Brainspotting Therapy

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 3, 134 - 144, 30.09.2024

Fatih Bal

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1515245

Öz

Brainspotting is a relatively new type of brain-body psychotherapeutic approach discovered and developed by David Grand that taps into the client's innate capacities for self-observation and self-healing within the framework of a neurobiologically compatible clinical relationship. This therapeutic tool's framework, protocol, expected effects, and effectiveness are described. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential applicability of Brainspotting. The "document scanning-literature scanning" method was used to collect data in the research. Brainspotting psychotherapy aims at the management of patients suffering from psycho-traumatic syndromes, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, emotional dysregulation, anxiety, and depressive syndromes. This approach combines aspects of hypnotherapy and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). It is based on the concept of eye positions that can promote psychological processes of assimilation of traumatic memories. Brainspotting allows clients to experience the brain's flexibility and improve their self-regulation ability. This brain-altering exercise can strengthen connections between different areas of the brain and change brain structure by having conversations and visually reprocessing emotional memories in a counseling relationship. It can be used as a clinical and applied psychotherapy method.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Braispotting therapy, psycho-traumatic syndromes, psychotherapy, neuropsychology

Brainspotting Terapi

Öz

Brainspotting, nörobiyolojik olarak uyumlu bir klinik ilişki çerçevesinde danışanın doğuştan gelen kendini gözlemleme ve kendini iyileştirme kapasitelerine erişen, David Grand tarafından keşfedilen ve geliştirilen nispeten yeni bir tür beyin-beden psikoterapötik yaklaşımıdır. Bu terapötik aracın çerçeve, protokol, beklenen etkiler ve etkinliğini açıklanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Brainspotting'in potansiyel uygulanabilirliğini incelemektir. Araştırmada veri toplama yolu olarak, "belge tarama- literatür tarama" yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Brainspotting psikoterapisi, Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu, duygusal düzensizlik, anksiyete ve/veya depresif sendromlar olmak üzere psiko-travmatik sendromlardan muzdarip hastaların yönetimini amaçlamaktadır. Bu yaklaşım, hipnoterapi ve EMDR'nin (Göz Hareketleriyle Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme) özelliklerini birleştirir ve travmatik anıların psikolojik özümsenme süreçlerini teşvik edebilen göz pozisyonları kavramına dayanır. Brainspotting sayesinde danışanlar beynin esnekliğini deneyimler ve öz düzenleme yeteneğini geliştirebilir. Bu beyin değiştirici egzersiz, beynin farklı alanları arasındaki bağlantıları güçlendirebilir ve bir danışmanlık ilişkisinde konuşmalar yapma ve duygusal anıları görsel olarak yeniden işleme süreci yoluyla beyin yapısını değiştirebilir. Klinik psikolojide ve uygulamalı psikolojide psikoterapi yöntemi olarak kullanabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

psikoterapi, möropsikoloji, brainspotting terapi, psiko-tavmatik sendromlar

Kaynakça

• 1. Lee E, Faber J, Bowles K. A review of trauma specific treatments (tsts) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clinical Social Work Journal. 2022; 50(2): 147-159.
• 2. Hildebrand A, Grand D, Stemmler M. Brainspotting–the efficacy of a new therapy approach for the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in comparison to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2017; 5(1): 1-16.
• 3. D’Antoni F, Matiz A, Fabbro F, Crescentini C. Psychotherapeutic techniques for distressing memories: A comparative study between EMDR, brainspotting, and body scan meditation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3): 1142.
• 4. Bradshaw RA, Cook A, McDonald MJ. Observed & experiential integration (OEI): Discovery and development of a new set of trauma therapy techniques. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 2011; 21(2): 104-171.
• 5. Corrigan F, Grand D. Brainspotting: Recruiting the midbrain for accessing and healing sensorimotor memories of traumatic activation. Medical Hypotheses. 2013; 80(6): 759-766.
• 6. Visagie A, Keet A. Traumatised older persons' experiences of eye movement integration as trauma intervention. Social Work. 2021; 57(3): 320-335.
• 7. Schwarz L, Corrigan F, Hull A, Raju R. The comprehensive resource model: Effective therapeutic techniques for the healing of complex trauma. Taylor & Francis. 2016.
• 8. Palsimon T.O. The preliminary efficacy and clinical applicability of Brainspotting among Filipino women with severe posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 2022; 1: 54-64.
• 9. Fletcher SH. Spot the Anger: Reducing Anger and Irritability with Brainspotting (Doctoral dissertation). Brandman University. 2020.
• 10. Masson J, Bernoussi A, Moukouta C.S. Brainspotting therapy: About a bataclan victim. Global Journal of Health Science. 2017; 9(7): 1-5.
• 11. Kishpaugh JM. The use of the psychotherapy technique brainspotting in the treatment of test anxiety. Lincoln Memorial University. 2023.
• 12. Foo M, Yudistiro R. A study of brainspotting therapy in PTSD using 18FDG brain PET scan to evaluate glucose metabolism changes. Konselor. 2022; 11(4): 125-134.
• 13. Ningrum D. The efficacy of brainspotting therapy for the treatment of tantrum in young children. Child Education Journal. 2022; 4(2): 111-122.
• 14. Grand D, Goldberg A. This is your brain on sports: beating blocks, slumps and performance anxiety for good!. Dog Ear Publishing. 2011.
• 15. Berger M.C. Brainspotting in color: a phenomenological analysis of the clinicians’ of color experiences as brainspotting therapist (Doctoral dissertation). North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. 2021.
• 16. Mariana M. The impact of online brain-spotting therapy on brain metabolism and ptsd symptoms of intimate sexual violence victim (Doctoral dissertation). Universitas Pelita Harapan. 2023.
• 17. O'Malley A. Sensorimotor-focused EMDR: a new paradigm for psychotherapy and peak performance. Routledge. 2018.
• 18. Schlief AM. Somatic experience treatment techniques for trauma symptoms: A qualitative case study (Doctoral dissertation). Liberty University. 2023.
• 19. Grand D. Brainspotting: the revolutionary new therapy for rapid and effective change. Boulder, CO: Sounds True. 2013.
• 20. Gurda K. Emerging trauma therapies: Critical Analysis and discussion of three novel approaches. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 2015; 24(7): 773-793.
• 21. Pushpam DP, Frank JC. Brainspotting therapy. A and V Pub Journal of Nursing and Medical Research. 2023; 2(3): 91-92.
• 22. Talbot J., de la Salle S, Jaworska N. A paradigm shift in trauma treatment: Converging evidence for a novel adaptation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2022; 68(4): 283-285.
• 23. Kaufman CW. A constructivist grounded theory approach to Brainspotting (Doctoral dissertation). Michigan School of Professional Psychology. 2015.
• 24. Patricia FM, Jose FP, de F. Marcelo M. Persistent genital arousal disorder as a dissociative related condition treated with brainspotting-a successful case report. Int J Sch Cog Psyhol. 2015; S1:002.
• 25. Bauman M, Jacobi SM. Brainspotting with children and adolescents. Wolfrum G. (Eds.) the power of brainspotting. Kronig: Asanger Verlag GmbH. 2018.
• 26. Wolfrum G. The power of brainspotting. Kronig: Asanger Verlag GmbH. 2018.
• 27. Gendlin ET. Focusing-oriented psychotherapy: A manual of the experiential method. Guilford Press. 2012.
• 28. Nakano T, Kato M, Morito Y, Itoi S, Kitazawa S. Blink-related momentary activation of the default mode network while viewing videos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013; 110(2): 702-706.
• 29. Knudsen EI. Midbrain and forebrain systems for bottom-up control of spatial attention. The neuroscience of attention: Attentional control and selection,(pp. 131-150). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press. 2012.
• 30. Lynn SJ, Evans J, Jean-Roch L, Lilienfeld SO. What do people believe about memory? Implications for the science and pseudoscience of clinical practice. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2015; 60 (12): 541-547.
• 31. Martinez-Conde S, Macknik SL. Windows on the mind. Scientific American. 2007; 297(2): 56-63.
• 32. Ethofer T, Gschwind M, Vuilleumier P. Processing social aspects of human gaze: a combined fMRI-DTI study. Neuroimage. 2011; 55(1): 411-419.
• 33. Kuzmanovic B, Georgescu AL, Eickhoff SB, Shah NJ, Bente G, Fink GR, Vogeley K. Duration matters: dissociating neural correlates of detection and evaluation of social gaze. Neuroimage. 2009; 46(4): 1154-1163.
• 34. Minton K, Ogden P, Pain C. Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. Norton & Company. 2006.
• 35. Levine, P. A. (1997). Waking the tiger: Healing trauma: The innate capacity to transform overwhelming experiences. North Atlantic Books.
• 36. Anderson EJ, Husain M, Sumner P. (2008). Human intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and competition between exogenous and endogenous saccade plans. Neuroimage. 40(2): 838-851.
• 37. Klier EM, Martinez-Trujillo JC, Medendorp WP, Smith MA, Crawford JD. Neural control of 3-D gaze shifts in the primate. Progress in brain research. 2003; 142: 109-124.
• 38. Choi WY, Guitton D. Responses of collicular fixation neurons to gaze shift perturbations in head-unrestrained monkey reveal gaze feedback control. Neuron. 2006; 50(3): 491-505.
• 39. Munoz DP, Guitton D. Control of orienting gaze shifts by the tectoreticulospinal system in the head-free cat. II. Sustained discharges during motor preparation and fixation. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1991; 66(5): 1624-1641.
• 40. Knudsen EI. Dynamic space codes in the superior colliculus. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 1991; 1(4): 628-632.
• 41. Micic D, Ehrlichman H, Chen R. Why do we move our eyes while trying to remember? The relationship between non-visual gaze patterns and memory. Brain and Cognition. 2010; 74(3): 210-224.
• 42. Dominey PF, Arbib MA. A cortico-subcortical model for generation of spatially accurate sequential saccades. Cerebral cortex. 1992; 2(2): 153-175.
• 43. Corrigan FM, Grand D, Raju R. Brainspotting: Sustained attention, spinothalamic tracts, thalamocortical processing, and the healing of adaptive orientation truncated by traumatic experience. Medical Hypotheses. 2015; 84(4): 384-394.
• 44. Sannes HR. Somatic/Psychic interventions for the treatment of trauma and addictions. J Psychol Neurosci. 2024; 6(1): 1-5.
• 45. Grand D. Brainspotting a new brain-based psychotherapy approach. Trauma and Gewalt. 2011; 5(3): 276-285.
• 46. Basco MR, Mason BL. Bipolar spectrum. Hupp S, Santa Maria CL. (Eds.) Pseudoscience in therapy: A skeptical field guide (pp. 24-35). Cambridge University Press. 2023.
• 47. Fischbach GD. Mind and brain. Scientific American. 1992; 267(3): 48-59.
• 48. Amen D. Healing the hardware of the soul: How making the brain-soul connection can optimize your life, love, and spiritual growth. Simon and Schuster. 2008.
• 49. Drye KJ. The effect of training in brainspotting on counselors' self-efficacy (Doctoral dissertation). Regent University. 2023.
• 50. Langford PSomatic experiencing, EMDR, and Brainspotting: An African-centered critique. Wells-Wilbon R, Estreet A.(Eds.) Trauma and mental health social work with urban populations (pp. 40-51). Routledge. 2021.
• 51. Shapiro R, Brown LS. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy and related treatments for trauma: An innovative, integrative trauma treatment. Practice Innovations. 2019; 4(3): 139.
• 52. Shapiro F, Forrest MS. EMDR: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. New York, NY: Guilford. 2001.
• 53. Rimini D, Molinari F, Liboni W, Balbo M, Darò R, Viotti E, Fernandez I. Effect of ocular movements during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. PloS one. 2016; 11(10), e0164379.
• 54. Vinall DJ. Massacre Survivor Syndrome: Trauma sequelae and life adjustment in survivors of mass shootings treated with EMDR (Doctoral dissertation). California Southern University. 2020.
• 55. Andreas ST. Mengenal tantrum pada anak. PT Gramedia Jakarta. 2021.
• 56. Manning LB, Roberts YM, Estabrook R., Petitclerc A, Burns JL, Briggs-Gowan M, Wakschlag LS, Norton ES. Relations between toddler expressive language and temper tantrumina community sample. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2019; 65:101070.
• 57. Daniels E, Mandleco B, Luthy KE. Assessment, management, and prevention of childhood temper tantrums. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practi-tioners. 2012; 24(10):569-573.
• 58. American Psychological Association Competency initiatives in professional psychology. culture of the assessment of competence. https://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/introduction.pdf. 2009.
• 59. Indriani I. Terapi Brainspotting untuk menangani gangguan depresi pada wanita Usia Dewasa. Jurnal Psikologi Klinis Indonesia. 2018; 3(1).
• 60. Newton Sandy Hook Community Foundation. Reports of findings from the community survey. http://www.nshcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/2016-NSHCF-Community-Assessment-Report.pdf. 2018.
• 61. Grin DL. Continuing education and predictors of self-reported professional competency among trauma counselors (Doctoral dissertation). Walden University. 2021.
• 62. Shapiro R (2010). The trauma treatment handbook: Protocols across the spectrum. New York, NY: Norton.