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Physiological Basis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 1 - 11, 01.03.2010

Öz

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and overactivity. The findings obtained from studies in the fields of neuropsychology, neuroimaging and neurophysiology have supported that ADHD patients have abnormalities of brain structure and function. The aim of this article is to examine the underlying neuroanatomic and neurophysiological characteristics of ADHD. This review provide an evidence-based overview of ADHD, including in dysregulation of frontal-subcortical-cerebellar dopaminergic circuits with structural brain abnormalities.

Kaynakça

  • Barkley, RA (Eds) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: The Guilford Pres; 1996; 3-38, 573-612.
  • Voeller K. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 2004;19- 10.
  • Giedd JN, Castellanos FX, Casey BJ, Kozuch P, King AC, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL.Quantitative morphology of the corpus callosum. Attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 1994;15l.
  • Hill DE, Yeo RA, Campbell RA, Hart B, Vigil J, Brooks W. Magnetic rosonance imaging correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in cilldren. Neuropsychology, 2003; 17-496-506.
  • Mostofsky SH, Cooper KL, Kates WR, Denckla MB, Kaufmann WE. Smaller prefrontal and premotor volumes in boys with attention-deficit/liyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 2002; 52:785-794.
  • Durston S, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Buitelaar JK, Steenhuis MP, Minderaa RB, Kahn RS, van Engeland H. Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings. J Am Acad Child Adnlesr Psychiatry, 2004; 43:131-140.
  • Castellanos FX, Acosta MT. The Neuroanatomy of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Rev Neorol. 2004; 38(1): 5131-6.
  • Filipek PA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Kennedy DN, Biederman J.Volumetric MRl analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyjjeractivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology, 1997; 48(3):589-601.
  • Kates WR, Frederikse M, Mostofsky SH, Folley BS, Cooper K, Mazur-Hopkins P, Kofman O, Singer HS, Denckla MB, Pearlson GD, Kaufmann WE. MRI parceilation of the frontal lobe in boys wilh attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Resarch, 2002;116:63-81.
  • Pontius AA. Dysfunction patterns analogous to frontal lobe system and caudate nucleus syndromes in some groups of minimal brain dysfunction. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 1973; 28: 285−292.
  • Aylward EH, Reiss AL, Reader MJ, Singer HS, Brown JE, Denckla MB. Basal ganglia volumes in children with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 1996; 11: 112−115.
  • Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS, Blumenthal JD, James RS, Ebens CL, Walter JM, Zijdenbos A, Evans AC, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002; 288: 1740−1748.
  • Bussing R, Grudnik J, Mason D,Wasiak M, Leonard, C. ADHD and conduct disorder: an MRI study in a community sample. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2002; 3, 216−220.
  • Pineda DA, Restrepo MA, Sarmiento RJ, Gutierrez JE, Vargas SA, Quiroz YT, Hynd GW. Statistical analyses of structural magnetic resonance imaging of the head of the caudate nucleus in Colombian children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 2002; 17, 97−105.
  • Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Polcari A, Glod CA, Maas LC, Renshaw PF. Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder shown with functional magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry. Nature Medicine, 2000 6: 470−473.
  • Allen G, Buxton RB, Wong EC, Courchesne E. Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor movement. Science, 1997; 275: 1940−1943.
  • Zubicaray GI, Zelaya FO, Andrew C,Williams SC, Bullmore ET. Cerebral regions associated with verbal response initiation, suppression and strategy use. Neuropsychologia, 2000; 38: 1292−1304.
  • Desmond JE, Gabrieli JD, Glover, GH. Dissociation of frontal and cerebellar activity in a cognitive task: Evidence for a distinction between selection and search. NeuroImage, 1998; 7: 368−376.
  • Tracy JI, Faro SH, Mohamed FB, Pinsk M, Pinus A. Functional localization of a “Time Keeper” function separate from attentional resources and task strategy. Neuroimage, 2000; 11, 228−242.
  • Berquin PC, Giedd JN, Jacobsen LK, Hamburger SD, Krain AL, Rapoport JL, Castellanos FX. The cerebellum in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: A morphometric study. Neurology, 1998; 50: 1087−1093.
  • Overmeyer S, Bullmore ET, Suckling J, Simmons A, Williams SC, Santosh PJ, Taylor E. Distributed grey and white matter deficits in hyperkinetic disorder: MRI evidence for anatomical abnormality in an attentional network. Psychological Medicine, 2001; 31: 1425−1435.
  • Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Berquin PC, Walter JM, Sharp W, Tran T, Vaituzis AC, Blumenthal JD, Nelson J, Bastain TM, Zijdenbos A, Evans AC, Rapoport JL. Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2001; 58: 289−295.
  • Emond V, Joyal C, Poissent H. Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Encephale, 2009; 35:2, 107-14.
  • Soliva JC, Carmona S, Fauquet J, Hoekzema E, Bulbena A, Hilferty J, Vilarroya O. Neurobiological substrates of social cognition impairment in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: gathering insights from seven structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Ann N Y Acad Sc, 2009; 1167:212-20.
  • Casey BJ, Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Schubert AB, Vauss YC, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, Sarfatti SE, Rapoport JL. Implication of right frontostriatal circuitryin response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997; 36,374−383.
  • Rubia K, Overmeyer S, Taylor E, Brammer M, Williams SC, Simmons A, Bullmore ET. Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI. Am J Psychiatry, 1999;156(6): 891–6.
  • Loe IM, Feldman HM. Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD. J Pediatr Psychol 2007; 32(6):643–54.
  • Bush G, Valera EM, Seidman LJ. Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and suggested future directions. Biol Psychiatry, 2005; 57:1273–1284.
  • Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 1986; 9: 357–81.
  • Spencer T, Biederman J, Mick E. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Lifespan, Comorbidities, and Neurobiology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2007; 32(6): 631–642.
  • Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N. Structural brain imaging of attentiondeficit/hyperactivitydisorder. Biol Psychiatry, 2005; 57(11):1263-72.
  • Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Lancet, 2005; 366:237- 48.
  • Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmocology neuroscientific basis and practical applications. 2. Baskı, Cambridge University Pres, 2000.
  • Quinn PO Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder, A comprehensive guide to attention deficit disorder in adults: research, diagnosis and treatment. KG Nadeau, NY Brunner/Mazel Ed, 1995 18-35.
  • Oades RD. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH): the contribution of catecholaminergic activity. Prog Neurobiolog, 1987 29:365-391. Aktaran Zametkin JA, Liotta W. The neurobiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 1998; 59 (suppl): 17-23.
  • Goldman-Rakik P. Working memory and the mind. Sci Am, 1991; 267:110-117. 37. Kirley A, Hawi Z, Daly G, McCarron M, Mullins C, Millar N, Waldman I,Fitzgerald M, Gill M. Dopaminergic system genes in ADHD: toward a biological hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacol, 2002; 27:607-619.
  • Papa M, Sergeant JA, Sadile AG. Differential expression of transcription factors in the accumbens of an animal model of ADHD. Neuroreport, 1997; 8:1607-1612. 39. Grace AA. Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev, 2000; 31:330-341.
  • Russell V. Dopamine hypofunction possibly results from a defect in glutamate-stimulated release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell of a rat model for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2003; 27:671-682.
  • Sagvolden T, Sergeant JA. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorderfrombrain dysfunctions to behaviour. Behav Brain Res, 1998; 94:1-10.
  • Karakaş S. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu: Kuram ve Modeller. Kognitif Nörobilimler, 2008; 14: 303-322.
  • Tarazi FI, Campbell A, Yeghiayan SK, Baldessarini RJ. Localization of dopamine receptor subtypes in corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens septi of rat brain: comparison of D1-, D2-, and D4-like receptors. Neuroscience, 1998; 83:169-176.
  • O'Donnell P, Grace AA. Phencyclidine interferes with the hippocampal gating of nucleus accumbens neuronal activity in vivo. Neuroscience, 1998; 87:823-830.
  • Sonuga-Barke EJ. Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biol Psychiatry, 2000; 57:1231-1238.
  • Sonuga-Barke EJ. The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neurodevelopmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2003; 27:593-604.
  • Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 2005; 57: 1313–1323.
  • Bedriye Öncü, Selahattin Şenol. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunun Etiyolojisi: Bütüncül Yaklaşım. Klinik Psikiyatri, 2002; 5:111-119.

Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunun Fizyolojik Temelleri

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 1 - 11, 01.03.2010

Öz

Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu (DEHB), dikkatsizlik, impulsivite ve hiperaktivite ile karakterize bir çocukluk çağı psikiyatrik bozukluktur. Nörogörüntüleme, nöropsikoloji ve nörofizyoloji alanlarında yapılan çok sayıda araştırma bulguları DEHB olan hastaların beyin yapısı ve işlevlerinde anormallikler olduğunu desteklemektedir. Bu makalenin amacı DEHB'nun altında yatan nöroanatomik ve nörofizyolojik özellikleri incelemektir. Bu derleme, DEHB'nda yapısal beyin anormallikleri ile birlikte frontal-subkortikal-serebellar dopaminerjik devrelerdeki düzensizliği içeren araştırma bulgularını gözden geçirmeyi sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Barkley, RA (Eds) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: The Guilford Pres; 1996; 3-38, 573-612.
  • Voeller K. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 2004;19- 10.
  • Giedd JN, Castellanos FX, Casey BJ, Kozuch P, King AC, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL.Quantitative morphology of the corpus callosum. Attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 1994;15l.
  • Hill DE, Yeo RA, Campbell RA, Hart B, Vigil J, Brooks W. Magnetic rosonance imaging correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in cilldren. Neuropsychology, 2003; 17-496-506.
  • Mostofsky SH, Cooper KL, Kates WR, Denckla MB, Kaufmann WE. Smaller prefrontal and premotor volumes in boys with attention-deficit/liyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 2002; 52:785-794.
  • Durston S, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Buitelaar JK, Steenhuis MP, Minderaa RB, Kahn RS, van Engeland H. Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings. J Am Acad Child Adnlesr Psychiatry, 2004; 43:131-140.
  • Castellanos FX, Acosta MT. The Neuroanatomy of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Rev Neorol. 2004; 38(1): 5131-6.
  • Filipek PA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Kennedy DN, Biederman J.Volumetric MRl analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyjjeractivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology, 1997; 48(3):589-601.
  • Kates WR, Frederikse M, Mostofsky SH, Folley BS, Cooper K, Mazur-Hopkins P, Kofman O, Singer HS, Denckla MB, Pearlson GD, Kaufmann WE. MRI parceilation of the frontal lobe in boys wilh attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Resarch, 2002;116:63-81.
  • Pontius AA. Dysfunction patterns analogous to frontal lobe system and caudate nucleus syndromes in some groups of minimal brain dysfunction. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 1973; 28: 285−292.
  • Aylward EH, Reiss AL, Reader MJ, Singer HS, Brown JE, Denckla MB. Basal ganglia volumes in children with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 1996; 11: 112−115.
  • Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS, Blumenthal JD, James RS, Ebens CL, Walter JM, Zijdenbos A, Evans AC, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002; 288: 1740−1748.
  • Bussing R, Grudnik J, Mason D,Wasiak M, Leonard, C. ADHD and conduct disorder: an MRI study in a community sample. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2002; 3, 216−220.
  • Pineda DA, Restrepo MA, Sarmiento RJ, Gutierrez JE, Vargas SA, Quiroz YT, Hynd GW. Statistical analyses of structural magnetic resonance imaging of the head of the caudate nucleus in Colombian children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 2002; 17, 97−105.
  • Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Polcari A, Glod CA, Maas LC, Renshaw PF. Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder shown with functional magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry. Nature Medicine, 2000 6: 470−473.
  • Allen G, Buxton RB, Wong EC, Courchesne E. Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor movement. Science, 1997; 275: 1940−1943.
  • Zubicaray GI, Zelaya FO, Andrew C,Williams SC, Bullmore ET. Cerebral regions associated with verbal response initiation, suppression and strategy use. Neuropsychologia, 2000; 38: 1292−1304.
  • Desmond JE, Gabrieli JD, Glover, GH. Dissociation of frontal and cerebellar activity in a cognitive task: Evidence for a distinction between selection and search. NeuroImage, 1998; 7: 368−376.
  • Tracy JI, Faro SH, Mohamed FB, Pinsk M, Pinus A. Functional localization of a “Time Keeper” function separate from attentional resources and task strategy. Neuroimage, 2000; 11, 228−242.
  • Berquin PC, Giedd JN, Jacobsen LK, Hamburger SD, Krain AL, Rapoport JL, Castellanos FX. The cerebellum in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: A morphometric study. Neurology, 1998; 50: 1087−1093.
  • Overmeyer S, Bullmore ET, Suckling J, Simmons A, Williams SC, Santosh PJ, Taylor E. Distributed grey and white matter deficits in hyperkinetic disorder: MRI evidence for anatomical abnormality in an attentional network. Psychological Medicine, 2001; 31: 1425−1435.
  • Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Berquin PC, Walter JM, Sharp W, Tran T, Vaituzis AC, Blumenthal JD, Nelson J, Bastain TM, Zijdenbos A, Evans AC, Rapoport JL. Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2001; 58: 289−295.
  • Emond V, Joyal C, Poissent H. Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Encephale, 2009; 35:2, 107-14.
  • Soliva JC, Carmona S, Fauquet J, Hoekzema E, Bulbena A, Hilferty J, Vilarroya O. Neurobiological substrates of social cognition impairment in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: gathering insights from seven structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Ann N Y Acad Sc, 2009; 1167:212-20.
  • Casey BJ, Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Schubert AB, Vauss YC, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, Sarfatti SE, Rapoport JL. Implication of right frontostriatal circuitryin response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997; 36,374−383.
  • Rubia K, Overmeyer S, Taylor E, Brammer M, Williams SC, Simmons A, Bullmore ET. Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI. Am J Psychiatry, 1999;156(6): 891–6.
  • Loe IM, Feldman HM. Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD. J Pediatr Psychol 2007; 32(6):643–54.
  • Bush G, Valera EM, Seidman LJ. Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and suggested future directions. Biol Psychiatry, 2005; 57:1273–1284.
  • Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 1986; 9: 357–81.
  • Spencer T, Biederman J, Mick E. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Lifespan, Comorbidities, and Neurobiology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2007; 32(6): 631–642.
  • Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N. Structural brain imaging of attentiondeficit/hyperactivitydisorder. Biol Psychiatry, 2005; 57(11):1263-72.
  • Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Lancet, 2005; 366:237- 48.
  • Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmocology neuroscientific basis and practical applications. 2. Baskı, Cambridge University Pres, 2000.
  • Quinn PO Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder, A comprehensive guide to attention deficit disorder in adults: research, diagnosis and treatment. KG Nadeau, NY Brunner/Mazel Ed, 1995 18-35.
  • Oades RD. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH): the contribution of catecholaminergic activity. Prog Neurobiolog, 1987 29:365-391. Aktaran Zametkin JA, Liotta W. The neurobiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 1998; 59 (suppl): 17-23.
  • Goldman-Rakik P. Working memory and the mind. Sci Am, 1991; 267:110-117. 37. Kirley A, Hawi Z, Daly G, McCarron M, Mullins C, Millar N, Waldman I,Fitzgerald M, Gill M. Dopaminergic system genes in ADHD: toward a biological hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacol, 2002; 27:607-619.
  • Papa M, Sergeant JA, Sadile AG. Differential expression of transcription factors in the accumbens of an animal model of ADHD. Neuroreport, 1997; 8:1607-1612. 39. Grace AA. Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev, 2000; 31:330-341.
  • Russell V. Dopamine hypofunction possibly results from a defect in glutamate-stimulated release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell of a rat model for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2003; 27:671-682.
  • Sagvolden T, Sergeant JA. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorderfrombrain dysfunctions to behaviour. Behav Brain Res, 1998; 94:1-10.
  • Karakaş S. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu: Kuram ve Modeller. Kognitif Nörobilimler, 2008; 14: 303-322.
  • Tarazi FI, Campbell A, Yeghiayan SK, Baldessarini RJ. Localization of dopamine receptor subtypes in corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens septi of rat brain: comparison of D1-, D2-, and D4-like receptors. Neuroscience, 1998; 83:169-176.
  • O'Donnell P, Grace AA. Phencyclidine interferes with the hippocampal gating of nucleus accumbens neuronal activity in vivo. Neuroscience, 1998; 87:823-830.
  • Sonuga-Barke EJ. Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biol Psychiatry, 2000; 57:1231-1238.
  • Sonuga-Barke EJ. The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neurodevelopmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2003; 27:593-604.
  • Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 2005; 57: 1313–1323.
  • Bedriye Öncü, Selahattin Şenol. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunun Etiyolojisi: Bütüncül Yaklaşım. Klinik Psikiyatri, 2002; 5:111-119.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Nurcihan Kiriş Bu kişi benim

Seçil Binokay Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kiriş N, Binokay S. Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunun Fizyolojik Temelleri. aktd. Mart 2010;19(1):1-11.