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Gebelikte Jinekolojik Kanserler

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 211 - 227, 05.03.2015
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.15900

Öz

Tarama testlerinin yaygınlaşması ve gebelik yaşının ilerlemesi gebelik sırasında kanser tanısı alan
hasta sayısını artırmaktadır. Gebelik sırasında görülen jinekolojik kanserlerin cerrahi ve medikal
tedavilerinde onkologlar ve jinekolojik onkologlar annenin kanser tedavisini aksatmadan, fetusunda
iyilik halini etkilememek için gayret sarf etmektedirler. Bu makalede jinekolojik malignitelerin gebelik
sırasında tanı tedavisi ve fetal etkileri tartışılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Amant F, Brepoels L, Halaska MJ, Gziri MM, Calsteren KV. Gynaecologic cancer complicating pregnancy: an overview. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;24:61-79.
  • Pentheroudakis G. Cancer and pregnancy. Ann Oncol. 2008;19:38-9.
  • Gültekin M, Boztaş G. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri. Ankara, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, 2014.
  • Surbone A, Peccatori F, Pavlidis N. Why is the topic of cancer and pregnancy so important? Why and how to read this book. Recent Results Cancer Res.2008;178:1-2.
  • Sood AK, Sorosky JI, Mayr N, Anderson B, Buller RE, Niebyl J. Cervical cancer diagnosed shortly after pregnancy: prognostic variables and delivery routes. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95:832-8.
  • Pavlidis NA. Cancer and pregnancy. Ann Oncol. 2000;11:247-53.
  • Spitzer M, Kaushal N, Benjamin F. Maternal CA-125 levels in pregnancy and the puerperium. J Reprod Med. 1998;43:387-92.
  • Ní Mhuireachtaigh R, O'Gorman DA. Anesthesia in pregnant patients for nonobstetric surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18:60-6.
  • Cohen-Kerem R, Railton C, Oren D, Lishner M, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following non- obstetric surgical intervention. Am J Surg. 2005;190:467-73.
  • Rizzo A. Laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy: long-term follow-up. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Technol. 2003;13:11-5.
  • Yuen P, Ng P, Leung P, Rogers M. Outcome in laparoscopic management of persistent adnexal mass during the second trimester of pregnancy. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1354-7.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs (accessed Sep 2014).
  • Cardonick E, Iacobucci A. Use of chemotherapy during human pregnancy. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5:283-91.
  • Boulay R, Podczaski E. Ovarian cancer complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1998; 25:385-9.
  • Reynoso E, Hueta F. Acute leukaemia and pregnancy-fatal fetal outcome after exposure to idarubicin during the second trimester. Acta Oncol. 1994;33:709-10.
  • Mir O, Berveiller P, Ropert S, Goffinet F, Goldwasser F. Use of platinum derivatives during pregnancy. Cancer. 2008;113:3069-74.
  • Geijteman EC, Wensveen CW, Duvekot JJ, van Zuylen L. A child with severe hearing loss associated with maternal cisplatin treatment during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 124:454- 6.
  • Mir O, Berveiller P, Goffinet F, Treluyer JM, Serreau R, Goldwasser F et al. Taxanes for breast cancer during pregnancy: a systematic review. Ann Oncol.2010;21:425-6.
  • Cardonick E, Bhat A, Gilmandyar D, Somer R. Maternal and fetal outcomes of taxane chemotherapy in breast and ovarian cancer during pregnancy: case series and review of the literature. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:3016-23.
  • Raffles A, Williams J, Costeloe K, Clark P. Transplacental effects of maternal cancer chemotherapy: case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;96:1099-100.
  • Kim J, Kim H, Sung C, Kim K, Kim C, Lee K. Docetaxel, gemcitabine, and cisplatin administered for non-small cell lung cancer during the first and second trimester of an unrecognized pregnancy. Lung Cancer. 2008;59:270–3.
  • Gilani M, Zarchi M, Behtash N, Ghaemmaghami F, Mousavi A, Behnamfar F. Preservation of pregnancy in a patient with advanced ovarian cancer at 20 weeks of gestation: case report and literature review. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;17:1140-3.
  • Mantovani G, Gramignno G, Mais V, Melis G, Parodo G, Carrucciu G. Use of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer during human pregnancy: case report and literature review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;131:238-9.
  • Hubalek M, Smekal-Schindelwig C, Zeimet AG, Sergi C, Brezinka C, Mueller-Holzner E et al. Chemotherapeutic treatment of a pregnant patient with ovarian dysgerminoma. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276:179-83.
  • Amant F, Halaska MJ, Fumagalli M, DahlSteffensen K, Lok C, Van Calsteren K et al. ESGO Task force ‘Cancer in Pregnancy’. Gynecologic cancers in pregnancy: guidelines of a second international consensus meeting. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2014;24:394-403.
  • Kal HB, Struikmans H. Radiotherapy during pregnancy: fact and fiction. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:328- 33.
  • Ackerman S, Gehrsitz C, Mehlhorn G, Beckmann MW. Management and course of histologically verified cervical carcinoma in situ during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;85:1134-7.
  • Robova H, Rob L, Pluta M, Kacirek J, Halaska M Jr, Strnad P et al. Squamous intraepithelial lesion- microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix during pregnancy. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2005;26:611-4.
  • Massad LS, Einstein MH, Huh WK, Katki HA, Kinney WK, Schiffman M, et al. 2012 ASCCP Consensus Guidelines Conference. 2012 updated consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2013;17:1- 27.
  • Van Calsteren K, Vergote I, Amant F. Cervical neoplasia during pregnancy: diagnosis, management and prognosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;19:611-4.
  • Rob L, Charvat M, Robova H, Pluta M, Strnad P, Hrehorcak M, Skapa P. Less radical fertility- sparing surgery than radical trachelectomy in early cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;17:304-10.
  • Fader AN, Alward EK, Niederhauser A, Chirico C, Lesnock JL, Zwiesler DJ, er al. Cervical dysplasia in pregnancy: a multi-institutional evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203:1-6.
  • Covell LM, Disciullo AJ, Knapp RC. Decidual change in pelvic lymph nodes in the presence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;127:674-6.
  • Ashraf M, Boyd CB, Beresford WA. Ectopic decidual cell reaction in paraaortic and pelvic lymph nodes in the presence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma during pregnancy. J Surg Oncol. 1984;26:6-8.
  • Burnett RA, Millan D. Decidual change in pelvic lymph nodes: a source of possible diagnostic error. Histopathology. 1986;10:1089-92.
  • Cobb C. Ectopic decidua and metastatic squamous carcinoma: presentation in a single pelvic lymph node. J Surg Oncol. 1988;38:126-9.
  • Hogg R, Ungar L, Hazslinszky P. Radical hysterectomy for cervical carcinoma in pregnant women—a case of decidua mimicking metastatic carcinoma in pelvic lymph nodes. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2005;26:499-500.
  • Ackermann S, Gehrsitz C, Mehlhorn G, Beckmann MW. Management and course of histologically verified cervical carcinoma in situ during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006; 85:1134.
  • Ahdoot D, Van Nostrand KM, Nguyen NJ, Tewari DS, Kurasaki T, DiSaia PJ, Rose GS. The effect of route of delivery on regression of abnormal cervical cytologic findings in the postpartum period. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178:1116-20.
  • Takushi M, Moromizato H, Sakumoto K, Kanazawa K. Management of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with pregnancy: outcome of intentional delay in treatment. Gynecol Oncol. 2002; 87:185.
  • Herod JJ, Decruze SB, Patel RD. A report of two cases of the management of cervical cancer in pregnancy by cone biopsy and laparoscopic pelvic node dissection. BJOG 2010;117:1558.
  • Ungar L, Smith JR, Palfalvi L, Del Priore G. Abdominal radical trachelectomy during pregnancy to preserve pregnancy and fertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:811–4.
  • Rydzewska L, Tierney J, Vale CL, Symonds PR. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery versus surgery for cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD007406.
  • Van der Vange N, Weverling GJ, Ketting BW, Ankum WM, Samlal R, Lammes FB. The prognosis of cervical cancer associated with pregnancy: a matched cohort study. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85:1022-6.
  • Germann N, Haie-Meder C, Morice P, Lhomme C, Duvillard P, Hacene K, et al. Management and clinical outcomes of pregnant patients with invasive cervical cancer. Ann Oncol. 2005;16:397- 402.
  • Bader A, Petru E, Winter R. Long-term follow-up after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk cervical cancer during pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;105:269-72.
  • Karam A, Feldman N, Holschneider CH. Neoadjuvant cisplatin and radical cesarean hysterectomy for cervical cancer in pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007;4:375-80.
  • Neumann G, Rasmussen KL, Petersen LK. Cervical adenosquamous carcinoma: tumor implantation in an episiotomy scar. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:467-9.
  • Maw R. Treatment of external genital warts with 5% imiquimod cream during pregnancy: a case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;111:1475.
  • Bakour S, Jaleel H, Weaver J, Kehoe S, Radcliffe K. Vulvar carcinoma presenting during pregnancy, associated with recurrent bone marrow hypoplasia: a case report and literature review. Gynecol Oncol. 2002;87:207-9.
  • Ogunleye D, Lewin S, Huettner P, Herzog T. Recurrent vulvar carcinoma in pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;95:400-1.
  • Ni Mhuireachtaigh R, O’Gorman DA. Anesthesia in pregnant patients for non obstetric surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18:60-6.
  • Moran BJ, Yano H, Al Zahir N, Farquharson M. Conflicting priorities in surgical intervention for cancer in pregnancy. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:536-44.
  • Vaccarello L, Apte S, Copeland L, Boutselis J, Rubin S. Endometrial carcinoma associated with pregnancy: a report of three cases and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;74:118-22.
  • Mitsushita J, Toki T, Kato K, Fujii S, Konishi I. Endometrial carcinoma remaining after term pregnancy following conservative treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;79:129-132.
  • Schammel DP, Mittal KR, Kaplan K, Deligdisch L, Tavassoli FA. Endometrial adenocarcinoma associated with intrauterine pregnancy. A report of five cases and a review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1998;17:327-35.
  • Ayhan A, Gunalp S, Karaer C, Gokoz A, Oz U. Endometrial adenocarcinoma in pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;75:298-9.
  • Schneller JA, Nicastri AD. Intrauterine pregnancy coincident with endometrial carcinoma: a case study and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;54:87-90.
  • Creasman WT. Vaginal cancers. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2005;17:71-6.
  • Baruah N, Sangupta S. Primary carcinoma of vagina complicating pregnancy. J Indian Med Assoc. 1973;60:469-70.
  • Church E, Dhanaliwala A, Sengupta S, Katakam N, Tomlinson AJ, Chia KV. An unusual case of vaginal leiomyosarcoma in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;30:736-7.
  • Collins CG, Barclay DL. Cancer of the vulva, and cancer of the vagina in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol.1963;30:927-42.
  • Giordano G, Bersiga A, Marchetti G, Melpignano M. Primary adenocarcinoma of the rectovaginal septum arising in pregnancy in the absence of endometriosis. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2010;31:211- 3.
  • Lutz MH, Underwood PB Jr, Rozier JC, Putney FW. Genital malignancy in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;129:536-42.
  • Palumbo L Jr, Shingleton HM, Fishburne JI Jr, Pepper FD Jr, Koch GG. Primary carcinoma of the vagina. South Med J. 1969;62:1048-53.
  • Steed HL, Pearcey RG, Capstick V, Honore LH. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:1105-8.
  • Roth G, Lang U. Vaginal cancer during pregnancy. Der Gynäkologe. 2004;37:514-8.
  • Marret H, Lhommé C, Lecuru F, Canis M, Lévèque J, Golfier F et al. Guidelines for the management of ovarian cancer during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;149:18-21.
  • Bolis G, Colombo N, Pecorelli S, Torri V, Marsoni S, Bonazzi C et al. Adjuvant treatment for early epithelial ovarian cancer: results of two randomised clinical trials comparing cisplatin to no further treatment or chromic phosphate (32P). G.I.C.O.G.: Gruppo Interregionale Collaborativo in Ginecologia Oncologica. Ann Oncol. 1995;6:887-93.
  • Zanotti KM, Belinson JL, Kennedy AW. Treatment of gynecologic cancers in pregnancy. Semin Oncol. 2000;27:686-98.
  • Zhao XY, Huang HF, Lian LJ, Lang JH. Ovarian cancer in pregnancy: a clinicopathologic analysis of 22 cases and review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2006;16:8-15.
  • Ferrandina G, Distefano M, Testa A, De Vr, Scambia G. Management of an advanced ovarian cancer at 15 weeks of gestation: case report and literature review. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;97:693– 6.
  • Tabata T, Nishiura K, Tanida K, Kondo E, Okugawa T, Sagawa N. Carboplatin chemotherapy in a pregnant patient with undifferentiated ovarian carcinoma: case report and reviewof the literature. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;18:181-4.
  • Machado F, Vegas C, Leon J, Perez A, Sanchez R, Parrilla JJ et al. Ovarian cancer during pregnancy: analysis of 15 cases. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;105:446-50.
  • Mendez LE, Mueller A, Salom E, Gonzalez-Quintero VH. Paclitaxel and Carboplatin chemotherapy administered during pregnancy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:1200–2.
  • Hubalek M, Smekal-Schindelwig C, Zeimet AG, Sergi C, Brezinka C, Mueller-Holzner E et al. Chemotherapeutic treatment of a pregnant patient with ovarian dysgerminoma. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276:179-83.
  • Shimizu Y, Komiyama S, Kobayashi T, Nakata K, Iida T. Successful management of endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary associated with pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;88:447-50.
  • Aoki Y, Higashino M, Ishii S, Tanaka K. Yolk sac tumor of the ovary during pregnancy: a case report. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;99:497.
  • Rajendran S, Hollingworth J, Scudamore I. Endodermal sinus tumour of the ovary in pregnancy. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1999;20:272.
  • J. D. Seidman and R. J. Kurman. Ovarian serous borderline tumors: a critical review of the literature with emphasis on prognostic indicators. Hum Pathol. 2000;5:539-57.
  • Morice P. Borderline tumours of the ovary and fertility. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:149-58.
  • Zapardiel I, Rosenberg P, Peiretti M, Zanagnolo V, Sanguineti F, Aletti G et al. The role of restaging borderline ovarian tumors: single institution experience and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;119:274-7.
  • Fauvet R, Brzakowski M, Morice P, Resch B, Marret H, Graesslin O et al. Borderline ovarian tumors diagnosed during pregnancy exhibit a high incidence of aggressive features: results of a French multicenter study. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:1481-7.
  • Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi

Gynecologic Cancers in Pregnancy

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 211 - 227, 05.03.2015
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.15900

Öz

The number of cancer diagnosis during pregnancy is increasing as a result of becoming widespread of screening tests and advanced pregnancy age. Gynecologic oncologists and oncologist make effort for medical and surgical treatments of cancer without any side effect on fetal well- being. In this review, the diagnosis, treatments and fetal effects of gynecologic cancers during pregnancy was discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Amant F, Brepoels L, Halaska MJ, Gziri MM, Calsteren KV. Gynaecologic cancer complicating pregnancy: an overview. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;24:61-79.
  • Pentheroudakis G. Cancer and pregnancy. Ann Oncol. 2008;19:38-9.
  • Gültekin M, Boztaş G. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri. Ankara, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, 2014.
  • Surbone A, Peccatori F, Pavlidis N. Why is the topic of cancer and pregnancy so important? Why and how to read this book. Recent Results Cancer Res.2008;178:1-2.
  • Sood AK, Sorosky JI, Mayr N, Anderson B, Buller RE, Niebyl J. Cervical cancer diagnosed shortly after pregnancy: prognostic variables and delivery routes. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95:832-8.
  • Pavlidis NA. Cancer and pregnancy. Ann Oncol. 2000;11:247-53.
  • Spitzer M, Kaushal N, Benjamin F. Maternal CA-125 levels in pregnancy and the puerperium. J Reprod Med. 1998;43:387-92.
  • Ní Mhuireachtaigh R, O'Gorman DA. Anesthesia in pregnant patients for nonobstetric surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18:60-6.
  • Cohen-Kerem R, Railton C, Oren D, Lishner M, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following non- obstetric surgical intervention. Am J Surg. 2005;190:467-73.
  • Rizzo A. Laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy: long-term follow-up. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Technol. 2003;13:11-5.
  • Yuen P, Ng P, Leung P, Rogers M. Outcome in laparoscopic management of persistent adnexal mass during the second trimester of pregnancy. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1354-7.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs (accessed Sep 2014).
  • Cardonick E, Iacobucci A. Use of chemotherapy during human pregnancy. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5:283-91.
  • Boulay R, Podczaski E. Ovarian cancer complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1998; 25:385-9.
  • Reynoso E, Hueta F. Acute leukaemia and pregnancy-fatal fetal outcome after exposure to idarubicin during the second trimester. Acta Oncol. 1994;33:709-10.
  • Mir O, Berveiller P, Ropert S, Goffinet F, Goldwasser F. Use of platinum derivatives during pregnancy. Cancer. 2008;113:3069-74.
  • Geijteman EC, Wensveen CW, Duvekot JJ, van Zuylen L. A child with severe hearing loss associated with maternal cisplatin treatment during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 124:454- 6.
  • Mir O, Berveiller P, Goffinet F, Treluyer JM, Serreau R, Goldwasser F et al. Taxanes for breast cancer during pregnancy: a systematic review. Ann Oncol.2010;21:425-6.
  • Cardonick E, Bhat A, Gilmandyar D, Somer R. Maternal and fetal outcomes of taxane chemotherapy in breast and ovarian cancer during pregnancy: case series and review of the literature. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:3016-23.
  • Raffles A, Williams J, Costeloe K, Clark P. Transplacental effects of maternal cancer chemotherapy: case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;96:1099-100.
  • Kim J, Kim H, Sung C, Kim K, Kim C, Lee K. Docetaxel, gemcitabine, and cisplatin administered for non-small cell lung cancer during the first and second trimester of an unrecognized pregnancy. Lung Cancer. 2008;59:270–3.
  • Gilani M, Zarchi M, Behtash N, Ghaemmaghami F, Mousavi A, Behnamfar F. Preservation of pregnancy in a patient with advanced ovarian cancer at 20 weeks of gestation: case report and literature review. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;17:1140-3.
  • Mantovani G, Gramignno G, Mais V, Melis G, Parodo G, Carrucciu G. Use of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer during human pregnancy: case report and literature review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;131:238-9.
  • Hubalek M, Smekal-Schindelwig C, Zeimet AG, Sergi C, Brezinka C, Mueller-Holzner E et al. Chemotherapeutic treatment of a pregnant patient with ovarian dysgerminoma. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;276:179-83.
  • Amant F, Halaska MJ, Fumagalli M, DahlSteffensen K, Lok C, Van Calsteren K et al. ESGO Task force ‘Cancer in Pregnancy’. Gynecologic cancers in pregnancy: guidelines of a second international consensus meeting. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2014;24:394-403.
  • Kal HB, Struikmans H. Radiotherapy during pregnancy: fact and fiction. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:328- 33.
  • Ackerman S, Gehrsitz C, Mehlhorn G, Beckmann MW. Management and course of histologically verified cervical carcinoma in situ during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;85:1134-7.
  • Robova H, Rob L, Pluta M, Kacirek J, Halaska M Jr, Strnad P et al. Squamous intraepithelial lesion- microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix during pregnancy. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2005;26:611-4.
  • Massad LS, Einstein MH, Huh WK, Katki HA, Kinney WK, Schiffman M, et al. 2012 ASCCP Consensus Guidelines Conference. 2012 updated consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2013;17:1- 27.
  • Van Calsteren K, Vergote I, Amant F. Cervical neoplasia during pregnancy: diagnosis, management and prognosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;19:611-4.
  • Rob L, Charvat M, Robova H, Pluta M, Strnad P, Hrehorcak M, Skapa P. Less radical fertility- sparing surgery than radical trachelectomy in early cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;17:304-10.
  • Fader AN, Alward EK, Niederhauser A, Chirico C, Lesnock JL, Zwiesler DJ, er al. Cervical dysplasia in pregnancy: a multi-institutional evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203:1-6.
  • Covell LM, Disciullo AJ, Knapp RC. Decidual change in pelvic lymph nodes in the presence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;127:674-6.
  • Ashraf M, Boyd CB, Beresford WA. Ectopic decidual cell reaction in paraaortic and pelvic lymph nodes in the presence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma during pregnancy. J Surg Oncol. 1984;26:6-8.
  • Burnett RA, Millan D. Decidual change in pelvic lymph nodes: a source of possible diagnostic error. Histopathology. 1986;10:1089-92.
  • Cobb C. Ectopic decidua and metastatic squamous carcinoma: presentation in a single pelvic lymph node. J Surg Oncol. 1988;38:126-9.
  • Hogg R, Ungar L, Hazslinszky P. Radical hysterectomy for cervical carcinoma in pregnant women—a case of decidua mimicking metastatic carcinoma in pelvic lymph nodes. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2005;26:499-500.
  • Ackermann S, Gehrsitz C, Mehlhorn G, Beckmann MW. Management and course of histologically verified cervical carcinoma in situ during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006; 85:1134.
  • Ahdoot D, Van Nostrand KM, Nguyen NJ, Tewari DS, Kurasaki T, DiSaia PJ, Rose GS. The effect of route of delivery on regression of abnormal cervical cytologic findings in the postpartum period. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178:1116-20.
  • Takushi M, Moromizato H, Sakumoto K, Kanazawa K. Management of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with pregnancy: outcome of intentional delay in treatment. Gynecol Oncol. 2002; 87:185.
  • Herod JJ, Decruze SB, Patel RD. A report of two cases of the management of cervical cancer in pregnancy by cone biopsy and laparoscopic pelvic node dissection. BJOG 2010;117:1558.
  • Ungar L, Smith JR, Palfalvi L, Del Priore G. Abdominal radical trachelectomy during pregnancy to preserve pregnancy and fertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:811–4.
  • Rydzewska L, Tierney J, Vale CL, Symonds PR. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery versus surgery for cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD007406.
  • Van der Vange N, Weverling GJ, Ketting BW, Ankum WM, Samlal R, Lammes FB. The prognosis of cervical cancer associated with pregnancy: a matched cohort study. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85:1022-6.
  • Germann N, Haie-Meder C, Morice P, Lhomme C, Duvillard P, Hacene K, et al. Management and clinical outcomes of pregnant patients with invasive cervical cancer. Ann Oncol. 2005;16:397- 402.
  • Bader A, Petru E, Winter R. Long-term follow-up after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk cervical cancer during pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;105:269-72.
  • Karam A, Feldman N, Holschneider CH. Neoadjuvant cisplatin and radical cesarean hysterectomy for cervical cancer in pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007;4:375-80.
  • Neumann G, Rasmussen KL, Petersen LK. Cervical adenosquamous carcinoma: tumor implantation in an episiotomy scar. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:467-9.
  • Maw R. Treatment of external genital warts with 5% imiquimod cream during pregnancy: a case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;111:1475.
  • Bakour S, Jaleel H, Weaver J, Kehoe S, Radcliffe K. Vulvar carcinoma presenting during pregnancy, associated with recurrent bone marrow hypoplasia: a case report and literature review. Gynecol Oncol. 2002;87:207-9.
  • Ogunleye D, Lewin S, Huettner P, Herzog T. Recurrent vulvar carcinoma in pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;95:400-1.
  • Ni Mhuireachtaigh R, O’Gorman DA. Anesthesia in pregnant patients for non obstetric surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18:60-6.
  • Moran BJ, Yano H, Al Zahir N, Farquharson M. Conflicting priorities in surgical intervention for cancer in pregnancy. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:536-44.
  • Vaccarello L, Apte S, Copeland L, Boutselis J, Rubin S. Endometrial carcinoma associated with pregnancy: a report of three cases and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;74:118-22.
  • Mitsushita J, Toki T, Kato K, Fujii S, Konishi I. Endometrial carcinoma remaining after term pregnancy following conservative treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;79:129-132.
  • Schammel DP, Mittal KR, Kaplan K, Deligdisch L, Tavassoli FA. Endometrial adenocarcinoma associated with intrauterine pregnancy. A report of five cases and a review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1998;17:327-35.
  • Ayhan A, Gunalp S, Karaer C, Gokoz A, Oz U. Endometrial adenocarcinoma in pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;75:298-9.
  • Schneller JA, Nicastri AD. Intrauterine pregnancy coincident with endometrial carcinoma: a case study and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;54:87-90.
  • Creasman WT. Vaginal cancers. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2005;17:71-6.
  • Baruah N, Sangupta S. Primary carcinoma of vagina complicating pregnancy. J Indian Med Assoc. 1973;60:469-70.
  • Church E, Dhanaliwala A, Sengupta S, Katakam N, Tomlinson AJ, Chia KV. An unusual case of vaginal leiomyosarcoma in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;30:736-7.
  • Collins CG, Barclay DL. Cancer of the vulva, and cancer of the vagina in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol.1963;30:927-42.
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  • Steed HL, Pearcey RG, Capstick V, Honore LH. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:1105-8.
  • Roth G, Lang U. Vaginal cancer during pregnancy. Der Gynäkologe. 2004;37:514-8.
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  • Morice P. Borderline tumours of the ovary and fertility. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:149-58.
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  • Fauvet R, Brzakowski M, Morice P, Resch B, Marret H, Graesslin O et al. Borderline ovarian tumors diagnosed during pregnancy exhibit a high incidence of aggressive features: results of a French multicenter study. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:1481-7.
  • Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Tolgay Tuyan İlhan Bu kişi benim

Setenay Arzu Yılmaz

Ayşegül Kebapçılar Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Mart 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA İlhan TT, Yılmaz SA, Kebapçılar A. Gynecologic Cancers in Pregnancy. aktd. Haziran 2015;24(2):211-227. doi:10.17827/aktd.15900