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Yıl 2020, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 29 - 36, 31.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.524931

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Pacher, P., S. Bátkai, and G. Kunos, The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev, 2006. 58(3): p. 389-462.
  • 2. Spaderna, M., P.H. Addy, and D.C. D’Souza, Spicing things up: synthetic cannabinoids. Psychopharmacology, 2013. 228(4): p. 525-540.
  • 3. Winstock, A.R. and M.J. Barratt, Synthetic cannabis: a comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2013. 131(1-2): p. 106-111.
  • 4. Kalyoncu, A., B. Ünlü, and U. Taştan, Gençlerin tehlikeli oyunu: Sentetik kannabinoidler (Bonzai) üzerine bir gözden geçirme. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 2014. 15(3): p. 150-155.
  • 5. Auwärter, V., et al., ‘Spice’and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs? J. Mass Spectrom., 2009. 44(5): p. 832-837.
  • 6. Castellanos, D., et al., Synthetic cannabinoid use: a case series of adolescents., J Adolesc Health 2011. 49(4): p. 347-349.
  • 7. Tournebize, J., V. Gibaja, and J.-P. Kahn, Acute effects of synthetic cannabinoids: update 2015. Subst Abuse, 2017. 38(3): p. 344-366.
  • 8. Hoyte, C.O., et al., A characterization of synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to the National Poison Data System in 2010. Ann Emerg Med, 2012. 60(4): p. 435-438.
  • 9. Harris, C.R. and A. Brown, Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication: a case series and review. J Emerg Med, 2013. 44(2): p. 360-366.
  • 10. Alıcı, T. and T. Uzbay, Kannabinoidler: Ödüllendirici ve bağımlılık yapıcı etkilerinin nörobiyolojisi ve nöropsikofarmakolojisi üzerine bir gözden geçirme. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 2006. 7: p. 140-9.
  • 11. Khan, M., et al., Catatonia secondary to synthetic cannabinoid use in two patients with no previous psychosis. Am J Addict, 2016. 25(1): p. 25-27.
  • 12. Simmons, J.R., et al., Intoxication from smoking “spice”. Ann Emerg Med, 2011. 57(2): p. 187-188.
  • 13. Akpinar, A., et al., Cannabis Use Disorder, Synthetic Cannabinoid and Amotivational Syndrome: A Case Report. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 2015. 16(1): p. 35-38.
  • 14. Seely, K.A., et al., Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2012. 39(2): p. 234-243.
  • 15. Martinotti, G., et al., Prevalence and intensity of basic symptoms among cannabis users: an observational study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2011. 37(2): p. 111-116.
  • 16. Dragt, S., et al., Cannabis use and age at onset of symptoms in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2012. 125(1): p. 45-53.
  • 17. Linszen, D. and T. van Amelsvoort, Esrar ve psikoz: seyir ve akla uygun biyolojik mekanizmalar hakkında bir güncelleme. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 2007. 3(3): p. 119.
  • 18. Martinotti, G., et al., Synthetic cannabinoids: psychopharmacology, clinical aspects, psychotic onset. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2017. 16(5): p. 567-575.
  • 19. van Amsterdam, J., T. Brunt, and W. van den Brink, The adverse health effects of synthetic cannabinoids with emphasis on psychosis-like effects. J Psychopharmacol, 2015. 29(3): p. 254-263.
  • 20. Vallersnes, O.M., et al., Psychosis associated with acute recreational drug toxicity: a European case series. BMC Psychiatry, 2016. 16(1): p. 293.
  • 21. Radhakrishnan, R., S.T. Wilkinson, and D.C. D’Souza, Gone to pot–a review of the association between cannabis and psychosis. Front Psychiatry, 2014. 5: p. 54.
  • 22. Papanti, D., et al., “Spiceophrenia”: a systematic overview of “Spice”‐related psychopathological issues and a case report. Hum Psychopharmacol, 2013. 28(4): p. 379-389.
  • 23. Glue, P., et al., Hospitalisation associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. NZ Med J, 2013. 126(1377): p. 18-23.
  • 24. Broyd, S.J., et al., Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human cognition—a systematic review. Biol Psychiatry, 2016. 79(7): p. 557-567.
  • 25. Ramaekers, J.G., et al., Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2004. 73(2): p. 109-119.
  • 26. Hartman, R.L. and M.A. Huestis, Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clin Chem, 2013. 59(3): p. 478-492.
  • 27. Yeakel, J.K. and B.K. Logan, Blood synthetic cannabinoid concentrations in cases of suspected impaired driving. J Anal Toxicol, 2013. 37(8): p. 547-551.
  • 28. Musshoff, F., et al., Driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids (“Spice”): a case series. J Leg Med, 2014. 128(1): p. 59-64.
  • 29. Adamowicz, P. and W. Lechowicz, The influence of synthetic cannabinoid UR-144 on human psychomotor performance—a case report demonstrating road traffic risks. Traffic Inj Prev, 2015. 16(8): p. 754-759.
  • 30. Diamond, A., Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol, 2013. 64: p. 135-168.
  • 31. Cohen, K. and A. Weinstein, The effects of cannabinoids on executive functions: evidence from cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids—a systematic review. Brain Sci, 2018. 8(3): p. 40.
  • 32. Hanson, K.L., et al., Longitudinal study of cognition among adolescent marijuana users over three weeks of abstinence. Addict Behav, 2010. 35(11): p. 970-976.
  • 33. Thames, A.D., N. Arbid, and P. Sayegh, Cannabis use and neurocognitive functioning in a non-clinical sample of users. Addict Behav, 2014. 39(5): p. 994-999.
  • 34. Fried, P., B. Watkinson, and R. Gray, Neurocognitive consequences of marihuana—a comparison with pre-drug performance. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 2005. 27(2): p. 231-239.
  • 35. Tait, R.J., A. Mackinnon, and H. Christensen, Cannabis use and cognitive function: 8‐year trajectory in a young adult cohort. Addiction, 2011. 106(12): p. 2195-2203.
  • 36. Basavarajappa, B.S. and S. Subbanna, CB1 receptor‐mediated signaling underlies the hippocampal synaptic, learning, and memory deficits following treatment with JWH‐081, a new component of spice/K2 preparations. Hippocampus, 2014. 24(2): p. 178-188.
  • 37. Ferrari, F., et al., Learning impairment produced in rats by the cannabinoid agonist HU 210 in a water-maze task. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1999. 64(3): p. 555-561.
  • 38. Heyser, C.J., R.E. Hampson, and S.A. Deadwyler, Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on delayed match to sample performance in rats: alterations in short-term memory associated with changes in task specific firing of hippocampal cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1993. 264(1): p. 294-307.
  • 39. Compton, D.M., et al., Adolescent exposure of JWH-018 “Spice” produces subtle effects on learning and memory performance in adulthood. J Behav Brain Bes, 2012. 2(02): p. 146.
  • 40. Cohen, K., et al., The effects of synthetic cannabinoids on executive function. Psychopharmacology, 2017. 234(7): p. 1121-1134.
  • 41. Castaneto, M.S., et al., Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2014. 144: p. 12-41.
  • 42. Nurmedov, S., et al., Thalamic and cerebellar gray matter volume reduction in synthetic cannabinoids users. Eur Addict Res, 2015. 21(6): p. 315-320.
  • 43. Cengel, H.Y., et al., Evaluation of cognitive functions in individuals with synthetic cannabinoid use disorder and comparison to individuals with cannabis use disorder. Psychiatry Res, 2018. 262: p. 46-54.
  • 44. Miller, R.L., et al., Effects of a novel CB1 agonist on visual attention in male rats: Role of strategy and expectancy in task accuracy. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 2013. 21(5): p. 416.
  • 45. Pattij, T., J. Wiskerke, and A.N. Schoffelmeer, Cannabinoid modulation of executive functions. Eur J Pharmacol, 2008. 585(2-3): p. 458-463.
  • 46. Di Marzo, V., et al., Anandamide receptors. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2002. 66(2-3): p. 377-391.
  • 47. Hudson, B.D., T.E. Hebert, and M.E. Kelly, Ligand-and heterodimer-directed signaling of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Mol Pharmacol, 2010. 77(1): p. 1-9.
  • 48. Demirakca, T., et al., Diminished gray matter in the hippocampus of cannabis users: possible protective effects of cannabidiol. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2011. 114(2-3): p. 242-245.
  • 49. Misner, D.L. and J.M. Sullivan, Mechanism of cannabinoid effects on long-term potentiation and depression in hippocampal CA1 neurons. J Neurosci, 1999. 19(16): p. 6795-6805.
  • 50. Chang, L. and E.P. Chronicle, Functional imaging studies in cannabis users. Neuroscientist, 2007. 13(5): p. 422-432.
  • 51. Block, R.I., et al., Cerebellar hypoactivity in frequent marijuana users. Neuroreport, 2000. 11(4): p. 749-753.
  • 52. Quickfall, J. and D. Crockford, Brain neuroimaging in cannabis use: a review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2006. 18(3): p. 318-332.
  • 53. Batalla, A., et al., Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: a systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. PloS one, 2013. 8(2): p. e55821.
  • 54. Weinstein, A., A. Livny, and A. Weizman, Brain imaging studies on the cognitive, pharmacological and neurobiological effects of cannabis in humans: evidence from studies of adult users. Curr Pharm Des, 2016. 22(42): p. 6366-6379.
  • 55. Yücel, M., et al., Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2008. 65(6): p. 694-701.
  • 56. Zorlu, N., et al., Abnormal white matter integrity in synthetic cannabinoid users. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2016. 26(11): p. 1818-1825.
  • 57. Meier, M.H., et al., Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2012: p. 201206820.
  • 58. Raver, S.M., S.P. Haughwout, and A. Keller, Adolescent cannabinoid exposure permanently suppresses cortical oscillations in adult mice. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2013. 38(12): p. 2338.
  • 59. Hill, M.N., et al., Prolonged cannabinoid treatment results in spatial working memory deficits and impaired long‐term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in vivo. Eur J Neurosci, 2004. 20(3): p. 859-863.
  • 60. Schneider, M., E. Schömig, and F.M. Leweke, PRECLINICAL STUDY: acute and chronic cannabinoid treatment differentially affects recognition memory and social behavior in pubertal and adult rats. Addict Biol, 2008. 13(3‐4): p. 345-357.
  • 61. O'shea, M., et al., Chronic cannabinoid exposure produces lasting memory impairment and increased anxiety in adolescent but not adult rats. J Psychopharmacol, 2004. 18(4): p. 502-508.
  • 62. Schneider, M. and M. Koch, Chronic pubertal, but not adult chronic cannabinoid treatment impairs sensorimotor gating, recognition memory, and the performance in a progressive ratio task in adult rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003. 28(10): p. 1760.
  • 63. Schneider, M., E. Drews, and M. Koch, Behavioral effects in adult rats of chronic prepubertal treatment with the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2. Behav Pharmacol, 2005. 16(5-6): p. 447-453.
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  • 67. Forrester, M.B., et al., Synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centers. J Addict Dis, 2011. 30(4): p. 351-358.
  • 68. Schneir, A.B., J. Cullen, and B.T. Ly, “Spice” girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication. The J Emerg Med , 2011. 40(3): p. 296-299.
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  • 72. Weinstock, L.M., et al., Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with comorbid cannabis use disorders (CUDs) in hospitalized patients with bipolar I disorder. Br J Psychiatry, 2016. 65: p. 57-62.
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  • 75. Wintermeyer, A., et al., In vitro phase I metabolism of the synthetic cannabimimetic JWH-018. Anal Bioanal Chem, 2010. 398(5): p. 2141-2153.
  • 76. Pope, H.G., et al., Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2001. 58(10): p. 909-915.
  • 77. Curran, V.H., et al., Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in infrequent cannabis users. Psychopharmacology, 2002. 164(1): p. 61-70.
  • 78. Yazici, K. and A.E. Yazici, Dürtüselligin Nöroanatomik ve Nörokimyasal Temelleri/Neuroanatomical and Neurochemical Basis of Impulsivity. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 2010. 2(2): p. 254.

Sentetik Kannabinoidlerin Nöropsikiyatrik Etkileri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 29 - 36, 31.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.524931

Öz

Sentetik Kannabinoidler  esrarın psikoaktif etkilerini taklit eden
laboratuar ortamında üretilmiş birçok bileşiğin ortak adıdır. Sentetik Kannabinoid
kullanımı son yıllarda gençler arasında hızla yaygınlaşan bir halk sağlığı
sorunudur. Kullanım oranının gün geçtikçe artması  nedeniyle etkilerinin daha iyi
anlaşılabilmesi, tüketim hızının azaltılabilmesi, yarattığı olumsuz etkilerin
giderilmesinin kolaylaştırılabilmesi için birçok çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.
Sentetik kannabinoid kullanımı sonucunda ortaya çıkabilecek nöropsikiyatrik
durumların bilinmesi ve esrar kullanımından ayırt edilmesi, nörorehabilitasyon
sürecinin işlevselliğini artırmaya yönelik düzenlemelere yol gösterecektir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Pacher, P., S. Bátkai, and G. Kunos, The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev, 2006. 58(3): p. 389-462.
  • 2. Spaderna, M., P.H. Addy, and D.C. D’Souza, Spicing things up: synthetic cannabinoids. Psychopharmacology, 2013. 228(4): p. 525-540.
  • 3. Winstock, A.R. and M.J. Barratt, Synthetic cannabis: a comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2013. 131(1-2): p. 106-111.
  • 4. Kalyoncu, A., B. Ünlü, and U. Taştan, Gençlerin tehlikeli oyunu: Sentetik kannabinoidler (Bonzai) üzerine bir gözden geçirme. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 2014. 15(3): p. 150-155.
  • 5. Auwärter, V., et al., ‘Spice’and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs? J. Mass Spectrom., 2009. 44(5): p. 832-837.
  • 6. Castellanos, D., et al., Synthetic cannabinoid use: a case series of adolescents., J Adolesc Health 2011. 49(4): p. 347-349.
  • 7. Tournebize, J., V. Gibaja, and J.-P. Kahn, Acute effects of synthetic cannabinoids: update 2015. Subst Abuse, 2017. 38(3): p. 344-366.
  • 8. Hoyte, C.O., et al., A characterization of synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to the National Poison Data System in 2010. Ann Emerg Med, 2012. 60(4): p. 435-438.
  • 9. Harris, C.R. and A. Brown, Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication: a case series and review. J Emerg Med, 2013. 44(2): p. 360-366.
  • 10. Alıcı, T. and T. Uzbay, Kannabinoidler: Ödüllendirici ve bağımlılık yapıcı etkilerinin nörobiyolojisi ve nöropsikofarmakolojisi üzerine bir gözden geçirme. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 2006. 7: p. 140-9.
  • 11. Khan, M., et al., Catatonia secondary to synthetic cannabinoid use in two patients with no previous psychosis. Am J Addict, 2016. 25(1): p. 25-27.
  • 12. Simmons, J.R., et al., Intoxication from smoking “spice”. Ann Emerg Med, 2011. 57(2): p. 187-188.
  • 13. Akpinar, A., et al., Cannabis Use Disorder, Synthetic Cannabinoid and Amotivational Syndrome: A Case Report. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 2015. 16(1): p. 35-38.
  • 14. Seely, K.A., et al., Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2012. 39(2): p. 234-243.
  • 15. Martinotti, G., et al., Prevalence and intensity of basic symptoms among cannabis users: an observational study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2011. 37(2): p. 111-116.
  • 16. Dragt, S., et al., Cannabis use and age at onset of symptoms in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2012. 125(1): p. 45-53.
  • 17. Linszen, D. and T. van Amelsvoort, Esrar ve psikoz: seyir ve akla uygun biyolojik mekanizmalar hakkında bir güncelleme. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 2007. 3(3): p. 119.
  • 18. Martinotti, G., et al., Synthetic cannabinoids: psychopharmacology, clinical aspects, psychotic onset. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2017. 16(5): p. 567-575.
  • 19. van Amsterdam, J., T. Brunt, and W. van den Brink, The adverse health effects of synthetic cannabinoids with emphasis on psychosis-like effects. J Psychopharmacol, 2015. 29(3): p. 254-263.
  • 20. Vallersnes, O.M., et al., Psychosis associated with acute recreational drug toxicity: a European case series. BMC Psychiatry, 2016. 16(1): p. 293.
  • 21. Radhakrishnan, R., S.T. Wilkinson, and D.C. D’Souza, Gone to pot–a review of the association between cannabis and psychosis. Front Psychiatry, 2014. 5: p. 54.
  • 22. Papanti, D., et al., “Spiceophrenia”: a systematic overview of “Spice”‐related psychopathological issues and a case report. Hum Psychopharmacol, 2013. 28(4): p. 379-389.
  • 23. Glue, P., et al., Hospitalisation associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. NZ Med J, 2013. 126(1377): p. 18-23.
  • 24. Broyd, S.J., et al., Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human cognition—a systematic review. Biol Psychiatry, 2016. 79(7): p. 557-567.
  • 25. Ramaekers, J.G., et al., Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2004. 73(2): p. 109-119.
  • 26. Hartman, R.L. and M.A. Huestis, Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clin Chem, 2013. 59(3): p. 478-492.
  • 27. Yeakel, J.K. and B.K. Logan, Blood synthetic cannabinoid concentrations in cases of suspected impaired driving. J Anal Toxicol, 2013. 37(8): p. 547-551.
  • 28. Musshoff, F., et al., Driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids (“Spice”): a case series. J Leg Med, 2014. 128(1): p. 59-64.
  • 29. Adamowicz, P. and W. Lechowicz, The influence of synthetic cannabinoid UR-144 on human psychomotor performance—a case report demonstrating road traffic risks. Traffic Inj Prev, 2015. 16(8): p. 754-759.
  • 30. Diamond, A., Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol, 2013. 64: p. 135-168.
  • 31. Cohen, K. and A. Weinstein, The effects of cannabinoids on executive functions: evidence from cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids—a systematic review. Brain Sci, 2018. 8(3): p. 40.
  • 32. Hanson, K.L., et al., Longitudinal study of cognition among adolescent marijuana users over three weeks of abstinence. Addict Behav, 2010. 35(11): p. 970-976.
  • 33. Thames, A.D., N. Arbid, and P. Sayegh, Cannabis use and neurocognitive functioning in a non-clinical sample of users. Addict Behav, 2014. 39(5): p. 994-999.
  • 34. Fried, P., B. Watkinson, and R. Gray, Neurocognitive consequences of marihuana—a comparison with pre-drug performance. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 2005. 27(2): p. 231-239.
  • 35. Tait, R.J., A. Mackinnon, and H. Christensen, Cannabis use and cognitive function: 8‐year trajectory in a young adult cohort. Addiction, 2011. 106(12): p. 2195-2203.
  • 36. Basavarajappa, B.S. and S. Subbanna, CB1 receptor‐mediated signaling underlies the hippocampal synaptic, learning, and memory deficits following treatment with JWH‐081, a new component of spice/K2 preparations. Hippocampus, 2014. 24(2): p. 178-188.
  • 37. Ferrari, F., et al., Learning impairment produced in rats by the cannabinoid agonist HU 210 in a water-maze task. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1999. 64(3): p. 555-561.
  • 38. Heyser, C.J., R.E. Hampson, and S.A. Deadwyler, Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on delayed match to sample performance in rats: alterations in short-term memory associated with changes in task specific firing of hippocampal cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1993. 264(1): p. 294-307.
  • 39. Compton, D.M., et al., Adolescent exposure of JWH-018 “Spice” produces subtle effects on learning and memory performance in adulthood. J Behav Brain Bes, 2012. 2(02): p. 146.
  • 40. Cohen, K., et al., The effects of synthetic cannabinoids on executive function. Psychopharmacology, 2017. 234(7): p. 1121-1134.
  • 41. Castaneto, M.S., et al., Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2014. 144: p. 12-41.
  • 42. Nurmedov, S., et al., Thalamic and cerebellar gray matter volume reduction in synthetic cannabinoids users. Eur Addict Res, 2015. 21(6): p. 315-320.
  • 43. Cengel, H.Y., et al., Evaluation of cognitive functions in individuals with synthetic cannabinoid use disorder and comparison to individuals with cannabis use disorder. Psychiatry Res, 2018. 262: p. 46-54.
  • 44. Miller, R.L., et al., Effects of a novel CB1 agonist on visual attention in male rats: Role of strategy and expectancy in task accuracy. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 2013. 21(5): p. 416.
  • 45. Pattij, T., J. Wiskerke, and A.N. Schoffelmeer, Cannabinoid modulation of executive functions. Eur J Pharmacol, 2008. 585(2-3): p. 458-463.
  • 46. Di Marzo, V., et al., Anandamide receptors. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2002. 66(2-3): p. 377-391.
  • 47. Hudson, B.D., T.E. Hebert, and M.E. Kelly, Ligand-and heterodimer-directed signaling of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Mol Pharmacol, 2010. 77(1): p. 1-9.
  • 48. Demirakca, T., et al., Diminished gray matter in the hippocampus of cannabis users: possible protective effects of cannabidiol. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2011. 114(2-3): p. 242-245.
  • 49. Misner, D.L. and J.M. Sullivan, Mechanism of cannabinoid effects on long-term potentiation and depression in hippocampal CA1 neurons. J Neurosci, 1999. 19(16): p. 6795-6805.
  • 50. Chang, L. and E.P. Chronicle, Functional imaging studies in cannabis users. Neuroscientist, 2007. 13(5): p. 422-432.
  • 51. Block, R.I., et al., Cerebellar hypoactivity in frequent marijuana users. Neuroreport, 2000. 11(4): p. 749-753.
  • 52. Quickfall, J. and D. Crockford, Brain neuroimaging in cannabis use: a review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2006. 18(3): p. 318-332.
  • 53. Batalla, A., et al., Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: a systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. PloS one, 2013. 8(2): p. e55821.
  • 54. Weinstein, A., A. Livny, and A. Weizman, Brain imaging studies on the cognitive, pharmacological and neurobiological effects of cannabis in humans: evidence from studies of adult users. Curr Pharm Des, 2016. 22(42): p. 6366-6379.
  • 55. Yücel, M., et al., Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2008. 65(6): p. 694-701.
  • 56. Zorlu, N., et al., Abnormal white matter integrity in synthetic cannabinoid users. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2016. 26(11): p. 1818-1825.
  • 57. Meier, M.H., et al., Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2012: p. 201206820.
  • 58. Raver, S.M., S.P. Haughwout, and A. Keller, Adolescent cannabinoid exposure permanently suppresses cortical oscillations in adult mice. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2013. 38(12): p. 2338.
  • 59. Hill, M.N., et al., Prolonged cannabinoid treatment results in spatial working memory deficits and impaired long‐term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in vivo. Eur J Neurosci, 2004. 20(3): p. 859-863.
  • 60. Schneider, M., E. Schömig, and F.M. Leweke, PRECLINICAL STUDY: acute and chronic cannabinoid treatment differentially affects recognition memory and social behavior in pubertal and adult rats. Addict Biol, 2008. 13(3‐4): p. 345-357.
  • 61. O'shea, M., et al., Chronic cannabinoid exposure produces lasting memory impairment and increased anxiety in adolescent but not adult rats. J Psychopharmacol, 2004. 18(4): p. 502-508.
  • 62. Schneider, M. and M. Koch, Chronic pubertal, but not adult chronic cannabinoid treatment impairs sensorimotor gating, recognition memory, and the performance in a progressive ratio task in adult rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003. 28(10): p. 1760.
  • 63. Schneider, M., E. Drews, and M. Koch, Behavioral effects in adult rats of chronic prepubertal treatment with the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2. Behav Pharmacol, 2005. 16(5-6): p. 447-453.
  • 64. Locatelli, C., et al., New synthetic cannabinoids intoxications in Italy: clinical identification and analytical confirmation of cases. J Emerg Med Title, 2011. 41(2): p. 220.
  • 65. Hermanns‐Clausen, M., et al., Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction, 2013. 108(3): p. 534-544.
  • 66. Sobolevsky, T., I. Prasolov, and G. Rodchenkov, Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine. Forensic Sci Int, 2010. 200(1-3): p. 141-147.
  • 67. Forrester, M.B., et al., Synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centers. J Addict Dis, 2011. 30(4): p. 351-358.
  • 68. Schneir, A.B., J. Cullen, and B.T. Ly, “Spice” girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication. The J Emerg Med , 2011. 40(3): p. 296-299.
  • 69. Hall, W. and L. Degenhardt, Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. The Lancet, 2009. 374(9698): p. 1383-1391.
  • 70. Ashton, C.H., Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review. Br J Psychiatry, 2001. 178(2): p. 101-106.
  • 71. Hill, K.P., Cannabis use and risk for substance use disorders and mood or anxiety disorders. Jama, 2017. 317(10): p. 1070-1071.
  • 72. Weinstock, L.M., et al., Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with comorbid cannabis use disorders (CUDs) in hospitalized patients with bipolar I disorder. Br J Psychiatry, 2016. 65: p. 57-62.
  • 73. Degenhardt, L., W. Hall, and M. Lynskey, Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression. Addiction, 2003. 98(11): p. 1493-1504.
  • 74. Crean, R.D., N.A. Crane, and B.J. Mason, An evidence based review of acute and long-term effects of cannabis use on executive cognitive functions. J Addict Med, 2011. 5(1): p. 1.
  • 75. Wintermeyer, A., et al., In vitro phase I metabolism of the synthetic cannabimimetic JWH-018. Anal Bioanal Chem, 2010. 398(5): p. 2141-2153.
  • 76. Pope, H.G., et al., Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2001. 58(10): p. 909-915.
  • 77. Curran, V.H., et al., Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in infrequent cannabis users. Psychopharmacology, 2002. 164(1): p. 61-70.
  • 78. Yazici, K. and A.E. Yazici, Dürtüselligin Nöroanatomik ve Nörokimyasal Temelleri/Neuroanatomical and Neurochemical Basis of Impulsivity. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 2010. 2(2): p. 254.
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Armağan Aral 0000-0002-8069-7586

Bahattin Avcı 0000-0001-6471-6495

Miraç Barış Usta 0000-0002-1573-3165

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2020
Kabul Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Aral A, Avcı B, Usta MB. Sentetik Kannabinoidlerin Nöropsikiyatrik Etkileri. aktd. Mart 2020;29(1):29-36. doi:10.17827/aktd.524931