin microplastics are not causing imminent harm to fish after dietary exposure. Mar Pollut Bull.2018;130:123-131.
  • 33. Jovanović B. Ingestion of microplastics by fish and its potential consequences from a physical perspective. Integr Environ Assess Manag.2017; 13(3):510–515.
  • 34. Malinich TD, Chou N, Sepulveda MS, Höök TO. No Evidence of microplastic impacts on consumption or growth of larval Pimephales promelas. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2018; 37(11):2912-2918.
  • 35.Valeria HR, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science&Technology.2012; 46(6):3060-3075.
  • 36. Kögel T, Bjorøy Ø, Toto B, Bienfait AM, Sanden M. Micro and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life: Determining factors. Sci Total Environ. 2020;709:136050.
  • 37. Besseling E, Wegner A, Foekema EM, Van Den Heuvel-Greve MJ, Koelmans AA. Effects of microplastic on fitness and PCB bioaccumulation by the lugworm Arenicola marina (L.). Environ Sci Technol.2012; 47:593-600.
  • 38. Mattsson K, Johnson EV, Malmendal A, Linse S, Hansson LA, Cedervall T. Brain damage and behavioural disorders in fish induced by plastic nanoparticles delivered through the food chain. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7, 11452.
  • 39. Deng, Y, Zhang, Y, Qiao R, Bonilla MM, Yang, X, Ren H et al. Evidence that microplastics aggravate the toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants in mice (Mus musculus). J Hazard Mater. 2018;357: 348–354.
  • 40. Yang YF, Chen CY, Lu TH, Liao CM. Toxicity-based toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic assessment for bioaccumulation of polystyrene microplastics in mice. J Hazard. Mater. 2019; 366, 703–713.
  • 41. De Felice B, Bacchetta R, Santo N, Tremolada P, Parolini M. Polystyrene microplastics did not affect body growth and swimming activity in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018; 25: 34644–34651.
  • 42. Pekmezekmek AB, Emre M, Erdogan S, Bertan Yilmaz B, Tunc E, Yasar Sertdemir Y et al. Effects of high-molecular-weight polyvinyl chloride on Xenopus laevis adults and embryos: the mRNA expression profiles of Myf5, Esr1, Bmp4, Pax6, and Hsp70 genes during early embryonic development. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16527-1
  • 43. Schwabl P, Köppel S, Königshofer P, Bucsics T, Trauner M, Reiberger, T, et al. Detection of various microplastics in human stool: A prospective case series. Ann Intern Med. 2019; 171(7):453-457.
  • 44. World Health Organization (WHO). Available from: https://www.who.int/ water_sanitation_health/publications/microplastics-in-drinking-water/en. Accessed 12 January 2021.
  • 45. Wright SL, Kelly FJ. Plastic and human health: A micro issue? Environ Sci Technol. 2017; 51: 6634–6647.
  • 46.Gouin T, Ellis-Hutchings R , Hampton LMT, Lemieux LC and Stephanie L. Wright SL. Screening and prioritization of nano- and microplastic particle toxicity studies for evaluating human health risks -development and application of a toxicity study assessment tool. Microplastics and Nanoplastics. 2022; 2:2
  • 47. Kokalji AJ, Dolar A, Drobne D, Marinšek M, Dolenec M ,Škrlep L et al. Environmental hazard of polypropylene microplastics from disposable medical masks: acute toxicity towards Daphnia magna and current knowledge on other polypropylene microplastics . Microplastics and Nanoplastics. 2022; 2:1
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ayper Pekmezekmek 0000-0002-3028-605X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Kabul Tarihi 7 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

AMA Pekmezekmek A. Mikroplastiklerin Canlılara Etkileri. aktd. Haziran 2022;31(2):94-98. doi:10.17827/aktd.1058792