Formation of Body Axes During Embryonic Development

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4, 254 - 264, 31.12.2023

Gizem Kaya , Leman Sencar

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1395539

Öz

Different dynamic processes and numerous molecular mechanisms play a role in the body development process. Gastrulation, which occurs in the 3rd week of embryonic development, is the process of formation of the trilaminar germ disc from the bilaminar germ disc. Gastrulation is also a process that determines the formation of body axes. The formation of body axes is very important for embryonic development. Before and throughout gastrulation, the anteroposterior (AP), dorsoventral (DV) and left-right (LR) body axes are formed. There are two signaling centers in the mammalian embryo, one in the primitive node and the other in the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). The primitive node expresses Nodal, Chordin, and Noggin, while the AVE expresses several genes (OTX2,LIM1, and HESX1) required for head formation. Nodal, a member of the TGF-β family, is the main regulator of primitive line and mesoderm formation and is very important for axis formation in embryonic development. The primitive streak expresses transcription factors and many specific genes. BMP, expressed by the primitive node, has an important role in the formation of the dorsal part of the body. Right-left asymmetry begins with cell-cell interactions that occur in the primitive node during gastrulation. Pitx 2, the transcription factor that is a major determinant of the left side, is strongly expressed on the left side. Another important genes on the left side are Lefty 1 and Lefty 2, which are members of the TGF-β family. In research to date, the genes that control the development of the right side of the embryo are not as well defined as those on the left side. In this review, how the body axes (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral and left-right) are formed during embryonic development and the signaling molecules involved in this development are explained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gastrulation, axis formation, primitive streak, laterality

Embriyonik Gelişim Sırasında Vücut Eksenlerinin Oluşumu

Öz

Farklı dinamik süreçler ve çok sayıda moleküler mekanizma vücut gelişim sürecinde rol oynamaktadır. Embriyonik gelişimin 3. haftasında gerçekleşen gastrulasyon bilaminar germ diskinden trilaminar germ diskin oluşma sürecidir. Gastrulasyon aynı zamanda vücut eksenlerinin oluşumunu belirleyen bir süreçtir. Vücut eksenlerinin oluşumu embriyonik gelişim için oldukça önemlidir. Gastrulasyon öncesinde ve gastrulasyon boyunca anteroposterior (AP), dorsoventral (DV) ve sol-sağ (LR) vücut eksenleri oluşur. Memeli embriyosunda biri primitif düğümde, diğeri anterior visseral endodermde (AVE) olmak üzere iki sinyal merkezi bulunmaktadır. Primitif düğüm Nodal, Chordin ve Noggin'i eksprese ederken, AVE ise baş oluşumu için gerekli olan çeşitli genleri (OTX2,LIM1 ve HESX1) eksprese eder. TGF-β ailesinin bir üyesi olan Nodal ise primitif çizgi ile mezoderm oluşumunun ana düzenleyicisidir ve embriyonik gelişimde eksen oluşumu için oldukça önemlidir. Primitif çizgi transkripsiyon faktörlerini ve çok sayıda spesifik geni ifade eder. Primitif düğüm tarafından eksprese olan BMP vücudun dorsal kısmının oluşumunda önemli role sahiptir. Sağ-sol asimetrisi gastrulasyon sırasında primitif düğümde gerçekleşen hücre-hücre etkileşimleri ile başlar. Sol tarafın ana belirleyicisi olan transkripsiyon faktörü olan Pitx 2, sol tarafta güçlü bir şekilde eksprese edilir. Sol taraftaki bir diğer önemli genler ise TGF-β ailesinin üyeleri olan Lefty 1 ve Lefty2'dir. Bugüne kadar yapılan araştırmalarda embriyonun sağ tarafının gelişimini kontrol eden genler sol tarafta olduğu kadar iyi tanımlanmamıştır. Bu derlemede, embriyonik gelişim sırasında vücut eksenlerinin (anterior-posterior ,dorsal-ventral ve sol-sağ) nasıl oluştuğu ve bu gelişimde yer alan sinyal molekülleri anlatılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gatrulasyon, Eksen oluşumu, Primitif Çizgi, Lateralite

Kaynakça

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