BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Beneficial Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Brain Functions

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 13 - 36, 01.03.2009

Öz

The experimental models of environmental manipulation were used in the brain research for many years to search biological mechanisms of behavior and psychopathologies. After definition of the experience-dependent plasticity in the brain, the structural and biochemical changes in the brain were investigated by manipulating animals experiences. Recent years, showing of the beneficial effect of environmental enrichment on neurogenesis, on the course of neurodegeneratif disease and recovery from brain damage focused researchers to the environmental enrichment and brain function interactions. In this review, the effects of environmental physical enrichment on the brain structure and functions has been evaluated in the light of latest information.

Kaynakça

  • Darwin C, The descent of man. 2th ed. Chicago, Rand McNally 1874;49-50 Erişim:http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=iArG1dDytFAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+de scent+of+man#PPR1,M1
  • Bennett EL, Diamond MC, Krech D ve ark., Chemical and anatomical plasticity of the brain. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1964;164:610-619.
  • Hubel DH, Wiesel TN, Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. J Neurophysiol. 1965;28:1041-1059.
  • Hebb DO, The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory. NewYork: Wiley,1949;91-94 Erişim:http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=VNetYrB8EBoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+ Organization+of+Behavior:+A+Neuropsychological+Theory
  • Will B, Galani R, Kelche C ve ark., Recovery from brain injury in animals: relative efficacy of environmental enrichment, physical exercise or formal training (1990–2002) Progress in Neurobiology 2004;72:167–182.
  • Tang YP, Wang H, Feng R ve ark. Differential effects of enrichment on learning and memory function in NR2B transgenic mice. Neuropharmacology 2001; 41:779–790.
  • Olsson IA, Dahlborn K, Improving housing conditions for laboratory mice: a review of ‘environmental enrichment’. Lab Anim 2002;36; 243–270.
  • Pietropaolo S, Branchi İ, Cirulli F ve ark., Long-term effects of the periadolescent environment on exploratory activity and aggressive behaviour in mice: social versus physical enrichment. Physiol Behav 2004;81: 443– 453.
  • Black JE, Isaacs KR, Anderson BJ ve ark., Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1990; 87:5568–5572.
  • Nilsson M, Perfilieva E, Johansson U ve ark., Enriched Environment Increases Neurogenesis in the Adult Rat Dentate Gyrus and Improves Spatial Memory. J Neurobiol 1999;39(4): 569- 578.
  • Van Prag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH, Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat neurosci 1999;2:266-270.
  • Komitova M, Mattsson B, Johansson BB ve ark., Enriched Environment Increases Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone of Stroke- Lesioned Adult Rats. Stroke 2005;36:1278-1282.
  • Carro E, Nunez A, Busiguina S ve ark., Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain. J Neurosci. 2000;28:2926–2933.
  • Trejo JL, Carro E, Torres-Aleman I, Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise- induced increases in the number of the new neurons in the adult hippocampus. J Neurosci 2001;21:1628–634.
  • Turner CA, Lewis MH, King MA, Environmental Enrichment: Effects on Stereotyped Behavior and Dendritic Morphology. Dev Psychobiol 2003;43(1): 20-27.
  • Iso H, Simoda S, Matsuyama T ve ark., Environmental change during postnatal development alters behaviour, cognitions and neurogenesis of mice. Behav Brain Res 2007;179; 90–98.
  • Shum FW, Wu LJ, Zhao MG ve ark., Alteration of cingulate long-term plasticity and behavioral sensitization to inflammation by environmental enrichment. Learn Mem 2007 ;14(4): 304-312.
  • Ickes BR, Pham TM, Sanders LA ve ark., Long-Term Environmental Enrichment Leads to Regional Increases in Neurotrophin Levels in Rat Brain. Exp Neurol 2000; 164: 45–52.
  • Naka F, Shiga T, Yaguchi M ve ark., An enriched environment increases noradrenaline concentration in the mouse brain. Brain Res 2002;924:124–126
  • Olson L, NGF and the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Neurol 1993;124: 5–15.
  • Carswell S, The potential for treating neurodegenerative disorders with NGF-inducing compounds. Exp Neurol 1993;124:36–42.
  • Bröcher S, Artola A, Singer W, Agonists of cholinergic and noradrenergic receptors facilitate synergistically the induction of long-term potentiation in slices of rat visual cortex. Brain Res 1992;573:27-36
  • Devagues V, Sara SJ, Memory retrieval enhancement by locus coeruleus stimulation: evidence for mediation by beta-receptors. Behav Brain Res 1991;43(1):93-97
  • Pettigrew JD, Kasamatsu T, Local perfusion of noradrenaline maintains visual cortical plasticity. Nature 1978;271:761–763.
  • Zhu SW, Phamb TM, Aberg E ve ark., Neurotrophin levels and behaviour in BALB/c mice: Impact of intermittent exposure to individual housing and wheel running. Behav Brain Res 2006;167: 1–8.
  • Moncek F, Duncko R, Johansson BB ve ark., Effect of Environmental Enrichment on Stress Related Systems in Rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2004;16: 423–431.
  • Gross C, Zhuang X, Stark K ve ark., Serotonin1A receptor acts during development to establish normal anxiety-like behaviour in the adult. Nature 2002;416:396–400
  • Galani R, Berthel MC, Lazarus C ve ark., The behavioral effects of enriched housing are not altered by serotonin depletion but enrichment alters hippocampal neurochemistry. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007;88: 1–10.
  • Zhu J, Apparsundaram S, Bardo MT ve ark., Environmental enrichment decreases cell surface expression of the dopamine transporter in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem 2005; 93: 1434–1443.
  • Arco AD, Segovia G, Canales JJ ve ark., Environmental enrichment reduces the function of D1 dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. J Neural Transm 2007;114: 43–48.
  • Segovia G, Arco AD, Garrido P ve ark., Environmental enrichment reduces the response to stress of the cholinergic system in the prefrontal cortex during aging. Neurochem Int 2008;52:1198–1203.
  • Baamonde C, Lumbreras MA, Martinez-Cue C ve ark., Short-term effects of postnatal manipulation on central beta-adrenoceptor transmission. Stress 1999;3: 147–162.
  • Benaroya-Milshtein N, Hollander N, Apter A ve ark., Environmental enrichment in mice decreases anxiety, attenuates stress responses and enhances natural killer cell activity. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20: 1341–1347.
  • Cohen H, Benjamin J, Kaplan Z, Administration of high-dose ketoconazole, an inhibitor of steroid synthesis, prevents posttraumatic anxiety in an animal model. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000;10: 429–435
  • Roy V, Belzung C, Delarue C ve ark., Environmental enrichment in BALB/c mice effects in classical tests of anxiety and exposure to a predatory odor. Physiol Behav 2001;74: 313– 320.
  • Falkenberg T, Mohammed AK, Henriksson B ve ark., Increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat hippocampus is associated with improved spatial memory and enriched environment. Neurosci Lett 1992;138:153–156.
  • Bredy, TW, Zhang, TY, Grant, RJ ve ark., Peripubertal environmental enrichment reverses the effects of maternal care on hippocampal development and glutamate receptor subunit expression. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2004;20:1355–1362.
  • Lujan R, Shigemoto R, Bendito GL, Glutamate and GABA receptor signalling in the developing brain . Neurosci 2005;130: 567-580.
  • Tang YP, Shimizu E, Dube GR ve ark., Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature 1999;401: 63–69.
  • Davis KD, Taylor SJ, Crawley AP ve ark., Functional MRI of pain- and attention-related activations in the human cingulate cortex. J Neurophysiol 1997;77:3370–3380.
  • Bliss TV, Collingridge G.L., A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 1993;361:31–39.
  • Fratiglioni L, Paillard-Borg S, Winblad B, An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurol 2004;3:343–353.
  • Landles C, Bates CP, Huntingtin and the molecular pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. EMBO Rep 2004;5: 958–963.
  • Dellen AV, Blakemore C, Deacon R ve ark., Delaying the onset of Huntington’s in mice. Nature 2000;404:721–722.
  • Glass M, Dragunow M, Faull RL, The pattern of neurodegeneration in Huntington_s disease: a comparative study of cannabinoid, dopamine, adenosine and GABAA receptor alterations in the human basal ganglia in Huntington’s disease. Neurosci 2000;97: 505–519.
  • Zuccato C, Ciammola A, Rigamonti D ve ark., Loss of huntingtin-mediated BDNF gene transcription in Huntington’s disease. Science 2001;293:493–498.
  • Kamenetz F, Tomita T, Hsieh H ve ark., APP processing and synaptic function. Neuron 2003;37:925–937.
  • Lazarov O, Robinson J, Tang YP ve ark., Environmental enrichment reduces Abeta levels and amyloid deposition in transgenic mice. Cell 2005;120:701–713.
  • Tillerson JL, Caudle WM, Reveron ME ve ark., Exercise induces behavioral recovery and attenuates neurochemical deficits in rodent models of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci 2003;119:899–911.
  • Bezard E, Dovero S, Belin D ve ark. Enriched environment confers resistance to 1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and cocaine: involvement of dopamine transporter and trophic factors, J. Neurosci. 2003;23: 10999–11007.
  • Tsai PP, Pachowsky U, Stelzer HD ve ark., Impact of environmental enrichment in mice. 1: Effect of housing conditions on body weight, organ weights and haematology in different strains Lab Anim 2002; 36: 411–419.
  • Zambrana C, Marco EM, Arranz L ve ark., Influence of Aging and Enriched Environment on Motor Activity and Emotional Responses in Mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1100: 543-552.
  • Kocahan S, Sıçanda sinir sistemi gelişiminin son olgunlaşma döneminde N-metil D-aspartat reseptör blokajı ve yetişme çevresi etkileşiminin yetişkin dönemde anksiyete ile ilişkili davranışlar üzerine etkisi. Doktora tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana, 2009.
  • Frick KM, Stearns NA, Pan JY, Effects of environmental enrichment on spatial memory and neurochemistry in middle-aged mice. Learn Mem 2003;10:187–198.
  • D’Hooge R, De Deyn PP, Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2001;36: 60–90.
  • Melik E, Babar E, Akıllıoğlu K ve ark., A new method for studing developmental factors in cognitive and emotional behaviours in adult mice. Ann Gen Psychiatr 2008;7:258
  • Zhu SW, Yee BK, Nyffeler M ve ark., Influence of differential housing on emotional behaviour and neurotrophin levels in mice. Behav Brain Res 2006;169: 10–20.
  • Zhu SW, Codita A, Bogdanovic N ve ark., Influence of environmental manipulation on exploratory behaviour in male BDNF knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2009;197: 339-346.
  • Kocahan S, Babar E, Melik E, Effects of NMDA receptor blockade in early developmental period on emotional behaviors in adult social isolated rats reared in physical barren and enriched conditions. Ann Gen Psychiatr 2008;7:293

Zengin Çevrenin Beyin Fonksiyonlarındaki Yeri

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 13 - 36, 01.03.2009

Öz

Çevrenin etkilerinin değerlendirildiği deneysel modeller, davranış ve psikopatolojilerin biyolojik mekanizmalarının anlaşılabilmesi için uzun yıllar boyunca beyin araştırmacıları tarafından kullanılmıştır. Sinir sisteminde tecrübeye bağlı plastisitenin tanımlanmasından sonra deney hayvanlarının yaşam tecrübeleri değiştirilerek beynin biyokimyasal ve yapısal değişiklikleri araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Son yıllarda çevresel zenginliğin nörogenezi uyardığı ve nörodejeneratif hastalıklar ve beyin zararlanmasının derlenmesi üzerine olumlu etkilerinin olduğunun gösterilmesi araştırmacıların çevresel zenginlik ve beyin fonksiyonlarının etkileşimine odaklanmasına neden olmuştur. Bu derlemede beyin gelişiminde fiziksel (nesnel) zengin çevrenin etkileri son bilgiler ışığında değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Darwin C, The descent of man. 2th ed. Chicago, Rand McNally 1874;49-50 Erişim:http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=iArG1dDytFAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+de scent+of+man#PPR1,M1
  • Bennett EL, Diamond MC, Krech D ve ark., Chemical and anatomical plasticity of the brain. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1964;164:610-619.
  • Hubel DH, Wiesel TN, Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. J Neurophysiol. 1965;28:1041-1059.
  • Hebb DO, The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory. NewYork: Wiley,1949;91-94 Erişim:http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=VNetYrB8EBoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+ Organization+of+Behavior:+A+Neuropsychological+Theory
  • Will B, Galani R, Kelche C ve ark., Recovery from brain injury in animals: relative efficacy of environmental enrichment, physical exercise or formal training (1990–2002) Progress in Neurobiology 2004;72:167–182.
  • Tang YP, Wang H, Feng R ve ark. Differential effects of enrichment on learning and memory function in NR2B transgenic mice. Neuropharmacology 2001; 41:779–790.
  • Olsson IA, Dahlborn K, Improving housing conditions for laboratory mice: a review of ‘environmental enrichment’. Lab Anim 2002;36; 243–270.
  • Pietropaolo S, Branchi İ, Cirulli F ve ark., Long-term effects of the periadolescent environment on exploratory activity and aggressive behaviour in mice: social versus physical enrichment. Physiol Behav 2004;81: 443– 453.
  • Black JE, Isaacs KR, Anderson BJ ve ark., Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1990; 87:5568–5572.
  • Nilsson M, Perfilieva E, Johansson U ve ark., Enriched Environment Increases Neurogenesis in the Adult Rat Dentate Gyrus and Improves Spatial Memory. J Neurobiol 1999;39(4): 569- 578.
  • Van Prag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH, Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat neurosci 1999;2:266-270.
  • Komitova M, Mattsson B, Johansson BB ve ark., Enriched Environment Increases Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone of Stroke- Lesioned Adult Rats. Stroke 2005;36:1278-1282.
  • Carro E, Nunez A, Busiguina S ve ark., Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain. J Neurosci. 2000;28:2926–2933.
  • Trejo JL, Carro E, Torres-Aleman I, Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise- induced increases in the number of the new neurons in the adult hippocampus. J Neurosci 2001;21:1628–634.
  • Turner CA, Lewis MH, King MA, Environmental Enrichment: Effects on Stereotyped Behavior and Dendritic Morphology. Dev Psychobiol 2003;43(1): 20-27.
  • Iso H, Simoda S, Matsuyama T ve ark., Environmental change during postnatal development alters behaviour, cognitions and neurogenesis of mice. Behav Brain Res 2007;179; 90–98.
  • Shum FW, Wu LJ, Zhao MG ve ark., Alteration of cingulate long-term plasticity and behavioral sensitization to inflammation by environmental enrichment. Learn Mem 2007 ;14(4): 304-312.
  • Ickes BR, Pham TM, Sanders LA ve ark., Long-Term Environmental Enrichment Leads to Regional Increases in Neurotrophin Levels in Rat Brain. Exp Neurol 2000; 164: 45–52.
  • Naka F, Shiga T, Yaguchi M ve ark., An enriched environment increases noradrenaline concentration in the mouse brain. Brain Res 2002;924:124–126
  • Olson L, NGF and the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Neurol 1993;124: 5–15.
  • Carswell S, The potential for treating neurodegenerative disorders with NGF-inducing compounds. Exp Neurol 1993;124:36–42.
  • Bröcher S, Artola A, Singer W, Agonists of cholinergic and noradrenergic receptors facilitate synergistically the induction of long-term potentiation in slices of rat visual cortex. Brain Res 1992;573:27-36
  • Devagues V, Sara SJ, Memory retrieval enhancement by locus coeruleus stimulation: evidence for mediation by beta-receptors. Behav Brain Res 1991;43(1):93-97
  • Pettigrew JD, Kasamatsu T, Local perfusion of noradrenaline maintains visual cortical plasticity. Nature 1978;271:761–763.
  • Zhu SW, Phamb TM, Aberg E ve ark., Neurotrophin levels and behaviour in BALB/c mice: Impact of intermittent exposure to individual housing and wheel running. Behav Brain Res 2006;167: 1–8.
  • Moncek F, Duncko R, Johansson BB ve ark., Effect of Environmental Enrichment on Stress Related Systems in Rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2004;16: 423–431.
  • Gross C, Zhuang X, Stark K ve ark., Serotonin1A receptor acts during development to establish normal anxiety-like behaviour in the adult. Nature 2002;416:396–400
  • Galani R, Berthel MC, Lazarus C ve ark., The behavioral effects of enriched housing are not altered by serotonin depletion but enrichment alters hippocampal neurochemistry. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007;88: 1–10.
  • Zhu J, Apparsundaram S, Bardo MT ve ark., Environmental enrichment decreases cell surface expression of the dopamine transporter in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem 2005; 93: 1434–1443.
  • Arco AD, Segovia G, Canales JJ ve ark., Environmental enrichment reduces the function of D1 dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. J Neural Transm 2007;114: 43–48.
  • Segovia G, Arco AD, Garrido P ve ark., Environmental enrichment reduces the response to stress of the cholinergic system in the prefrontal cortex during aging. Neurochem Int 2008;52:1198–1203.
  • Baamonde C, Lumbreras MA, Martinez-Cue C ve ark., Short-term effects of postnatal manipulation on central beta-adrenoceptor transmission. Stress 1999;3: 147–162.
  • Benaroya-Milshtein N, Hollander N, Apter A ve ark., Environmental enrichment in mice decreases anxiety, attenuates stress responses and enhances natural killer cell activity. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20: 1341–1347.
  • Cohen H, Benjamin J, Kaplan Z, Administration of high-dose ketoconazole, an inhibitor of steroid synthesis, prevents posttraumatic anxiety in an animal model. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000;10: 429–435
  • Roy V, Belzung C, Delarue C ve ark., Environmental enrichment in BALB/c mice effects in classical tests of anxiety and exposure to a predatory odor. Physiol Behav 2001;74: 313– 320.
  • Falkenberg T, Mohammed AK, Henriksson B ve ark., Increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat hippocampus is associated with improved spatial memory and enriched environment. Neurosci Lett 1992;138:153–156.
  • Bredy, TW, Zhang, TY, Grant, RJ ve ark., Peripubertal environmental enrichment reverses the effects of maternal care on hippocampal development and glutamate receptor subunit expression. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2004;20:1355–1362.
  • Lujan R, Shigemoto R, Bendito GL, Glutamate and GABA receptor signalling in the developing brain . Neurosci 2005;130: 567-580.
  • Tang YP, Shimizu E, Dube GR ve ark., Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature 1999;401: 63–69.
  • Davis KD, Taylor SJ, Crawley AP ve ark., Functional MRI of pain- and attention-related activations in the human cingulate cortex. J Neurophysiol 1997;77:3370–3380.
  • Bliss TV, Collingridge G.L., A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 1993;361:31–39.
  • Fratiglioni L, Paillard-Borg S, Winblad B, An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurol 2004;3:343–353.
  • Landles C, Bates CP, Huntingtin and the molecular pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. EMBO Rep 2004;5: 958–963.
  • Dellen AV, Blakemore C, Deacon R ve ark., Delaying the onset of Huntington’s in mice. Nature 2000;404:721–722.
  • Glass M, Dragunow M, Faull RL, The pattern of neurodegeneration in Huntington_s disease: a comparative study of cannabinoid, dopamine, adenosine and GABAA receptor alterations in the human basal ganglia in Huntington’s disease. Neurosci 2000;97: 505–519.
  • Zuccato C, Ciammola A, Rigamonti D ve ark., Loss of huntingtin-mediated BDNF gene transcription in Huntington’s disease. Science 2001;293:493–498.
  • Kamenetz F, Tomita T, Hsieh H ve ark., APP processing and synaptic function. Neuron 2003;37:925–937.
  • Lazarov O, Robinson J, Tang YP ve ark., Environmental enrichment reduces Abeta levels and amyloid deposition in transgenic mice. Cell 2005;120:701–713.
  • Tillerson JL, Caudle WM, Reveron ME ve ark., Exercise induces behavioral recovery and attenuates neurochemical deficits in rodent models of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci 2003;119:899–911.
  • Bezard E, Dovero S, Belin D ve ark. Enriched environment confers resistance to 1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and cocaine: involvement of dopamine transporter and trophic factors, J. Neurosci. 2003;23: 10999–11007.
  • Tsai PP, Pachowsky U, Stelzer HD ve ark., Impact of environmental enrichment in mice. 1: Effect of housing conditions on body weight, organ weights and haematology in different strains Lab Anim 2002; 36: 411–419.
  • Zambrana C, Marco EM, Arranz L ve ark., Influence of Aging and Enriched Environment on Motor Activity and Emotional Responses in Mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1100: 543-552.
  • Kocahan S, Sıçanda sinir sistemi gelişiminin son olgunlaşma döneminde N-metil D-aspartat reseptör blokajı ve yetişme çevresi etkileşiminin yetişkin dönemde anksiyete ile ilişkili davranışlar üzerine etkisi. Doktora tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana, 2009.
  • Frick KM, Stearns NA, Pan JY, Effects of environmental enrichment on spatial memory and neurochemistry in middle-aged mice. Learn Mem 2003;10:187–198.
  • D’Hooge R, De Deyn PP, Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2001;36: 60–90.
  • Melik E, Babar E, Akıllıoğlu K ve ark., A new method for studing developmental factors in cognitive and emotional behaviours in adult mice. Ann Gen Psychiatr 2008;7:258
  • Zhu SW, Yee BK, Nyffeler M ve ark., Influence of differential housing on emotional behaviour and neurotrophin levels in mice. Behav Brain Res 2006;169: 10–20.
  • Zhu SW, Codita A, Bogdanovic N ve ark., Influence of environmental manipulation on exploratory behaviour in male BDNF knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2009;197: 339-346.
  • Kocahan S, Babar E, Melik E, Effects of NMDA receptor blockade in early developmental period on emotional behaviors in adult social isolated rats reared in physical barren and enriched conditions. Ann Gen Psychiatr 2008;7:293
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Kübra Akıllıoğlu Bu kişi benim

Sayad Kocahan Bu kişi benim

Emine Babar Melik Bu kişi benim

Enver Melik Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Akıllıoğlu K, Kocahan S, Melik EB, Melik E. Zengin Çevrenin Beyin Fonksiyonlarındaki Yeri. aktd. Mart 2009;18(1):13-36.