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Current Medical Treatment of StableCoronary Artery Disease

Yıl 2015, , 592 - 613, 15.09.2015
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.91590

Öz

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Despite the increasing success of conventional medical therapies and the continued development and improvement of percutaneous coronary intervention, a significant number of patients with ischemic heart disease and angina pectoris cannot be successfully managed. There are two major purposes in the treatment of stable angina. The first is to prevent myocardial infarction and death and thereby, increase the quantity of life. The second is to reduce symptoms of angina and the frequency and severity of ischemia, which should improve the quality of life. Antiischemic agents, including beta-blockers, nitrates and calcium channel blockers, remain the mainstay in the prevention of angina. Also new pharmacological options for refractory angina, metabolic agents, and vasodilator therapies are adding to the armamentarium to prevent and treat angina. This review will summarize current recommended pharmacological approachesof stable coronary artery disease, with a focuson novel therapies.

Kaynakça

  • Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349:1269-76.
  • Kannel WB, Feinleib M. Natural history of angina pectoris in the Framingham study. Prognosis and survival. Am J Cardiol. 1972;29:154-63. Onat A, Uğur M, Tuncer M, Ayhan E, Kaya Z,Küçükdurmaz Z et al.Age at death in the Turkish Adult Risk Factor Study: temporal trend and regional distribution at 56,700 person-years’ follow- up. Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş. 2009;37:155-60.
  • Hemingway H, McCallum A, Shipley M, Manderbacka K, Martikainen P, Keskimaki I. Incidence and prognostic implications of stable angina pectoris among women and men. JAMA. 2006;295:1404–11.
  • Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, Andreotti F, Arden C, Budaj A et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2949- 3003.
  • Ardehali A, Ports TA. Myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Chest. 1990;98:699-705.
  • Henderson RA, O’Flynn N. Management of stable angina: summary of NICE guidance. Heart. 2012;98:500–7.
  • Robert A. O’Rourke, MD. Alternative strategies for the management of chronic stable angina. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2010;35:384-446.
  • Thadani U, Fung HL, Darke AC, Parker JO. Oral isosorbide dinitrate in angina pectoris: comparison of duration of action an dose-response relation during acute and sustained therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49:411–9.
  • Parker J. Nitrates and angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1993;73:3C-6C.
  • Nordlander R, Walter M. Once- versus twice-daily administration of controlled-release isosorbide- 5-mononitrate 60mg in the treatment of stable angina pectoris: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Eur Heart J. 1994;15:108-13.
  • ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1995;345:669- 85.
  • Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'infarto Miocardico. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1994;343:1115-22.
  • Bangalore S, Steg G, Deedwania P, Crowley K, Eagle KA, Goto S et al. Beta-Blocker use and clinical outcomes in stable outpatients with and without coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2012;308:1340– 1349.
  • Abernethy DR, Schwartz JB. Calcium-antagonist drugs. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1447–57. 17. Boman K, Saetre H, Karlsson LG, Ritter B, Marsell R, Wingman H et al. Antianginal effect of conventional and controlled release diltiazem in stable angina pectoris. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;49:27–30.
  • Brogden RN, Benfield P. Verapamil: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in coronary artery disease. Drugs. 1996;51:792–819. Ezekowitz MD, Hossack K, Mehta JL, Thadani U, Weidler DJ, Kostuk W et al. Amlodipine in chronic 19. stable angina: results of a multicenter double-blind crossover trial. Am Heart J. 1995;129:527– 35.
  • Leon MB, Rosing DR, Bonow RO, Lipson LC, Epstein SE. Clinical efficacy of verapamil alone and combined with propranolol in treating patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1981;48:131-9.
  • Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, Thompson PD, Ghali M, Garza D et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 292:2217–25.
  • Deanfield JE, Detry JM, Lichtlen PR, Magnani B, Sellier P, Thaulow E. Amlodipine reduces transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: double-blind Circadian Anti-Ischemia Program in Europe (CAPE Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:1460-7.
  • Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA, van Dalen FJ, Wagener G, Danchin N et al. Effect of long- acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:849–57.
  • Heidenreich PA, McDonald KM, Hastie T, Fadel B, Hagan V, Lee BK et al. Meta-analysis of trials comparing beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, and nitrates for stable angina. JAMA.
  • Ardissino D, Savonitto S, Egstrup K, Rasmussen K, Bae EA, Omland T et al. Selection of medical treatment in stable angina pectoris: results of the International Multicenter Angina Exercise (IMAGE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1516–21.
  • von Arnim T. Medical treatment to reduce total ischaemic burden: total ischaemic burden bisoprolol study (TIBBS), a multicenter trial comparing bisoprolol and nifedipine. The TIBBS Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:231–8.
  • Fox KM, Mulcahy D, Findlay I, Ford I, Dargie HJ. The Total Ischaemic Burden European Trial (TIBET). Effects of atenolol, nifedipine SR and their combination on the exercise test and the total ischaemic burden in 608 patients with stable angina. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:96–103.
  • Patrono C, Coller B, FitzGerald GA, Hirsh J, Roth G. Platelet-active drugs: the relationships among dose, effectiveness, and side effects: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:234S–264S.
  • Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy: I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. BMJ. 1994;308:81–106.
  • Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71–86.
  • CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329–39.
  • Bhatt DL, Fox KA, HackeW, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1706–17.
  • The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994;344:1383–9.
  • Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Shepherd J, Braunwald E, Cobbe S, Hawkins CM et al. Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. Circulation. 2000;102:1893–1900.
  • The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349–57.
  • Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol- lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2005–16.
  • Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet.
  • Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than- average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo- Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149– 58.
  • Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011; 32:1769–1818.
  • The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Eng J Med. 1991;325:293–302.
  • Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidityin patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:669–77.
  • Flather MD, Yusuf S, Kober L, Pfeffer M, Hall A, Murray G et al. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2000;355:1575–81.
  • Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145–53.
  • Fox KM. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003;362:782–8.
  • Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, Geller NL, Gersh BJ, Hsia J et al. Angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2058–68.
  • Yusuf S, Wittes J, Friedman L. Overview of results of randomized clinical trials in heart disease. I. Treatments following myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1988;260:2088–93.
  • Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure. Lancet. 1999;353:2001–7.
  • The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353:9–13.
  • Jerling M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of ranolazine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45:469–91.
  • Chaitman BR. Ranolazine for the treatment of chronic angina and potential use in other cardiovascular conditions. Circulation. 2006;113:2462-72.
  • Stone PH, Gratsiansky NA, Blokhin A, Huang IZ, Meng L; ERICA Investigators. Antianginal efficacy of ranolazine when added to treatment with amlodipine: the ERICA (Efficacy of Ranolazine in Chronic Angina) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:566-75.
  • Taira N. Similarity and dissimilarity in the mode and mechanism of action between nicorandil and classical nitrates: an overview. J Cardiovasc Pharm. 1987;10:1-9.
  • The IONA Study Group. Effect of nicorandil on coronary events in patients with stable angina: the Impact Of Nicorandil in Angina (IONA) randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1269-75.
  • Borer JS, Fox K, Jaillon P, Lerebours G; Ivabradine Investigators Group. Antianginal and antiischemic effects of ivabradine, an I(f) inhibitor, in stable angina: a randomized, double-blind, multicentered, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation. 2003;107:817-23.
  • Tardif JC, Ford I, Tendera M, Bourassa MG, Fox K; INITIATIVE Investigators. Efficacy of ivabradine, a new selective I(f) inhibitor, compared with atenolol in patients with chronic stable angina. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:2529-36
  • Tardif JC, Ponikowski P, Kahan T, ASSOCIATE Study Investigators. Efficacy of the I(f) current inhibitor ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina receiving beta-blocker therapy: a 4- month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:540-8.
  • Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Ferrari R, BEAUTIFUL Investigators. Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:807-16.
  • Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Robertson M, Ferrari R et al. Relationship between ivabradine treatment and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction with limiting angina: a subgroup analysis of the randomized, controlled BEAUTIFUL trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2337-45.
  • Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tardif JC, Tendera M, Ferrari R et al. Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1091-9.
  • Chazov EI, Lepakchin VK, Zharova EA, Fitilev SB, Levin AM, Rumiantzeva EG et al. Trimetazidine in Angina Combination Therapy: the TACT study: trimetazidine versus conventional treatment in patients with stable angina pectoris in a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Am J Ther. 2005;12:35-42.
  • Marzilli M, Klein W. Efficacy and tolerability of trimetazidine in stable angina: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. Coron Artery Dis. 2003;14:171-9.
  • Messin R, Opolski G, Fenyvesi T, Carreer-Bruhwyler F, Dubois C, Famaey JP et al. Efficacy and safety of molsidomine once-a-day in patients with stable angina pectoris. Int J Cardiol. 2005;98:79-89.
  • Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al. Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1341-81.
  • Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi

Kararlı Koroner Arter Hastalığında Güncel İlaç Tedavisi

Yıl 2015, , 592 - 613, 15.09.2015
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.91590

Öz

Koroner arter hastalığı tüm dünyadaki ölümlerin en yaygın sebebidir. Hem tıbbi tedavi, hem de perkütan koroner arter girişimdeki artan yeni gelişmelere rağmen, halen birçok iskemik kalp hastalığı olan hastanın semptomları yeterli düzeyde kontrol altına alınamamaktadır. Kararlı angina tedavisinin iki önemli amacı vardır. Birincisi, miyokard infarktüsü ve ölümü engelleyerek yaşam beklentisini uzatmak, ikincisi de anginanın sıklığını ve şiddetini azaltarak hayat kalitesini arttırmaktır. Beta blokerler, kalsiyum antigonistleri ve nitratlar antiiskemik tedavinin temelini oluştururken, refrakter angina için kullanılan yeni farmakolojik seçenekler, metabolik ajanlar ve vazodilatatör ilaçlar anginanın önlenmesi ve tedavisinde kullanılan silahlar arasına katılmaktadırlar. Bu derlemede kararlı koroner arter hastalığının güncel medikal tedavisi yeni ajanlar ışığı altında özetlenecektir

Kaynakça

  • Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349:1269-76.
  • Kannel WB, Feinleib M. Natural history of angina pectoris in the Framingham study. Prognosis and survival. Am J Cardiol. 1972;29:154-63. Onat A, Uğur M, Tuncer M, Ayhan E, Kaya Z,Küçükdurmaz Z et al.Age at death in the Turkish Adult Risk Factor Study: temporal trend and regional distribution at 56,700 person-years’ follow- up. Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş. 2009;37:155-60.
  • Hemingway H, McCallum A, Shipley M, Manderbacka K, Martikainen P, Keskimaki I. Incidence and prognostic implications of stable angina pectoris among women and men. JAMA. 2006;295:1404–11.
  • Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, Andreotti F, Arden C, Budaj A et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2949- 3003.
  • Ardehali A, Ports TA. Myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Chest. 1990;98:699-705.
  • Henderson RA, O’Flynn N. Management of stable angina: summary of NICE guidance. Heart. 2012;98:500–7.
  • Robert A. O’Rourke, MD. Alternative strategies for the management of chronic stable angina. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2010;35:384-446.
  • Thadani U, Fung HL, Darke AC, Parker JO. Oral isosorbide dinitrate in angina pectoris: comparison of duration of action an dose-response relation during acute and sustained therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49:411–9.
  • Parker J. Nitrates and angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1993;73:3C-6C.
  • Nordlander R, Walter M. Once- versus twice-daily administration of controlled-release isosorbide- 5-mononitrate 60mg in the treatment of stable angina pectoris: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Eur Heart J. 1994;15:108-13.
  • ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1995;345:669- 85.
  • Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'infarto Miocardico. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1994;343:1115-22.
  • Bangalore S, Steg G, Deedwania P, Crowley K, Eagle KA, Goto S et al. Beta-Blocker use and clinical outcomes in stable outpatients with and without coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2012;308:1340– 1349.
  • Abernethy DR, Schwartz JB. Calcium-antagonist drugs. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1447–57. 17. Boman K, Saetre H, Karlsson LG, Ritter B, Marsell R, Wingman H et al. Antianginal effect of conventional and controlled release diltiazem in stable angina pectoris. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;49:27–30.
  • Brogden RN, Benfield P. Verapamil: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in coronary artery disease. Drugs. 1996;51:792–819. Ezekowitz MD, Hossack K, Mehta JL, Thadani U, Weidler DJ, Kostuk W et al. Amlodipine in chronic 19. stable angina: results of a multicenter double-blind crossover trial. Am Heart J. 1995;129:527– 35.
  • Leon MB, Rosing DR, Bonow RO, Lipson LC, Epstein SE. Clinical efficacy of verapamil alone and combined with propranolol in treating patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1981;48:131-9.
  • Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, Thompson PD, Ghali M, Garza D et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 292:2217–25.
  • Deanfield JE, Detry JM, Lichtlen PR, Magnani B, Sellier P, Thaulow E. Amlodipine reduces transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: double-blind Circadian Anti-Ischemia Program in Europe (CAPE Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:1460-7.
  • Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA, van Dalen FJ, Wagener G, Danchin N et al. Effect of long- acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:849–57.
  • Heidenreich PA, McDonald KM, Hastie T, Fadel B, Hagan V, Lee BK et al. Meta-analysis of trials comparing beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, and nitrates for stable angina. JAMA.
  • Ardissino D, Savonitto S, Egstrup K, Rasmussen K, Bae EA, Omland T et al. Selection of medical treatment in stable angina pectoris: results of the International Multicenter Angina Exercise (IMAGE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1516–21.
  • von Arnim T. Medical treatment to reduce total ischaemic burden: total ischaemic burden bisoprolol study (TIBBS), a multicenter trial comparing bisoprolol and nifedipine. The TIBBS Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:231–8.
  • Fox KM, Mulcahy D, Findlay I, Ford I, Dargie HJ. The Total Ischaemic Burden European Trial (TIBET). Effects of atenolol, nifedipine SR and their combination on the exercise test and the total ischaemic burden in 608 patients with stable angina. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:96–103.
  • Patrono C, Coller B, FitzGerald GA, Hirsh J, Roth G. Platelet-active drugs: the relationships among dose, effectiveness, and side effects: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:234S–264S.
  • Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy: I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. BMJ. 1994;308:81–106.
  • Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71–86.
  • CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329–39.
  • Bhatt DL, Fox KA, HackeW, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1706–17.
  • The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994;344:1383–9.
  • Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Shepherd J, Braunwald E, Cobbe S, Hawkins CM et al. Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. Circulation. 2000;102:1893–1900.
  • The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349–57.
  • Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol- lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2005–16.
  • Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet.
  • Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than- average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo- Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149– 58.
  • Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011; 32:1769–1818.
  • The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Eng J Med. 1991;325:293–302.
  • Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidityin patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:669–77.
  • Flather MD, Yusuf S, Kober L, Pfeffer M, Hall A, Murray G et al. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2000;355:1575–81.
  • Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145–53.
  • Fox KM. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003;362:782–8.
  • Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, Geller NL, Gersh BJ, Hsia J et al. Angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2058–68.
  • Yusuf S, Wittes J, Friedman L. Overview of results of randomized clinical trials in heart disease. I. Treatments following myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1988;260:2088–93.
  • Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure. Lancet. 1999;353:2001–7.
  • The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353:9–13.
  • Jerling M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of ranolazine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45:469–91.
  • Chaitman BR. Ranolazine for the treatment of chronic angina and potential use in other cardiovascular conditions. Circulation. 2006;113:2462-72.
  • Stone PH, Gratsiansky NA, Blokhin A, Huang IZ, Meng L; ERICA Investigators. Antianginal efficacy of ranolazine when added to treatment with amlodipine: the ERICA (Efficacy of Ranolazine in Chronic Angina) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:566-75.
  • Taira N. Similarity and dissimilarity in the mode and mechanism of action between nicorandil and classical nitrates: an overview. J Cardiovasc Pharm. 1987;10:1-9.
  • The IONA Study Group. Effect of nicorandil on coronary events in patients with stable angina: the Impact Of Nicorandil in Angina (IONA) randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1269-75.
  • Borer JS, Fox K, Jaillon P, Lerebours G; Ivabradine Investigators Group. Antianginal and antiischemic effects of ivabradine, an I(f) inhibitor, in stable angina: a randomized, double-blind, multicentered, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation. 2003;107:817-23.
  • Tardif JC, Ford I, Tendera M, Bourassa MG, Fox K; INITIATIVE Investigators. Efficacy of ivabradine, a new selective I(f) inhibitor, compared with atenolol in patients with chronic stable angina. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:2529-36
  • Tardif JC, Ponikowski P, Kahan T, ASSOCIATE Study Investigators. Efficacy of the I(f) current inhibitor ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina receiving beta-blocker therapy: a 4- month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:540-8.
  • Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Ferrari R, BEAUTIFUL Investigators. Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:807-16.
  • Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Robertson M, Ferrari R et al. Relationship between ivabradine treatment and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction with limiting angina: a subgroup analysis of the randomized, controlled BEAUTIFUL trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2337-45.
  • Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tardif JC, Tendera M, Ferrari R et al. Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1091-9.
  • Chazov EI, Lepakchin VK, Zharova EA, Fitilev SB, Levin AM, Rumiantzeva EG et al. Trimetazidine in Angina Combination Therapy: the TACT study: trimetazidine versus conventional treatment in patients with stable angina pectoris in a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Am J Ther. 2005;12:35-42.
  • Marzilli M, Klein W. Efficacy and tolerability of trimetazidine in stable angina: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. Coron Artery Dis. 2003;14:171-9.
  • Messin R, Opolski G, Fenyvesi T, Carreer-Bruhwyler F, Dubois C, Famaey JP et al. Efficacy and safety of molsidomine once-a-day in patients with stable angina pectoris. Int J Cardiol. 2005;98:79-89.
  • Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al. Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1341-81.
  • Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Göknur Tekin

Abdullah Tekin Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015

Kaynak Göster

AMA Tekin G, Tekin A. Current Medical Treatment of StableCoronary Artery Disease. aktd. Eylül 2015;24(4):592-613. doi:10.17827/aktd.91590