BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Cardiac Screening for Athletes

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 4, 575 - 590, 01.12.2013

Öz

As obesity and cardiovascular mortality has recently increased, sporting activities are recommended to people of all age groups more than past decades. Sudden cardiac death during sporting events resonate in a wide range of media and cause serious concern to the families. In order to reduce mortality, athlete screening has been raised. There is a disagreement about how to do the most effective and the least costly screening, also the necessity of screening. The American Heart Academy recommends screening with only history and physical examination, while European Society of Cardiology considers the inclusion of the electrocardiography. During sports activities, in response to the growing needs for the heart, a number of structural and electrical changes in the heart of athlete occur. This situation is briefly defined as the athlete heart. Although it is considered to be due to physiological changes in the athlete's heart, these changes are reflected in electrocardiography and they increase the number of false-positive cases. In 2010, European Society of Cardiology divided findings into two groups as physiological and pathological findings in order to prevent this confusion. With these criteria, it was aimed to increase the sensitivity of electrocardiography while reducing the false-positive rates. Despite all the precautions sudden cardiac death could not be completely precluded. Because of this, as well as the protective measures; cautions after the incident are also important. In the emergency plan, knowledgeable and experienced team of resuscitation and external cardiac defibrillator dissemination campaigns are the first things coming to mind.

Kaynakça

  • Corrado D, Migliore F, Bevilacque M, Basso C, Thiene G. Sudden cardiac death in athletes. Herz. 2009; 34:259-66.
  • Myerson M, Sanchez-Ross M, Sherrid MV Preparticipation Athletic screening for genetic heart disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2012; 54:543-52.
  • Magalski A, McCoy M, Zabel M, Magee LM, Goeke J, Main ML et al. Cardiovascular screening with electrocardiography and echocardiography in collegiate athletes. Am J Med. 2011; 124:511-8. Cohen YB, Silka MJ. Sudden cardiac death in pediatrics. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008; 20:517-21.
  • Akalın F. Sporcularda ani ölüm. Türk Pediatri Arşivi. 2006; 41:131-8.
  • Asif IM, Rao AL, Drezner JA. Sudden cardiac death in young athletes: what is the role of screening? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2013; 28:55-62.
  • Cohen YB, Silka MJ. The pre-sports cardiovascular evaluation: should it depent on the level of competition, the sport, or the state? Pediatr Cardiol. 2012; 33:417-27.
  • Bultas MW. Understanding sports preparticipation cardiovascular screening recommendations. NASN School Nurse. 2012; 27:318-22.
  • Madsen NL, Drezner JA, Salerno JC. Sudden cardiac death screening in adolescent athletes: an evaluation of compliance with national guidelines. Br J Sports Med. 2013; 47:172-7.
  • Seto CG. The preparticipation physical examination: an update. Clin Sports Med. 2011; 30:49150
  • Hirzinger C, Frolicher VF, Niebauer J. Pre-participation examination of competitive athletes: role of the ECG. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2010; 20:195-9.
  • Patel A, Lantos JD. Can we prevent sudden cardiac death in young athletes? the debate about preparticipation sports screening. Acta Paediatr. 2011; 100:1287-301.
  • Siddiqui S, Patel DR. Cardiovascular screening adolescent athletes. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2010; 57:635-47.
  • Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, Balady G, Berger S, Cohen D et al. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormailities in competitive athletes: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition. Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2007 ;115:1643-55.
  • Drezner JA. ECG screening in athletes: time to develop infrastructure. Heart Rhythm. 2011; 8:1560-1.
  • Maron BJ, Zipes DP. 36 th Bethesda Conference eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45:1-64.

Sporcuların Kardiyak Açıdan Taranması

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 4, 575 - 590, 01.12.2013

Öz

Obezite ve kardiyovasküler mortalitenin arttığı günümüzde, sportif faaliyetler her yaş grubundan insana önerilmektedir. Nadir de olsa spor müsabakalarındaki ani ölümler, medya yolu ile geniş bir alanda yankılanmakta, toplum ve ailelerde ciddi endişeye sebep olmaktadır. Bu önlenebilir mortaliteyi azaltabilmek amacı ile atlet taraması gündeme gelmiştir. Geçen zaman içerisinde, taramanın gerekliliğinden çok, en az maliyetli ancak en etkili taramanın nasıl yapılacağı tartışılagelmiştir. Amerikan Kalp Akademisi'nin önerileri doğrultusunda, tarama için sadece hikaye ve fizik muayene benimsenirken, Avrupa Kardiyoloji Derneği EKG'nin de eklenmesi gerektiğini düşünmektedir. Spor faaliyetleri sırasında artan ihtiyaca cevap verebilmek amacı ile kalpte birtakım yapısal ve elektiriksel yeniden yapılanma oluşmaktadır. Bu durum kısaca atlet kalbi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Atlet kalbine bağlı değişiklikler fizyolojik olarak kabul edilmekle beraber; bu değişikliklerin EKG'ye yansıması tarama sırasında yalancı pozitif vaka sayısını arttırmaktadır. Bu karışıklığı engellemek amacı ile 2010'da Avrupa Kardiyoloji Derneğ, EKG bulgularını, fizyolojik ve patolojik bulgular olmak üzere iki gruba ayırmıştır. Bu kriterlerle, EKG duyarlılığı önemli ölçüde artarken, yalancı pozitiflik oranı azalmıştır. Tüm önlemlere rağmen ani ölümler tamamiyle engellenememektedir. Bu nedenle, koruyucu önlemlerin yanı sıra, olay sonrası tedbirler önem kazanmaktadır. Acil durum planı, resusitasyon konusunda bilgili ve deneyimli ekip ve eksternal kardiyak defibrilatorlerin yaygınlaştırılması bunlardan ilk akla gelenlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Corrado D, Migliore F, Bevilacque M, Basso C, Thiene G. Sudden cardiac death in athletes. Herz. 2009; 34:259-66.
  • Myerson M, Sanchez-Ross M, Sherrid MV Preparticipation Athletic screening for genetic heart disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2012; 54:543-52.
  • Magalski A, McCoy M, Zabel M, Magee LM, Goeke J, Main ML et al. Cardiovascular screening with electrocardiography and echocardiography in collegiate athletes. Am J Med. 2011; 124:511-8. Cohen YB, Silka MJ. Sudden cardiac death in pediatrics. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008; 20:517-21.
  • Akalın F. Sporcularda ani ölüm. Türk Pediatri Arşivi. 2006; 41:131-8.
  • Asif IM, Rao AL, Drezner JA. Sudden cardiac death in young athletes: what is the role of screening? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2013; 28:55-62.
  • Cohen YB, Silka MJ. The pre-sports cardiovascular evaluation: should it depent on the level of competition, the sport, or the state? Pediatr Cardiol. 2012; 33:417-27.
  • Bultas MW. Understanding sports preparticipation cardiovascular screening recommendations. NASN School Nurse. 2012; 27:318-22.
  • Madsen NL, Drezner JA, Salerno JC. Sudden cardiac death screening in adolescent athletes: an evaluation of compliance with national guidelines. Br J Sports Med. 2013; 47:172-7.
  • Seto CG. The preparticipation physical examination: an update. Clin Sports Med. 2011; 30:49150
  • Hirzinger C, Frolicher VF, Niebauer J. Pre-participation examination of competitive athletes: role of the ECG. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2010; 20:195-9.
  • Patel A, Lantos JD. Can we prevent sudden cardiac death in young athletes? the debate about preparticipation sports screening. Acta Paediatr. 2011; 100:1287-301.
  • Siddiqui S, Patel DR. Cardiovascular screening adolescent athletes. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2010; 57:635-47.
  • Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, Balady G, Berger S, Cohen D et al. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormailities in competitive athletes: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition. Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2007 ;115:1643-55.
  • Drezner JA. ECG screening in athletes: time to develop infrastructure. Heart Rhythm. 2011; 8:1560-1.
  • Maron BJ, Zipes DP. 36 th Bethesda Conference eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45:1-64.
Toplam 15 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Senem Özgür Bu kişi benim

Selmin Karademir Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Özgür S, Karademir S. Sporcuların Kardiyak Açıdan Taranması. aktd. Aralık 2013;22(4):575-590.