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Molecular Mechanism of Apoptosis and Necrosis

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 145 - 158, 01.09.2011

Öz

Organismal homeostasis depends on an intricate balance between cell death and renewal. Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that plays a critical role in some normal and pathologic conditions beginning from embryologic development and ends at death. Apoptosis is initiated by morphological changes at the cell membrane, surface organels and nucleus. Apoptosis starts with death signals coming from outside or inside of the cell and continue to activate the mechanisms of apoptosis via cell death receptor or mitochondrial pathways. During apoptosis a group proteases are activated which cause DNA fragmentation, cytoplasmic shrinkage and membrane blebbing. Apoptotic cells divide into apoptotic bodies and then these apoptotic bodies are removed from tissue by phagocytes and adjacent cells In contrast to the “programmed” nature of apoptosis, necrotic cell death has always been believed to be a random, uncontrolled process that leads to death of the cell. Also necrosis, which is an other type of cell death, came to be used to describe pathologic cell death which cause inflamation.

Kaynakça

  • Andrew GR, Catherine B, Christopher SP. Education and debate, What is apoptosis, and why is it important, BMJ 2001;322:1536-1538. 6. Vaux DL, Korsmeyer SJ. Cell death in development. Cell. 96:245-254; 1999.
  • Franz TA, Kidson SH. Mapping of interdigital apoptosis in the chick and duck hindlimb. Embryology. 93(2):85-94. 1997.
  • Marti A, Ritter PM, Jager R. Mouse mammary gland involution is associated with cytochrome-c release and caspase activation. Mech Dev. 104(1-2):89-98.2001. 9. Ford WCL. Biological mechanisms of male infertility. The Lancet. 357:21.1223-1224, 2001.
  • Blanch A, Liu H, Goodyer C. Caspase-6 role in apoptosis of human neurons, amyloidogenesis and Alzheimer’s disease. J Biol Chem. 274(33):23426-23436, 1999.
  • Hughes Fm, Gorospe WC. Biochemical identification of apoptosis in granulosa cells: evidence for a potential mechanism underlying follicular atresia. Endocrinology. 129(5):2415- 2422, 1991.
  • Kannan K, Jain Sk. Oxidative stress and apoptosis. Pathophysiology. 7(27):153-163, 2000.
  • Adams JM, Cory S. Life or death decions by the Bcl-2 family. Trends. Biochem Sci 2001;26:61-6.
  • Adrain C, Martin SJ. The mitochondrial apoptosome: a killer unleashed by the cytochrome seas. Trends Biochem Sci 2001; 26:390-7.
  • Spierings DC, de Vries EG, Vellenga E. et al: Tissue distribution of the death ligand TRAİL and its receptors. J Histochem Cytochem 52(6): 821-831; 2004.
  • Vousden KH, Lu X. Live or let die: the cells response to p53. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:594- 604.
  • Curtin JF, Cotter TG. Live and let die: regulatory mechanism in Fas mediated apoptosis. Cell Signal 2003;15:983-92.
  • Danial NN, Korsmeyer SJ, Cell death: critical control points. Cell2004;116:205-219.
  • Kroemer G, Galluzi L, Brenner C. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death. Physiol Rev. 2007;87:99-163.
  • Smaili S. Hsu Y et al. Mitochondria in Ca+2 signaling and apoptosis. J. Bioener and Biomem. 2000; 32(1):35-46.
  • Strasser A, O’Connor L, Dixit VM. Apoptosis signaling. Annu Rev Biochem 2000;69:217-45.
  • Palmer AM. Greengrass PM. Cavalla D. The role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Drug News & Perspectives, 2000; Vol. 13, No.6, 378-384.
  • Galluzi L, Aaronson SA, Abrams J. et al: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes. Cell Death Differ 16: 1093-1107; 2006.
  • Golstein P, Kroemer G. Cell death by necrosis: towards a molecular definition. Trends Biochem Sci 2007;32:37-43.
  • Nicotera P, Bernassola F, Melino G. Regulation of the apoptosis-necrosis switch. Oncogene 2004;23:2757-2765.
  • Baines CP. Role of the mitochondrion in programmed necrosis. Front Physiol. 2010 Nov 29;1:156.
  • Zong WX, Thompson CB. Necrotic death as a cell fate. Genes Dev. 2006 Jan 1;20(1):1-15.
  • Gozuacik D, Kimchi A. Autophagy and cell death. Curr Top Dev Biol 2007;78:217-25.
  • Castedo M, Perfettini JL, Roumier T, Andreau K, Medema R, Kroemer G. Cell death by mitotic catastrophe: a molecular definition. Oncogene 2004 23, 2825–2837.
  • Chernikov VP , Belousova TA , Kakturskiĭ LV . Morphological and biochemical criteria for cell death. Arkh Patol. 2010 May-Jun;72(3):48-54.
  • Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Vandenabeele P. Classification of cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2009 January ;16(1): 3–11.
  • Frisch SM, Ruoslahti E. Integrins and anoikis. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997 Oct;9(5):701-6.
  • Sperandio S, de Belle I, Bredesen DE. An alternative, nonapoptotic form of programmed cell death. Proc Natlc Acad Sci USA 2000;97:14376-14381.
  • Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology a text and atlas. 6th edition. London: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams&Wilkins; 2011.p.93-97.

Apoptoz ve Nekrozun Moleküler Mekanizması

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 145 - 158, 01.09.2011

Öz

Organizmanın homeostazisi; hücre ölümü ve hücre çoğalması arasında sabit bir dengeye bağlıdır. Apoptoz, embriyonik dönemden ölüme kadar pek çok fizyolojik veya patolojik olayda izlenen programlı hücre ölümüdür. Apoptozda, hücre yüzeyinde, hücre organellerinde ve çekirdekte çeşitli değişiklikler izlenir. Hücre içi veya dışı kaynaklı ölüm sinyalleri eşliğinde, hücre ölüm reseptörleri ve mitokondriyon aracılığıyla apoptotik mekanizma aktive olur ve sonuçta DNA kırılması, sitoplazmada büzülme, membranda parçalanma meydana gelir. Apoptotik hücreler, apoptotik cisimciklere ayrılarak çevre hücreler tarafından fagosite edilirler. Bir diğer hücre ölüm tipi olan nekroz ise programlı hücre ölümü olan apoptozdan farklı olarak rastgele, kontrolsüz gerçekleşen bir süreç olup inflamasyonla sonuçlanan patolojik hücre ölümüdür.

Kaynakça

  • Andrew GR, Catherine B, Christopher SP. Education and debate, What is apoptosis, and why is it important, BMJ 2001;322:1536-1538. 6. Vaux DL, Korsmeyer SJ. Cell death in development. Cell. 96:245-254; 1999.
  • Franz TA, Kidson SH. Mapping of interdigital apoptosis in the chick and duck hindlimb. Embryology. 93(2):85-94. 1997.
  • Marti A, Ritter PM, Jager R. Mouse mammary gland involution is associated with cytochrome-c release and caspase activation. Mech Dev. 104(1-2):89-98.2001. 9. Ford WCL. Biological mechanisms of male infertility. The Lancet. 357:21.1223-1224, 2001.
  • Blanch A, Liu H, Goodyer C. Caspase-6 role in apoptosis of human neurons, amyloidogenesis and Alzheimer’s disease. J Biol Chem. 274(33):23426-23436, 1999.
  • Hughes Fm, Gorospe WC. Biochemical identification of apoptosis in granulosa cells: evidence for a potential mechanism underlying follicular atresia. Endocrinology. 129(5):2415- 2422, 1991.
  • Kannan K, Jain Sk. Oxidative stress and apoptosis. Pathophysiology. 7(27):153-163, 2000.
  • Adams JM, Cory S. Life or death decions by the Bcl-2 family. Trends. Biochem Sci 2001;26:61-6.
  • Adrain C, Martin SJ. The mitochondrial apoptosome: a killer unleashed by the cytochrome seas. Trends Biochem Sci 2001; 26:390-7.
  • Spierings DC, de Vries EG, Vellenga E. et al: Tissue distribution of the death ligand TRAİL and its receptors. J Histochem Cytochem 52(6): 821-831; 2004.
  • Vousden KH, Lu X. Live or let die: the cells response to p53. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:594- 604.
  • Curtin JF, Cotter TG. Live and let die: regulatory mechanism in Fas mediated apoptosis. Cell Signal 2003;15:983-92.
  • Danial NN, Korsmeyer SJ, Cell death: critical control points. Cell2004;116:205-219.
  • Kroemer G, Galluzi L, Brenner C. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death. Physiol Rev. 2007;87:99-163.
  • Smaili S. Hsu Y et al. Mitochondria in Ca+2 signaling and apoptosis. J. Bioener and Biomem. 2000; 32(1):35-46.
  • Strasser A, O’Connor L, Dixit VM. Apoptosis signaling. Annu Rev Biochem 2000;69:217-45.
  • Palmer AM. Greengrass PM. Cavalla D. The role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Drug News & Perspectives, 2000; Vol. 13, No.6, 378-384.
  • Galluzi L, Aaronson SA, Abrams J. et al: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes. Cell Death Differ 16: 1093-1107; 2006.
  • Golstein P, Kroemer G. Cell death by necrosis: towards a molecular definition. Trends Biochem Sci 2007;32:37-43.
  • Nicotera P, Bernassola F, Melino G. Regulation of the apoptosis-necrosis switch. Oncogene 2004;23:2757-2765.
  • Baines CP. Role of the mitochondrion in programmed necrosis. Front Physiol. 2010 Nov 29;1:156.
  • Zong WX, Thompson CB. Necrotic death as a cell fate. Genes Dev. 2006 Jan 1;20(1):1-15.
  • Gozuacik D, Kimchi A. Autophagy and cell death. Curr Top Dev Biol 2007;78:217-25.
  • Castedo M, Perfettini JL, Roumier T, Andreau K, Medema R, Kroemer G. Cell death by mitotic catastrophe: a molecular definition. Oncogene 2004 23, 2825–2837.
  • Chernikov VP , Belousova TA , Kakturskiĭ LV . Morphological and biochemical criteria for cell death. Arkh Patol. 2010 May-Jun;72(3):48-54.
  • Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Vandenabeele P. Classification of cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2009 January ;16(1): 3–11.
  • Frisch SM, Ruoslahti E. Integrins and anoikis. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997 Oct;9(5):701-6.
  • Sperandio S, de Belle I, Bredesen DE. An alternative, nonapoptotic form of programmed cell death. Proc Natlc Acad Sci USA 2000;97:14376-14381.
  • Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology a text and atlas. 6th edition. London: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams&Wilkins; 2011.p.93-97.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gülfidan Coşkun Bu kişi benim

Hülya Özgür Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Coşkun G, Özgür H. Apoptoz ve Nekrozun Moleküler Mekanizması. aktd. Eylül 2011;20(3):145-158.