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Suicide in Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders

Yıl 2015, , 402 - 413, 14.09.2015
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.57326

Öz

Suicide is a complex term. Suicide attempts are common in women, but completed suicide rates are higher in men. Several demographic factors, stressful life events, previous suicide attempts, childhood abuse, physical or psychiatric disorders are risk factors for suicide. Suicide rates in a variety of mental disorders is more than the normal population. Data on rates and risk factors of suicide in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders are limited. Present data are often associated with patients with obsessive compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Lifetime suicidal ideation rates in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder is within a range of 36-63%. Any comorbid psychiatric diagnosis is an important risk factor for suicide in this disorder. This article aims to review the relationship between suicide and obsessive compulsive and related disorders.

Kaynakça

  • Özgüven HD. İntihar davranışının epidemiyolojisi. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2008;1:1-7.
  • Kessler RC, Borges G, Walters EE. Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arc Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:617-26.
  • Ramsay R, Bagley C. The prevalance of suicidal behaviors, attitudes and associated social experiences in an urban population. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1985;15:151-67.
  • Zimmerman M, Lish JD, Lush DT, Farber NJ, Plescia G, Kuzma MA. Suicidal ideation among urban medical outpatients. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10:573-6.
  • Paykel ES, Myers JK, Lindenthal JJ, Tanner J. Suicidal feelings in the general population: a prevalence study. Br J Psychiatry. 1974;124:460-9.
  • Lee S, Fung SC, Tsang A, Liu ZR, Huang YQ, He YL et al. Lifetime prevalence of suicide ideation, plan, and attempt in metropolitan China. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007;116:429-37.
  • Scocco P, de Girolamo G, Vilagut G, Alonso J. Prevalence of suicide ideation, plans, and attempts and related risk factors in Italy: results from the European Study on epidemiology of mental disorders-world mental health study. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49:13-21.
  • Cougle JR, Keough ME, Riccardi CJ, Sachs-Ericsson N. Anxiety disorders and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43:825-9.
  • Kanwar A, Malik S, Prokop LJ, Sim LA, Feldstein D, Wang Z et al. The association between anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:917-29.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
  • Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Grebb JA. Synopsis of Psychiatry. 7. Baskı, Baltimore: Williams&Wilkins. 1994.
  • Özgüven HD. İntihar davranışı riskinin değerlendirilmesi. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2008;1:8-14.
  • Moscicki EK. Epidemiology of suicidal behavior. Suicide Life Threat Behavior. 1955;25:22-35.
  • Richardson R, Lowenstein S, Weissberg M. Coping with the suicidal elderly: a physician’s guide. Geriatrics. 1989;44:43-7.
  • De Leo D, Ormskerk SCR. Suicide in the elderly: general characteristics. Crisis. 1991;12:3-17.
  • Agerbo E, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Familial, psychiatric, and socioeconomic risk factors for suicide in young people: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2002;325:7355-74.
  • Cheng ATA, Chen THH, Chen CC, Jenkins R. Psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors for suicide: Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:360-5.
  • Monk M. Epidemiology of suicide. Epidemiol Rev. 1987;9:51-69.
  • Schmidtke A, Bille-Brahe U, De Leo D, Kerkhof A, Bjerke T, Crepet P et al. Attemped suicide in Europe: rates, tends and sociodemographic characteristicsof suicide attempters during the period 1989-1992. Results of the WHO/Euro multicentre study on parasuicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93:327-38.
  • Bagley C, Ramsey R. Psychosocial correlates of suicidal behaviors in an urban population. Crisis. 1985;6:63-77.
  • Owens D, Horrocks J, House A. Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self harm. Br J. Psychiatry. 2002;181:183-9.
  • Balci V, Sevincok L. Suicidal ideation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2010;175:104-8.
  • Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, Burnam MA. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:1094-9.
  • Hollander E, Greenwald S, Neville D, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Weissman MM. Uncomplicated and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in an epidemiologic sample. Depress Anxiety.1996- 1997;4:111-9.
  • Goodwin DW, Guze SB, Robins E. Follow-up studies in obsessional neurosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1969;20:182-7.
  • Koran LM, Thienemann ML, Davenport R. Quality of life for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:783-8.
  • Khan A, Leventhal RM, Khan S, Brown WA. Suicide risk in patients with anxiety disorders: a meta- analysis of the FDA database. J Affect Disord. 2002;68:183-190.
  • Torres AR, Prince MJ, Bebbington PE, Bhugra D, Bhugra TS, Farrell M et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence, comorbidity, impact, and help-seeking in the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of 2000. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1978-85.
  • Kamath P, Reddy YCJ, Kandavel T. Suicidal behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin
  • Torres AR, de Abreu Ramos-Cerqueira AT, Torresan RC, de Souza Dominques M, Hercos AC, Guimaraes AB. Prevalence and associated factors for suicidal ideation and behaviors in obsessive- compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2007;12:771-8.
  • Torres AR, Ramos-Cerqueira AT, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, do Rosario MC, Miguel EC. Suicidality in obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalance and relation to symptom dimensions and comorbid conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:17-26.
  • Torresan RC, Ramos-Cerqueira AT, Shavitt RG, do Rosario MC, de Mathis MA, Miguel EC et al. Symptom dimensions, clinical course and comorbidity in men and women with obsessive- compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2013;209:186-95.
  • Dhyani M, Trivedi JK, Nischal A, Sinha PK, Verma S. Suicidal behaviour of Indian patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55:161-6.
  • Alonso P, Segalas C, Real E, Pertusa A, Labad J, Jimenez-Murcia S et al. Suicide in patients treated for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A prospective follow-up study. J Affec Disord. 2010;124:300-8.
  • Torres AR, Shavitt RG, Torresan RC, Ferrao YA, Miguel EC, Fontenelle LF. Clinical features of pure obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54:1042-52.
  • Apter A, Horesh N, Gothelf D, Zalsman G, Erlich Z, Soreni N et al. Depression and suicidal behaviour in adolescent inpatients with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2003;75:181-9.
  • Faravelli C, Salvatori S, Galassi F, Aiazzi L, Drei C, Cabras P. Epidemiology of somatoform disorders: a community survey in Florence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1997;32:24-9.
  • Koran LM, Abujaoude E, Large MD, Serpe RT. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States adult population. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:316-22.
  • Otto MW, Wilhelm S, Cohen LS, Harlow BL. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a community sample of women. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:2061-3.
  • Rief W, Buhlmann U, Wilhelm S, Borkenhagen A, Brahler E. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychol Med. 2006;36:877-85.
  • Phillips KA. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder. Prim Psychiatry. 2007;14:58-66.
  • Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined uglines. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:1138-49.
  • Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Weisberg R. Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:317-25.
  • Phillips KA, Menard W. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder: a prospective study. Am J
  • Phillips KA, Didie ER, Menard W, Pagano ME, Fay C, Weisberg RB. Clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents and adults. Psychiatry Res. 2006;141:305-14.
  • Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr. A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1994;30:179-86.
  • Phillips KA, Diaz SF. Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1997;185:570-7.
  • Albertini RS, Phillips KA. 33 cases of body dysmorphic disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:453-9.
  • Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Willson R et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169:196-201.
  • Perugi G, Giannotti D, Frare F, Vaio SD, Valori E, Maggi L et al. Prevalence, phenomenology and comorbidity of body dysmorphic disorder(dysmorphophobia) in a clinical population. Int J Clin Pract. 1997;1:77-82.
  • Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Pagano ME. Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2005;46:254-60.
  • Philips KA, Coles ME, Menard W, Yen S, Fay C, Weisberg RB. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:717-25.
  • Hollander E, Cohen LJ, Simeon D. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psych Ann. 1993;23:359-64.
  • Gunstad J, Phillips KA. Axis I comorbidity in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:270-6.
  • Phillips KA, Gunderson CG, Mallya G, McElroy SL, Carter W. A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:568-75.
  • Phillips KA, Pinto A, Menard W, Eisen JL, Mancebo M, Rasmussen SA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder versus body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison study of two possibly related dsorders. Depress Anxiety. 2007;24:399-409.
  • Cohen LJ, Stein DJ, Simeon D, Spadaccini E, Rosen J, Aronowitz B et al. Clinical profile, comorbidity, and treatment history in 123 hair pullers: a survey study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:319-26.
  • Odlaug BL, Grant JE. Trichotillomania and pathologic skin picking: clinical comparison with an examination of comorbidity. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008;20:57–63.
  • Chamberlain SR, Fineberg NA, Blackwell AD, RobbinsTW, Sahakian BJ. Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in obsessive–compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1282–4.
  • Odlaug BL, Chamberlain SR, Grant JE. Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in pathologic skin picking. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34:208-11.
  • Gvion Y, Apter A. Aggression, impulsivity, and suicide behavior: A review of the literatüre. Arch Suicide Res. 2011;15:93-112.
  • Stein DJ,Christenson GA, Hollander E. Trichotillomania. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1999.
  • Storch EA, Lack CW, Merlo LJ, Geffken GR, Jacob ML, Murphy TK et al. Clinical features of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and hoarding symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48:313-8.
  • Torres AR, Fontenelle LF, Ferrao YA, do Rosario MC, Torresan RC, Miguel EC et al. Clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder with hoarding symptoms: A multicenter study. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46:724-32.
  • Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi

Obsesif Kompulsif ve İlişkili Bozukluklarda Özkıyım

Yıl 2015, , 402 - 413, 14.09.2015
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.57326

Öz

Özkıyım karmaşık bir kavramdır. Özkıyım girişimleri kadınlarda yaygınken, tamamlanmış özkıyım oranları erkeklerde daha yüksektir. Bazı sosyodemografik faktörler, stresli yaşam olayları, önceki özkıyım girişimleri, çocukluk çağı istismarı, fiziksel ve psikiyatrik hastalık varlığı özkıyım için risk faktörleridir. Çeşitli psikiyatrik hastalıklarda özkıyım oranları normal popülasyondan yüksektir. Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk ve ilişkili bozukluklarda özkıyım oranları ve risk faktörleri ile ilgili veriler sınırlıdır. Sınırlı veriler de çoğunlukla obsesif kompulsif bozukluk ve beden dismorfik bozukluğu ile ilişkilidir. Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk hastalarında yaşam boyu özkıyım düşüncesi oranları %36-63’tür. Bu hastalıklarda herhangi bir psikiyatrik ektanı önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Bu makalede özkıyım ile obsesif kompulsif ve ilişkili bozukluklararasındaki ilişkinin gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır

Kaynakça

  • Özgüven HD. İntihar davranışının epidemiyolojisi. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2008;1:1-7.
  • Kessler RC, Borges G, Walters EE. Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arc Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:617-26.
  • Ramsay R, Bagley C. The prevalance of suicidal behaviors, attitudes and associated social experiences in an urban population. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1985;15:151-67.
  • Zimmerman M, Lish JD, Lush DT, Farber NJ, Plescia G, Kuzma MA. Suicidal ideation among urban medical outpatients. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10:573-6.
  • Paykel ES, Myers JK, Lindenthal JJ, Tanner J. Suicidal feelings in the general population: a prevalence study. Br J Psychiatry. 1974;124:460-9.
  • Lee S, Fung SC, Tsang A, Liu ZR, Huang YQ, He YL et al. Lifetime prevalence of suicide ideation, plan, and attempt in metropolitan China. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007;116:429-37.
  • Scocco P, de Girolamo G, Vilagut G, Alonso J. Prevalence of suicide ideation, plans, and attempts and related risk factors in Italy: results from the European Study on epidemiology of mental disorders-world mental health study. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49:13-21.
  • Cougle JR, Keough ME, Riccardi CJ, Sachs-Ericsson N. Anxiety disorders and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43:825-9.
  • Kanwar A, Malik S, Prokop LJ, Sim LA, Feldstein D, Wang Z et al. The association between anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:917-29.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
  • Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Grebb JA. Synopsis of Psychiatry. 7. Baskı, Baltimore: Williams&Wilkins. 1994.
  • Özgüven HD. İntihar davranışı riskinin değerlendirilmesi. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2008;1:8-14.
  • Moscicki EK. Epidemiology of suicidal behavior. Suicide Life Threat Behavior. 1955;25:22-35.
  • Richardson R, Lowenstein S, Weissberg M. Coping with the suicidal elderly: a physician’s guide. Geriatrics. 1989;44:43-7.
  • De Leo D, Ormskerk SCR. Suicide in the elderly: general characteristics. Crisis. 1991;12:3-17.
  • Agerbo E, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Familial, psychiatric, and socioeconomic risk factors for suicide in young people: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2002;325:7355-74.
  • Cheng ATA, Chen THH, Chen CC, Jenkins R. Psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors for suicide: Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:360-5.
  • Monk M. Epidemiology of suicide. Epidemiol Rev. 1987;9:51-69.
  • Schmidtke A, Bille-Brahe U, De Leo D, Kerkhof A, Bjerke T, Crepet P et al. Attemped suicide in Europe: rates, tends and sociodemographic characteristicsof suicide attempters during the period 1989-1992. Results of the WHO/Euro multicentre study on parasuicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93:327-38.
  • Bagley C, Ramsey R. Psychosocial correlates of suicidal behaviors in an urban population. Crisis. 1985;6:63-77.
  • Owens D, Horrocks J, House A. Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self harm. Br J. Psychiatry. 2002;181:183-9.
  • Balci V, Sevincok L. Suicidal ideation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2010;175:104-8.
  • Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, Burnam MA. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:1094-9.
  • Hollander E, Greenwald S, Neville D, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Weissman MM. Uncomplicated and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in an epidemiologic sample. Depress Anxiety.1996- 1997;4:111-9.
  • Goodwin DW, Guze SB, Robins E. Follow-up studies in obsessional neurosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1969;20:182-7.
  • Koran LM, Thienemann ML, Davenport R. Quality of life for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:783-8.
  • Khan A, Leventhal RM, Khan S, Brown WA. Suicide risk in patients with anxiety disorders: a meta- analysis of the FDA database. J Affect Disord. 2002;68:183-190.
  • Torres AR, Prince MJ, Bebbington PE, Bhugra D, Bhugra TS, Farrell M et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence, comorbidity, impact, and help-seeking in the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of 2000. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1978-85.
  • Kamath P, Reddy YCJ, Kandavel T. Suicidal behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin
  • Torres AR, de Abreu Ramos-Cerqueira AT, Torresan RC, de Souza Dominques M, Hercos AC, Guimaraes AB. Prevalence and associated factors for suicidal ideation and behaviors in obsessive- compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2007;12:771-8.
  • Torres AR, Ramos-Cerqueira AT, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, do Rosario MC, Miguel EC. Suicidality in obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalance and relation to symptom dimensions and comorbid conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:17-26.
  • Torresan RC, Ramos-Cerqueira AT, Shavitt RG, do Rosario MC, de Mathis MA, Miguel EC et al. Symptom dimensions, clinical course and comorbidity in men and women with obsessive- compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2013;209:186-95.
  • Dhyani M, Trivedi JK, Nischal A, Sinha PK, Verma S. Suicidal behaviour of Indian patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55:161-6.
  • Alonso P, Segalas C, Real E, Pertusa A, Labad J, Jimenez-Murcia S et al. Suicide in patients treated for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A prospective follow-up study. J Affec Disord. 2010;124:300-8.
  • Torres AR, Shavitt RG, Torresan RC, Ferrao YA, Miguel EC, Fontenelle LF. Clinical features of pure obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54:1042-52.
  • Apter A, Horesh N, Gothelf D, Zalsman G, Erlich Z, Soreni N et al. Depression and suicidal behaviour in adolescent inpatients with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2003;75:181-9.
  • Faravelli C, Salvatori S, Galassi F, Aiazzi L, Drei C, Cabras P. Epidemiology of somatoform disorders: a community survey in Florence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1997;32:24-9.
  • Koran LM, Abujaoude E, Large MD, Serpe RT. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States adult population. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:316-22.
  • Otto MW, Wilhelm S, Cohen LS, Harlow BL. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a community sample of women. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:2061-3.
  • Rief W, Buhlmann U, Wilhelm S, Borkenhagen A, Brahler E. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychol Med. 2006;36:877-85.
  • Phillips KA. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder. Prim Psychiatry. 2007;14:58-66.
  • Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined uglines. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:1138-49.
  • Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Weisberg R. Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:317-25.
  • Phillips KA, Menard W. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder: a prospective study. Am J
  • Phillips KA, Didie ER, Menard W, Pagano ME, Fay C, Weisberg RB. Clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents and adults. Psychiatry Res. 2006;141:305-14.
  • Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr. A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1994;30:179-86.
  • Phillips KA, Diaz SF. Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1997;185:570-7.
  • Albertini RS, Phillips KA. 33 cases of body dysmorphic disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:453-9.
  • Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Willson R et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169:196-201.
  • Perugi G, Giannotti D, Frare F, Vaio SD, Valori E, Maggi L et al. Prevalence, phenomenology and comorbidity of body dysmorphic disorder(dysmorphophobia) in a clinical population. Int J Clin Pract. 1997;1:77-82.
  • Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Pagano ME. Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2005;46:254-60.
  • Philips KA, Coles ME, Menard W, Yen S, Fay C, Weisberg RB. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:717-25.
  • Hollander E, Cohen LJ, Simeon D. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psych Ann. 1993;23:359-64.
  • Gunstad J, Phillips KA. Axis I comorbidity in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:270-6.
  • Phillips KA, Gunderson CG, Mallya G, McElroy SL, Carter W. A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:568-75.
  • Phillips KA, Pinto A, Menard W, Eisen JL, Mancebo M, Rasmussen SA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder versus body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison study of two possibly related dsorders. Depress Anxiety. 2007;24:399-409.
  • Cohen LJ, Stein DJ, Simeon D, Spadaccini E, Rosen J, Aronowitz B et al. Clinical profile, comorbidity, and treatment history in 123 hair pullers: a survey study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:319-26.
  • Odlaug BL, Grant JE. Trichotillomania and pathologic skin picking: clinical comparison with an examination of comorbidity. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008;20:57–63.
  • Chamberlain SR, Fineberg NA, Blackwell AD, RobbinsTW, Sahakian BJ. Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in obsessive–compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1282–4.
  • Odlaug BL, Chamberlain SR, Grant JE. Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in pathologic skin picking. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34:208-11.
  • Gvion Y, Apter A. Aggression, impulsivity, and suicide behavior: A review of the literatüre. Arch Suicide Res. 2011;15:93-112.
  • Stein DJ,Christenson GA, Hollander E. Trichotillomania. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1999.
  • Storch EA, Lack CW, Merlo LJ, Geffken GR, Jacob ML, Murphy TK et al. Clinical features of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and hoarding symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48:313-8.
  • Torres AR, Fontenelle LF, Ferrao YA, do Rosario MC, Torresan RC, Miguel EC et al. Clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder with hoarding symptoms: A multicenter study. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46:724-32.
  • Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gonca Karakuş

Lut Tamam Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Eylül 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015

Kaynak Göster

AMA Karakuş G, Tamam L. Suicide in Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders. aktd. Eylül 2015;24(3):402-413. doi:10.17827/aktd.57326