Rabdomiyoliz

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 586 - 607, 31.12.2016

Mürsel Koçer Halit Karakısa Akkan Avcı Salim Satar

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.253567

Öz

Rabdomiyoliz, kas hücrelerinin yıkımı sonucu intraselüler materyallerin sistemik dolaşıma katılması sonucu akut böbrek yetmezliği ve hiperpotaseminin yanı sıra, elektrolit denge bozuklukları, kompartman sendromu, dissemine intravasküler koagülasyon, periferik nöropatiye yol açabilen ciddi bir klinik tablodur. Acil serviste amaç bu hastaların hızlı şekilde tanınıp, gelişebilecek komplikasyonların önlenmesidir. Bu yazımızda, klinisyenlerin rabdomiyolizin nedenleri, tanısı, komplikasyonları ve tedavisi konusundaki bilgilerine güncel bilgilerle katkıda bulunmak amaçlandı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Acil servis, akut böbrek yetmezliği, hiperpotasemi, rabdomiyoliz

Rhabdomyolysis

Öz

Rhabdomyolysis is a serious clinical state which may lead to electrolyte imbalance, compartment syndrome, disseminated intravasculer coagulation and peripheral neuropathy in addition to acute renal failure and hyperpotasemia due to joining intracelluler materials to systemic circulation as a result of muscle destruction. The purpose in emergency department is to recognize these patients quickly and prevent complications that may possibly occur. In this article we intended to contribute clinicians knowledge about complications and treatment of rhabdomyolysis with current information.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Acute renal failure, emergency service, hyperpotasemia, rhabdomyolysis

Kaynakça

• Zutt R, Van Der Kooi AJ, Linthorst GE, Wanders RJA, De Visser M. Rhabdomyolysis: review of the literature. Neuromuscul Disord. 2014;24:651-9.
• Warren JD, Blumbergs PC, Thompson PD. Rhabdomyolysis: a review. Muscle Nerve. 2002;25:332– 47.
• Ouzounellis T. Some notes on quail poisoning. JAMA. 1970;211:1186-87.
• Zager RA. Rhabdomyolysis and myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 1996;49:314
• Honda N. Acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis. Kidney Int. 1983;23:888-98.
• Knochel JP. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Semin Nephrol. 1981;1:75-86.
• Mannix R, Tan ML, Wright R, Baskin M. Acute pediatric rhabdomyolysis: causes and rates of renal failure. Pediatrics. 2006;118:2119-25.
• Guerini D, Coletto L, Carafoli E. Exporting calcium from cells. Cell Calcium. 2005;38:281-89.
• Lopez JR, Rojas B, Gonzalez MA, Terzic A. Myoplasmic Ca2+ concentration during exertional rhabdomyolysis. Lancet. 1995;345:424-5.
• Whitesides TE Jr, Haney TC, Harada H, Holmes HE, Morimoto K. A simple method for tissue pressure determination. Arch Surg. 1975;110:1311-13.
• Harris K, Walker PM, Mickle DA, Harding R, Gatley R, Wilson GJ et al. Metabolic response of skeletal muscle to ischemia. Am J Physiol. 1986;250:213-20.
• Slater MS, Mullins RJ. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric renal failure in trauma and surgical patients: A review. J Am Coll Surg. 1998;186:693-716.
• Shah SV, Walker PD. Evidence suggesting a role for hydroxyl radical in glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Am J Physiol. 1988;255:438-43.
• Odeh M. The role of reperfusion-induced injury in the pathogenesis of the crush syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1417-22.
• Melli G, Chaudhry V, Cornblath DR. Rhabdomyolysis: an evaluation of 475 hospitalized patients. Medicine. 2005;84:377-85.
• Mannix R, Tan ML, Wright R, Baskin M. Acute pediatric rhabdomyolysis: causes and rates of renal failure. Pediatrics. 2006;118:2119-25.
• Gabow PA, Kaehny WD, Kelleher SP. The spectrum of rhabdomyolysis. Medicine. 1982;61:141-9.
• Haller RG, Knockel JP. Skeletal muscle disease in alcoholism. Med Clin North Am. 1984;68:91-103.
• Pogue VA, Nurse HM. Cocaine-associated acute myoglobinuric renal failure. Am J Med. 1989;86:183-86.
• Singhal PC, Rubin RB, Peters A. Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure associated with cocaine abuse. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1990;28:321-30.
• Parks JM, Knochel JP. Case report: Cocaine-associated rhabdomyolysis. Am J Med Sci. 1989;297:334-36.
• Roth D, Alarcon FJ, Fernandez JA. Acute rhabdomyolysis associated with cocaine intoxication. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:673-77.
• Ballantyne CM, Corsini A, Davidson MH. Risk for myopathy with statin therapy in high-risk patients. Arch Int Med. 2003;163:553-64.
• Sauret JM; Marinides G; Wang GK. Rhabdomyolysis. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65:907-912.
• Malinoski DJ, Slater MS, Mullins RJ. Crush injury and rhabdomyolysis. Crit Care Clin. 2004;20:171
• Brumback RA, Feeback DL, Leech RW. Rhabdomyolysis following electrical injury. Semin Neurol.
• Jones RN. Crush syndrome in a Cornish tin mine. Injury. 1984;15:282-83.
• Bentley G, Jeffereys T. The crush syndrome in coal miners. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1968;50:588-94.
• Knottenbelt JD. Traumatic rhabdomyolysis from severe beating-experience of volume diuresis in 200 patients. J Trauma. 1994;37:214-19.
• Strachan P, Prisco D, Multz AS. Recurrent rhabdomyolysis associated with polydipsia-induced hyponatremia- a case report and review of the literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2007;29:172-74.
• Incecik F, Herguner MO, Yildizdas D, Özcan K, Altunbaşak Ş. Rhabdomyolysis caused by hypernatremia. Indian J Pediatr. 2006;73:1124-26.
• Agrawal S, Agrawal V, Taneja A. Hypokalemia causing rhabdomyolysis resulting in life- threatening hyperkalemia. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:289-91.
• Knochel JP, Barcenas C, Cotton JR, Fuller TJ, Haller R, Carter NW. Hypophosphatemia and Rhabdomyolysis. J Clin Invest. 1978;62:1240-46.
• Penn AS, Rowland LP, Fraser DW. Drugs, coma and myoglobinuria. Arch Neurol. 1972;26:336-43.
• Szewczyk D, Ovadia P, Abdullah F, Rabinovici R. Pressure induced rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. J Trauma. 1998;44:384.
• Gagliano M, Corona D, Giuffrida G, Giaquinta A, Tallerita T, Zerbo D et al. Low-intensity body building exercise induced rhabdomyolysis. Cases Journal. 2009;2:7.
• Tountas CP, Bergman RA. Tourniquet ischemia: Ultrastructural and histochemical observations of ischemic human muscle and of monkey muscle and nerve. J Hand Surg Am. 1977;2:31-37.
• Bouchama A, Knochel JP. Heat stroke. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1978-88.
• Adnet P, Lestavel P, Krivosic-Horber R. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85:129-35.
• Girard T, Suhner M, Levano S, Singer M, Zollinger A, Hofer CK. A fulminant malignant hyperthermia episode in a patient with ryanodine receptor gene mutation p.Tyr522Ser. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1953-55.
• Friman G, Ilback NG, Beisel WR. Effects of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium and Francisella tularensis infections on oxidative, glycolytic and lysosomal enzyme activity in red and white skeletal muscle in the rat. Scand J Infect Dis. 1984;16:111-19.
• Lofberg M, Jankala H, Paetau A, Harkonen M, Somer H. Metabolic causes of recurrent rhabdomyolysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1998;98:268-75.
• Brumback RA, Feeback DL, Leech RW. Rhabdomyolysis in childhood: a primer on normal muscle function and selected metabolic myopathies characterized by disordered energy production. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1992;39:821-58.
• Poels PJE, Gabreëls FJM. Rhabdomyolysis: a review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg.
• Bush SP, Jansen PW. Severe rattlesnake envenomation with anaphylaxis and rhabdomyolysis. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:845-48.
• Bresolin NL, Carvalho LC, Goes EC, Fernandes R, Barotto AM. Acute renal failure following massive attack by Africanized bee stings. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17:625-27.
• Michaelson M. Crush injury and crush syndrome. World J Surg. 1992;16:899-903.
• Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann T. Mitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1762:164-80.
• Kasper CE, Talbot LA, Gaines JM. Skeletal muscle damage and recovery. AACN Clin Issues. 2002;13:237–47.
• Gabow PA, Kaehny WD, Kelleher SP. The spectrum of rhabdomyolysis. Medicine. 1982;61:141– 53.
• Brancaccio P, Lippi G, Maffulli N. Biochemical markers of muscular damage. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010;48:757–67.
• Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G. The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Eur J Int Med. 2007;18:90-100.
• Köppel C. Clinical features, pathogenesis and management of drug-induced rhabdomyolysis. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp. 1989;4:108-26.
• Knochel JP. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Ann Rev Med. 1982;33:435-43.
• Bosch X, Poch E, Grau JM. Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:62- 72.
• Vanholder R, Sever MS, Erek E, Lameire N. Rhabdomyolysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:1553-61.
• Criddle LM. Rhabdomyolysis: pathophysiology, recognition and management. Crit Care Nurse. 2003;23:14–22.
• Marx J, Walls R, Hockberger R. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 8th Edition, Philadelphia, Elsevier Sounders, 2014.
• Zimmerman JL, Shen MC. Rhabdomyolysis. Chest. 2013;144:1058-65.
• Visweswaran P, Guntupalli J. Rhabdomyolysis. Crit Care Clin. 1999;15:415-28.
• Sever MŞ. Crush (Ezilme) Sendromu ve Marmara Depreminden Çıkarılan Dersler. İstanbul, Türk Nefroloji Derneği Yayınları. 2003.
• Kellum, JA, Cerda J, Kaplan LJ, Nadim MK, Palevsky PM. Fluids for prevention and management of acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs. 2008;31:96-110.
• Gunal, Aİ, et al. Early and vigorous fluid resuscitation prevents acute renal failure in the crush victims of catastrophic earthquakes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:1862-67.
• Altintepe L, et al. Early and intensive fluid replacement prevents acute renal failure in the crush cases associated with spontaneous collapse of an apartment in Konya. Ren Fail. 2007;29:737-41.
• Brown CV, Rhee P, Chan L, Evans K, Demetriades D, Velmahos GC. Preventing renal failure in patients with rhabdomyolysis: do bicarbonate and mannitol make a difference? J Trauma. 2004;56:1191-6.
• Abassi, ZA, Hoffman A, Better OS. Acute renal failure complicating muscle crush injury. Semin Nephrol. 1998;18:558-65.
• Petejova N, Martinek A. Acute kidney injury due to rhabdomyolysis and renal replacement therapy: a critical review.Crit Care. 2014;18:224
• Better, OS, Stein JH. Early management of shock and prophylaxis of acute renal failure in traumatic rhabdomyolysis. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:825-29.
• Frisoni A, Jacob F, Voltz C, Bollaert P. Rhabdomyolysis in acute renal failure. In Progress in Acute Renal Failure (Eds F Cantarovich, B Rangoonwala, M Verho):139-52. New Jersey, Bridgewater, 1998.
• Glassock RJ. Current Therapy in Nephrology and Hypertension, 4th ed. St. Louis, CV Mosby,1998.
• Akmal M, Massry SG. Reversible hepatic dysfunction associated with rhabdomyolysis. Am J Nephrol. 1990;10:49-52.
• Tintinalli JE. Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine. A Comprehensive Study Guide. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
• Singh S, Trikha SP, Lewis J. Acute compartment syndrome. Curr Orthop. 2004;18:468-76.
• Branco BC, Inaba K, Barmparas G, Schnüriger B, Lustenberger T, Talving P et al. Incidence and predictors for the need for fasciotomy after extremity trauma: a 10-year review in a mature level I trauma centre. Injury. 2011;42:1157-63.
• Masquelet AC. Acute compartment syndrome of the leg: pressure measurement and fasciotomy. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96:913-7.
• Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi Salim Satar
• Adana Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi
• Acil Tıp Kliniği Adana, Turkey
• e-mail: [e-mail]
• Geliş tarihi/ Received: 11.04.2016
• Kabul tarihi/Accepted: 13.05.2016