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Story and Effects of Βeta 3 Adrenoceptors

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 3, 186 - 195, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1074093

Öz

It has been known since the 19th century that sympathetic nerves cause various effects in the human body. The existence of more than one adrenergic receptor was first suggested by Ahlquist in 1948 and many researchers stated that the number of these receptors is unknown. Later in 1984, the presence of an atypical β adrenoceptor (AR) in white and brown fat in rodents was revealed by a scientist named Arch, and these ARs were named ß3 AR.
In the light of this information, the first human ß3-ARs were cloned in 1989, and these ARs were found to be localized in the intestine and adipose tissue, as in rodent ß3-ARs. In studies conducted in animal models, findings have been obtained that β3 ARs agonists have thermogenic, antilipogenic, anti-obesitic, antidepressant effects, cause relaxation in the human gallbladder and urinary bladder, and can be used to prevent preterm birth. Preterm birth is one of the most complex and important challenges in obstetrics. Despite nearly 40 years of research and clinical progress, the incidence of preterm birth has unfortunately not changed today. It is thought that further studies are needed on this subject.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Çakır N. Adrenerjik Reseptörler.Turkiye Klinikleri dergisi.2005;1(3):93-6
  • 2. Harms HH. Isoproterenol antagonism of cardioselective β adrenergic receptor blocking agents: a comparative study of human and guinea-pig cardiac and bronchial β adrenergic receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1976; 199 (2): 329-335.
  • 3. Tan S, Curtis-Prior PB. Characterization of the β-adrenoceptor of the adipose cell of the rat. Int J Obes. 1983;7(5):409-14.
  • 4. Coman OA, Păunescu H, Ghiţă I,Coman lL, Bădărăru A, Fulga I. Β3 adrenergic receptors: molecular, histological, functional and pharmacological approaches. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2009; 50(2):169-79.
  • 5. Beta 3 adrenerjik reseptör.Available from:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor. Accessed: 11 Ocak 2022.
  • 6. Ahlquist RP. A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Am J Physiol.1948; 153:586-600.
  • 7. Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Briend-Sutren MM, Patey G, Tate K, Delavier-Klutchko C et al.Molecular characterization of the human β 3-adrenergic receptor. Sci.1989; 245(4922):1118-1121.
  • 8. Lands AM, Arnold A, McAuliff JP, Luduena FP, Brown TG Jr. Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature. 1967; 214:597-8.
  • 9. Arch JRS, Ainsworth AT, Cawthorne MA, Piercy V, Sennitt MV, Thody VE et al. Atypical βadrenoceptor on brown adipocytes as target for anti-obesity drugs. Nature.1984; 309:163–165.
  • 10.Hollenga Ch, Zaagsma J. Direct evidence for the atypical natüre of function Beta-adrenoceptors in rat adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 1989; 98:1420-1424.
  • 11. Furchgott RF. The classification of adrenoceptors (adrenergic receptors). An evaluation from the standpoint of receptor theory, In: Blaschko, H. and Muecholl, E. (eds). Catecholamines, Springer-Verlag: New York, 1972:283335.
  • 12. Arch JRS. The brown adipocyte ß-adrenoceptor. Proc Nutr Soc.1989; 48:215–223.
  • 13. Ling Fu, Kazumasa I, Zeng Q, Suzukawa K, Takekoshi K, Kawakami Y. The effects of β3-adrenoceptor agonist CL-316,243 on adiponectin, adiponectin receptors and tumor necrosis factor-α expressions in adipose tissues of obese diabetic KKAy mice. Short communication. Eur. J Pharmacol.2008; 584: 202–206.
  • 14. Arch JRS. Challenges in b(3)-adrenoceptor agonist drug development. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 2:59-64.
  • 15. Lonnqvist F, Krief S, Strosberg AD, Nyberg S, Emorine LJ, Arner P. Evidence for a functional β 3-adrenoceptor in man. Br J Pharmacol. 1993; 110:929-36.
  • 16. Bardou M, Dousset B, Deneux-Tharaux C, Smadja C, Naline E, Chaput JC et al. In vitro inhibition of human colonic motility with SR 59119A and SR 59104A: evidence of a β3-adrenoceptor-mediated effect. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998; 353:281-7.
  • 17. Jonathan RS Arch. Challenges in ß-adrenoceptor agonist drug development. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab.2011; 2(2) : 59-64.
  • 18. Gauthier C, Tavernier G, Charpentier F, Langin D, Marec HL. Functional β3-adrenoceptor in the human heart. J Clin Invest.1996; 98: 556–562.
  • 19.Tavernier G, Galitzky J, Bousquet-Melou A, Montastruc JL, Berlan M. The positive chronotropic effect induced by BRL 37344 and CGP 12177, two β3 adrenergic agonists, does not involve cardiac β adrenoceptors but baroreflex mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.1992; 263:1083–1090.
  • 20.Wheeldon NM, McDevitt DG, Lipworth BJ. Investigation of putative cardiac β 3-adrenoceptors in man. Q J Med.1993; 86:255–261.
  • 21. Takayama S, Furukawa Y, Ren LM, Inoue Y, Sawaki S, S Chiba S. Positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to BRL 37344, a β 3-adrenoceptor agonist in isolated, blood-perfused dog atria. Eur J Pharmacol.1993; 231:315–321.
  • 22. Wheeldon NM, Newnham DM, Coutie WJ, Peters JA, McDevitt DG, B J Lipworth BJ. Influence of sex-steroid hormones on the regulation of lymphocyte β 2- adrenoceptors during the menstrual cycle. Br J Clin Pharmacol.1994; 37: 583–588.
  • 23. Mitchell BD, Blangero J, Comuzzie AG, Almasy LA, Shuldiner AR, Silver K et al. A paired sibling analysis of the β-3 adrenergic receptor and obesity in Mexican Americans. J Clin Invest.1998; 101:584–587.
  • 24. Collins S, Daniel KW, Rohlfs EM, Ramkumar V, Taylor IL, Gettys TW. Impaired expression and functional activity of the beta 3- and beta 1-adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue of congenitally obese (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mice. Mol Endocrinol. 1994; 8(4):518-27.
  • 25.Liu X, Perusse F, Bukowiecki L.J. Mechanisms of the antidiabetic effects of the b3-adrenergic agonist CL-316243 in obese Zucker-ZDF rats. Am J Physiol.1998; 274: R1212R1219.
  • 26. Larsen TM, Toubro S, van Baak MA, Gottesdiener KM, Larson P, Saris WH et al. Effect of a 28-d treatment with L-796568, a novel β(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist, on energy expenditure and body composition in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76:780–788.
  • 27. Ikeda H. KK Mouse. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994;Suppl:S313-6.
  • 28. Lipworth BJ. Clinical pharmacology of beta 3-adrenoceptors. Br J Clin Pharmacol.1996; 42(3):291-300.
  • 29. Himms-Hagen J, Cui J, Danforth Jr E, Taatjes DJ, Lang SS, Waters BL, et al. Effect of CL-316,243, a thermogenic beta 3-agonist, on energy balance and brown and white adipose tissues in rats. Am J Physiol. 1994; 266(4 Pt 2):R1371-82.
  • 30. Grujic D, Susulic VS, Harper M-E, Himms-Hagen J, Cunninghami BA, Barbara E et al. Beta3-Adrenergic Receptors on White and Brown Adipocytes Mediate b3-Selective Agonist-induced Effects on Energy Expenditure, Insulin Secretion, and Food Intake. J Biol Chem.1997; 272 (28) : 17686–17693.
  • 31. Ferrand C, Redonnet A, Pre´vot D, Carpéné C, Atgié C. Prolonged treatment with the β3-adrenergic agonist CL 316243 induces adipose tissue remodeling in rat but not in guinea pig: 1) fat store depletion and desensitization of β-adrenergic responses. J Physiol Biochem.2006; 62: 89-99.
  • 32. Arch JRS. The discovery of drugs for obesity, the metabolic effects of leptin and variable receptor pharmacology: perspectives from b3-adrenoceptor agonists. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.2008; 378:225–240.
  • 33. Arch JRS, Kaumann AJ. ß3 and atypical b-adrenoceptors. Med Res Rev.1993; 13:e663-e729.
  • 34. Horinouchi T, Tanaka Y, Koike K. Β 3-adrenoceptormediated relaxation of guinea-pig gastric funds smooth muscle: cAMP-independent characteristics and a primary role of 4-aminopyridine-sensitive voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2002; 120(1):109P–111P.
  • 35.Suzuki T, Otsuka A, Matsumoto R, Furuse H, Ozono S. The expression of β3-adrenoceptors and their function in the human prostate. Prostate. 2016;76(2):163-71.
  • 36. Takeda M, Obara K, Mizusawa T, Tomita Y, Arai K, Tsutsui T. Evidence for β3-adrenoceptor subtypes in relaxation of the human urinary bladder detrusor: analysis by molecular biological and pharmacological methods. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.1999; 288(3):1367-73.
  • 37. Hicks A, McCafferty GP, Riedel E, Aiyar N, Pullen M, Evans C. GW427353 (Solabegron), a Novel, Selective ß3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist, Evokes Bladder Relaxation and Increases Micturition Reflex Threshold in the Dog. JPET.2007; 323(1): 202-209.
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Βeta 3 Adrenoseptörlerin Hikayesi ve Etkileri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 3, 186 - 195, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1074093

Öz

Sempatik sinirlerin insan vücudunda çeşitli etkilere yol açtığı 19.yüzyıldan itibaren bilinmektedir. Birden fazla adrenerjik reseptör olduğu Ahlquist tarafından ilk olarak 1948 yılında ileri sürülmüş ve birçok araştırıcı tarafından bu reseptörlerin sayısının bilinmediği ifade edilmiştir. Daha sonra 1984 yılında Arch adlı bilim adamı tarafından kemirgenlerde beyaz ve kahverengi yağda atipik bir β adrenoseptor (AR) varlığı ortaya konulmuş ve bu AR’ ler β3 AR olarak adlandırılmıştır.
Bu bilgilerin ışığında 1989 yılında ilk insan β3-ARs klonlanmış ve bu AR’lerin kemirgen β3-AR’lerdeki gibi barsak ve yağ dokusunda lokalize olduğu bulunmuştur. Hayvan modellerinde yapılan çalışmalarda, β3 AR agonistlerinin termojenik, antilipojenik, anti obesitik, antidepresan etki gösterdiği, insan safra kesesi ve idrar kesesinde gevşemeye neden olduğu ve preterm doğumu önlemede kullanılabileceği yönünde bulgular elde edilmiştir. Preterm doğum, obstetrideki en karmaşık ve önemli zorluklardan biridir. Yaklaşık 40 yıllık araştırma ve klinik ilerlemeye rağmen günümüzde preterm doğum insidansı maalesef değişmemiştir. Bu konuda ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Çakır N. Adrenerjik Reseptörler.Turkiye Klinikleri dergisi.2005;1(3):93-6
  • 2. Harms HH. Isoproterenol antagonism of cardioselective β adrenergic receptor blocking agents: a comparative study of human and guinea-pig cardiac and bronchial β adrenergic receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1976; 199 (2): 329-335.
  • 3. Tan S, Curtis-Prior PB. Characterization of the β-adrenoceptor of the adipose cell of the rat. Int J Obes. 1983;7(5):409-14.
  • 4. Coman OA, Păunescu H, Ghiţă I,Coman lL, Bădărăru A, Fulga I. Β3 adrenergic receptors: molecular, histological, functional and pharmacological approaches. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2009; 50(2):169-79.
  • 5. Beta 3 adrenerjik reseptör.Available from:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor. Accessed: 11 Ocak 2022.
  • 6. Ahlquist RP. A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Am J Physiol.1948; 153:586-600.
  • 7. Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Briend-Sutren MM, Patey G, Tate K, Delavier-Klutchko C et al.Molecular characterization of the human β 3-adrenergic receptor. Sci.1989; 245(4922):1118-1121.
  • 8. Lands AM, Arnold A, McAuliff JP, Luduena FP, Brown TG Jr. Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature. 1967; 214:597-8.
  • 9. Arch JRS, Ainsworth AT, Cawthorne MA, Piercy V, Sennitt MV, Thody VE et al. Atypical βadrenoceptor on brown adipocytes as target for anti-obesity drugs. Nature.1984; 309:163–165.
  • 10.Hollenga Ch, Zaagsma J. Direct evidence for the atypical natüre of function Beta-adrenoceptors in rat adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 1989; 98:1420-1424.
  • 11. Furchgott RF. The classification of adrenoceptors (adrenergic receptors). An evaluation from the standpoint of receptor theory, In: Blaschko, H. and Muecholl, E. (eds). Catecholamines, Springer-Verlag: New York, 1972:283335.
  • 12. Arch JRS. The brown adipocyte ß-adrenoceptor. Proc Nutr Soc.1989; 48:215–223.
  • 13. Ling Fu, Kazumasa I, Zeng Q, Suzukawa K, Takekoshi K, Kawakami Y. The effects of β3-adrenoceptor agonist CL-316,243 on adiponectin, adiponectin receptors and tumor necrosis factor-α expressions in adipose tissues of obese diabetic KKAy mice. Short communication. Eur. J Pharmacol.2008; 584: 202–206.
  • 14. Arch JRS. Challenges in b(3)-adrenoceptor agonist drug development. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 2:59-64.
  • 15. Lonnqvist F, Krief S, Strosberg AD, Nyberg S, Emorine LJ, Arner P. Evidence for a functional β 3-adrenoceptor in man. Br J Pharmacol. 1993; 110:929-36.
  • 16. Bardou M, Dousset B, Deneux-Tharaux C, Smadja C, Naline E, Chaput JC et al. In vitro inhibition of human colonic motility with SR 59119A and SR 59104A: evidence of a β3-adrenoceptor-mediated effect. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998; 353:281-7.
  • 17. Jonathan RS Arch. Challenges in ß-adrenoceptor agonist drug development. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab.2011; 2(2) : 59-64.
  • 18. Gauthier C, Tavernier G, Charpentier F, Langin D, Marec HL. Functional β3-adrenoceptor in the human heart. J Clin Invest.1996; 98: 556–562.
  • 19.Tavernier G, Galitzky J, Bousquet-Melou A, Montastruc JL, Berlan M. The positive chronotropic effect induced by BRL 37344 and CGP 12177, two β3 adrenergic agonists, does not involve cardiac β adrenoceptors but baroreflex mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.1992; 263:1083–1090.
  • 20.Wheeldon NM, McDevitt DG, Lipworth BJ. Investigation of putative cardiac β 3-adrenoceptors in man. Q J Med.1993; 86:255–261.
  • 21. Takayama S, Furukawa Y, Ren LM, Inoue Y, Sawaki S, S Chiba S. Positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to BRL 37344, a β 3-adrenoceptor agonist in isolated, blood-perfused dog atria. Eur J Pharmacol.1993; 231:315–321.
  • 22. Wheeldon NM, Newnham DM, Coutie WJ, Peters JA, McDevitt DG, B J Lipworth BJ. Influence of sex-steroid hormones on the regulation of lymphocyte β 2- adrenoceptors during the menstrual cycle. Br J Clin Pharmacol.1994; 37: 583–588.
  • 23. Mitchell BD, Blangero J, Comuzzie AG, Almasy LA, Shuldiner AR, Silver K et al. A paired sibling analysis of the β-3 adrenergic receptor and obesity in Mexican Americans. J Clin Invest.1998; 101:584–587.
  • 24. Collins S, Daniel KW, Rohlfs EM, Ramkumar V, Taylor IL, Gettys TW. Impaired expression and functional activity of the beta 3- and beta 1-adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue of congenitally obese (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mice. Mol Endocrinol. 1994; 8(4):518-27.
  • 25.Liu X, Perusse F, Bukowiecki L.J. Mechanisms of the antidiabetic effects of the b3-adrenergic agonist CL-316243 in obese Zucker-ZDF rats. Am J Physiol.1998; 274: R1212R1219.
  • 26. Larsen TM, Toubro S, van Baak MA, Gottesdiener KM, Larson P, Saris WH et al. Effect of a 28-d treatment with L-796568, a novel β(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist, on energy expenditure and body composition in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76:780–788.
  • 27. Ikeda H. KK Mouse. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994;Suppl:S313-6.
  • 28. Lipworth BJ. Clinical pharmacology of beta 3-adrenoceptors. Br J Clin Pharmacol.1996; 42(3):291-300.
  • 29. Himms-Hagen J, Cui J, Danforth Jr E, Taatjes DJ, Lang SS, Waters BL, et al. Effect of CL-316,243, a thermogenic beta 3-agonist, on energy balance and brown and white adipose tissues in rats. Am J Physiol. 1994; 266(4 Pt 2):R1371-82.
  • 30. Grujic D, Susulic VS, Harper M-E, Himms-Hagen J, Cunninghami BA, Barbara E et al. Beta3-Adrenergic Receptors on White and Brown Adipocytes Mediate b3-Selective Agonist-induced Effects on Energy Expenditure, Insulin Secretion, and Food Intake. J Biol Chem.1997; 272 (28) : 17686–17693.
  • 31. Ferrand C, Redonnet A, Pre´vot D, Carpéné C, Atgié C. Prolonged treatment with the β3-adrenergic agonist CL 316243 induces adipose tissue remodeling in rat but not in guinea pig: 1) fat store depletion and desensitization of β-adrenergic responses. J Physiol Biochem.2006; 62: 89-99.
  • 32. Arch JRS. The discovery of drugs for obesity, the metabolic effects of leptin and variable receptor pharmacology: perspectives from b3-adrenoceptor agonists. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.2008; 378:225–240.
  • 33. Arch JRS, Kaumann AJ. ß3 and atypical b-adrenoceptors. Med Res Rev.1993; 13:e663-e729.
  • 34. Horinouchi T, Tanaka Y, Koike K. Β 3-adrenoceptormediated relaxation of guinea-pig gastric funds smooth muscle: cAMP-independent characteristics and a primary role of 4-aminopyridine-sensitive voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2002; 120(1):109P–111P.
  • 35.Suzuki T, Otsuka A, Matsumoto R, Furuse H, Ozono S. The expression of β3-adrenoceptors and their function in the human prostate. Prostate. 2016;76(2):163-71.
  • 36. Takeda M, Obara K, Mizusawa T, Tomita Y, Arai K, Tsutsui T. Evidence for β3-adrenoceptor subtypes in relaxation of the human urinary bladder detrusor: analysis by molecular biological and pharmacological methods. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.1999; 288(3):1367-73.
  • 37. Hicks A, McCafferty GP, Riedel E, Aiyar N, Pullen M, Evans C. GW427353 (Solabegron), a Novel, Selective ß3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist, Evokes Bladder Relaxation and Increases Micturition Reflex Threshold in the Dog. JPET.2007; 323(1): 202-209.
  • 38. Cernecka H, Sand C , Michel MC. The odd sibling: features of β3-adrenoceptor pharmacology. Mol Pharmacol. 2014;86(5):479-84.
  • 39. Vrydag W, Michel MC. Tools to study β3-adrenoceptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2007;374(5-6):385-98.
  • 40. Consoli D, Leggio GM, Mazzola C, Micale V, Drago F. Behavioral effects of the β3 adrenoceptor agonist SR58611A: Is it the putative prototype of a new class of antidepressant/anxiolytic drugs? Eur J Pharmacol.2007; 573: 139-147.
  • 41. Overstreet DH, Stemmelin J, Griebel G. Confirmation of antidepressant potential of the selective β3 adrenoceptor agonist amibegron in an animal model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav.2008; 89: 623-626.
  • 42. Rodriguez M, Carillon C, Coquerel A, Le Fur G, Ferrara P, Caput D et al. Evidence for the presence of β 3-adrenergic receptor mRNA in the human brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1995; 29(2):369–375.
  • 43. Summers RJ, Papaioannou M, Harris S, Evans BA. Expression of β 3-adrenoceptor mRNA in rat brain. Br J Pharmacol. 1995; 116(6):2547-2548.
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  • 49. Groome LJ, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Davis RO, Copper RL. Neonatal periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage after maternal β-sympathomimetic tocolysis. The March of Dimes Multicenter Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 167: 873-879.
  • 50. The Canadian Preterm Labor Investigators Group. Treatment of preterm labor with the β adrenergic agonist ritodrine. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 308-311.
  • 51. Dodd JM, Crowther CA, Dare MR, Middleton P. Oral βmimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; 25(1): CD003927.
  • 52. Ulmsten U, Anderson KE, Forman A. Relaxing effects of nifedipine on the nonpregnant human uterus in vitro and in vivo. Obstet Gynecol. 1978; 52: 436-441.
  • 53. Ulmsten U, Anderson KR, Wingerup L. Treatment of premature labor with the calcium antagonist nifedipine. Arch Gynecol. 1980; 229: 1-5.
  • 54. Meyer WR, Rendall HW, Graves WL. Nifedipine versus ritodrine for suppressing preterm labor. J Reprod Med. 1990; 35: 649-653.
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  • 58.Norwitz ER, Robinson JN. A systematic approach to the management of preterm labor.Seminars in Perinatology.2001; 25(4):223-235.
  • 59.Burgess AM, Vere DW. Teratogenic effects of some calcium channel blocking agents in Xenopus embryos. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1989;64(1):78-82.
  • 60. Köksal H, Yavuzşen A, Çukurova H, Keklik K, Yıldız A, Zeybek Y. Erken Doğum Tehdidinde Nifedipin ve Ritodrin Tedavilerinin Karşılaştırılması. J Clin Obstet Gynecol.2003; 13.1: 26-30.
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  • 66. Kaya T, Karadas B, Altun A, Sarac İ, Bagcivan I. Effects and Selectivity of CL 316243, Beta-3-Adrenoceptor Agonist, in Term-Pregnant Rat Myometrium. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2012;73:63-69.
  • 67. Croci T,Cecchi R, Pietro Marini P, Rouget C, Viviani N, Germain G., et al. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of ethyl-4-[trans-4-[((2S)-2-hydroxy-3-[4-hydroxy-3[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-phenoxy]propyl)amino] cyclohexyl] benzoate hydrochloride (SAR150640), a new potent and selective human β3-adrenoceptor agonist for the treatment of preterm labor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007;321(3):1118-26.
  • 68.Bardou M, Rouget C, Breuiller-Fouché M, Loustalot C, Naline E, Sagot P et al. Is the β3-adrenoceptor (ADRB3) a potential target for uterorelaxant drugs? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2007; 7(Suppl 1):S14.
  • 69. Parida S, Singh TU, Prakash VR, Mishra S. Molecular and functional characteristics of β3-adrenoceptors in late pregnant mouse uterus: a comparison with β2-adrenoceptors Eur J Pharmacol Comparative Study.2013;30;700(1-3):74-9.
  • 70. Boga A, Sertdemir Y, Dogan A. Evaluating the teratogenicity of the selective ß3-adrenoceptor agonist, CL 316.243 hydrate by employing FETAX (frog embryo teratogenesis assay). Drug Chem Toxicol. 2017; 40(1): 7
  • 71. Modzelewska B, Jóźwik M, Jóźwik M, Marcin Jóźwik Sulkowski SPędzińska-Betiuk A, Kleszczewski T et al. Altered uterine contractility in response to β-adrenoceptor agonists in ovarian cancer. J Physiol Sci Nov. 2017;67(6):711-722.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ayper Pekmezekmek 0000-0002-3028-605X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 19 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 31 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Pekmezekmek A. Βeta 3 Adrenoseptörlerin Hikayesi ve Etkileri. aktd. Eylül 2022;31(3):186-195. doi:10.17827/aktd.1074093