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Renewable Energy as an Emerging Strategic Sector in China

Yıl 2023, , 125 - 138, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.30913/alinterisosbil.1392937

Öz

Since the Industrial Revolution, production with the use of fossil fuels as energy sources has played an important role in the emergence of problems such as environmental degradation and climate change. In addition, the fact that fossil fuels are under the threat of depletion has emerged as another problem in terms of the sustainability of industrial production. Therefore, sustainable development discussions have included the development of clean energy use along with the fight against many other problems such as hunger, poverty and inequalities, and countries have started to develop renewable energy sectors. It is seen that China, which has increased its power at global and regional level by achieving economic success with the reforms since the end of the 1970s, has also performed quite well in the renewable energy sector. In addition to the negative consequences of environmental problems, China, one of the world's largest energy importers, attaches importance to the development of environment and energy-related sectors due to the issue of energy security. In addition, these sectors are among the emerging strategic sectors of China. Since the 2008 global financial crisis, Chinese sectors identified as strategic sectors has been under significant state control and state intervention in addition to legal regulations. This review questioning whether there is a similar approach in the renewable energy sector, considered as an emerging strategic sector, reveals that the Chinese state intervenes also in this sector through various methods.

Kaynakça

  • Yayımlanmış Eserler
  • Asif, M. (2021). Introduction to energy and environmental security. İçinde M. Asif (Ed.), Energy and environmental security in developing countries (ss. 355-374). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63654-8
  • Boyd, O., & Copsey, T. (2011). What’s in the five-year plan. İçinde I. Hilton (Ed.), China’s green revolution energy, environment and the 12th five-year plan (ss. 13-15). China Dialogue.
  • Breslin, S. (2012). Government-industry relations in China: A review of the art of the state. İçinde A. Walter & X. Zhang (Eds.), East Asian capitalism: Diversity, continuity, and change (ss. 29-45). Oxford University Press.
  • Chen, D. (2013). China’s state-owned enterprises: How much do we know? From CNOOC to its siblings. University of Calgary, The School of Public Policy SPP Research Papers, 6(19), 1-27.
  • Chen, G. C. (2016). Governing sustainable energies in China. Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature.
  • Chen, G. C., & Lees, C. (2016). Growing China’s renewables sector: A developmental state approach. New Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, 21(6), 574-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2016.1183113
  • Chichilnisky, G. (1997). What is sustainable development. Land Economics, 73(4), 467-491. https://doi.org/10.2307/3147240
  • Dent, C. M. (2014). China's renewable energy development: Policy, industry and business perspectives. Asia Pacific Business Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, 21(1), 26-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2014.939892
  • Guo, X., Xiao, B., & Song, L. (2019). What cause the decline of energy intensity in China’s cities? A comprehensive panel-data analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 1298-1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.075
  • Johansson, A. C., & Feng, X. (2016). The state advances, the private sector retreats? Firm effects of China's great stimulus programme. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 40(6), 1635-1668. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bev075
  • Lo, K., & Wang, M. Y. (2013). Energy conservation in China’s twelfth five-year plan period: Continuation or paradigm shift? Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.042
  • Meng, Z., Sun, H., & Liu, X. (2022). Impact of green fiscal policy on the investment efficiency of renewable energy enterprises in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(50), 76216-76234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20832-8
  • Proskuryakova, L. N., & Loginova, I. (2021). Energy and environment: Sustainable development goals and global policy landscape. İçinde M. Asif (Ed.), Energy and environmental security in developing countries (ss. 399-411). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63654-8_14
  • Schreurs, M. A. (2011). Climate change politics in an authoritarian state: The ambivalent case of China. İçinde J. Dryzek, R. Norgaard & D. Scholsberg (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of climate change and society (ss. 449-463). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566600.003.0030
  • Sheng, C. (2020). Not just the state: The role of entrepreneurs in China’s energy transition. Energy Research and Social Science, 70, 101814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101814
  • Shin, W. N. (2011). China’s green revolution a test for Europe? İçinde I. Hilton (Ed.), China’s green revolution energy, environment and the 12th five-year plan (ss. 38-41). China Dialogue.
  • Wang, Q., & Chen, X. (2015). Energy policies for managing China’s carbon emission. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 470-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.033
  • Wang, B., Wang, Q., Wei, Y. M., & Li, Z. P. (2018). Role of renewable energy in China’s energy security and climate change mitigation: An index decomposition analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.012
  • Zhang, S., & Andrews-Speed, P. (2020). State versus market in China's low-carbon energy transition: An institutional perspective. Energy Research & Social Science, 66, 101503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101503
  • İnternet Kaynakları
  • Angang, H., & Jiaochen, L. (2011). China’s green era begins. China Dialogue. https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/4149-china-s-green-era-begins/
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023). The world bank in China. The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview
  • Fang, Z., & Jialu, Z. (2023). State-owned enterprises responses to China’s carbon neutrality goals and implications for foreign investors. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs (GJIA). https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2023/02/15/state-owned-enterprises-responses-to-chinas-carbon-neutrality-goals-and-implications-for-foreign-investors/
  • Green Policy Platform. (2011). The 12th five-year plan for economic and social development of the people's republic of China. Green Policy Platform. https://www.greenpolicyplatform.org/national-documents/12th-five-year-plan-economic-and-social-development-peoples-republic-china
  • Hawkins, A., & Cheung, R. (2023). China on course to hit wind and solar power target five years ahead of time. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/29/china-wind-solar-power-global-renewable-energy-leader
  • IEA. (2021). China 13th renewable energy development five year plan (2016-2020). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/policies/6277-china-13th-renewable-energy-development-five-year-plan-2016-2020
  • IEA. (2023a). Emergency response and energy security. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/about/emergency-response-and-energy-security
  • IEA. (2023b). World energy outlook 2023. International Energy Agency. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/42b23c45-78bc-4482-b0f9-eb826ae2da3d/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf
  • OECD. (2018). China’s progress towards green growth. OECD iLibrary. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/china-s-progress-towards-green-growth_76401a8c-en
  • REN 21. (2017). Renewables 2017 global status report. REN 21. https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2017_Full-Report_English.pdf
  • REN 21. (2022). Renewables 2022 global status report. REN 21. https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf
  • Reuters. (2020). China's Xi targets steeper cut in carbon intensity by 2030. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/climate-change-un-china-idINKBN28M0VE
  • Shuo, L. (2023). Is China really leading the clean energy revolution? Not exactly. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/06/china-clean-energy-revolution-coal-power
  • Statista. (2023a). Growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) in China from 2012 to 2022 with forecasts until 2028. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263616/gross-domestic-product-gdp-growth-rate-in-china/
  • Statista. (2023b). Oil consumption in China from 1998 to 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/265235/oil-consumption-in-china-in-thousand-barrels-per-day/#:~:text=Oil%20consumption%20in%20China%20amounted,10%20million%20barrels%20per%20day
  • The Economist. (2011). Government’s role in industry, the long arm of the state, the government is flexing its muscles in business. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/special-report/2011/06/25/the-long-arm-of-the-state
  • United Nations. (2015). Resolution adopted by the general assembly on 25 september 2015. United Nations. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Resolution_A_RES_70_1_EN.pdf
  • United Nations. (2022). Energy statistics pocketbook 2022. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/pubs/documents/2022pb-web.pdf
  • Wang, X., Sun, K., & Xiao, Z. (2022). Industrial policy and the rise of China’s strategic emerging industries. American Economic Association. https://www.aeaweb.org/conference/2023/program/paper/SQSRZ3Bk
  • World Economic Forum Insight Report. (2023). Fostering effective energy transition 2023. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/fostering-effective-energy-transition-2023/in-full
  • Yifan, J., Baiyu, G., & Geall, S. (2022). China’s five year plan for energy: One eye on security today, one on a low-carbon future. China Dialogue. https://chinadialogue.net/en/climate/chinas-five-year-plan-for-energy-one-eye-on-security-today-one-on-a-low-carbon-future/
  • Zhong, N. (2023). SOEs help China enter new green era. China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202303/13/WS640e8e34a31057c47ebb4167.html

Çin’de Gelişen Bir Stratejik Sektör Olarak Yenilenebilir Enerji

Yıl 2023, , 125 - 138, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.30913/alinterisosbil.1392937

Öz

Sanayi Devrimi’nden itibaren enerji kaynağı olarak yoğun bir şekilde fosil yakıtların kullanılmasıyla gerçekleştirilen üretim, çevre bozulması ve iklim değişmesi gibi sorunların ortaya çıkmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Bunun yanında fosil yakıtların tükenme tehlikesi altında olması endüstriyel üretimin devamlılığı açısından ayrı bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Dolayısıyla sürdürülebilir kalkınma tartışmalarında açlık, yoksulluk, eşitsizlikler gibi başka pek çok sorunla mücadeleyle birlikte temiz enerji kullanımının geliştirilmesi de yer almıştır ve ülkelerin yenilenebilir enerji sektörlerini geliştirme çabaları başlamıştır. 1970’lerin sonundan itibaren gerçekleştirdiği reformlarla ekonomik başarı elde ederek küresel ve bölgesel düzeyde gücünü arttırmış olan Çin’in yenilenebilir enerji sektöründe de oldukça iyi performans gösterdiği görülmektedir. Çevre sorunlarının getirdiği olumsuz sonuçların yanında, dünyanın en büyük enerji ithalatçılarından biri olan Çin enerji güvenliği meselesi yüzünden çevre ve enerji ile ilgili sektörlerin gelişimine önem vermektedir. Ayrıca bu sektörler Çin’in gelişen stratejik sektörleri arasında yer almaktadır. Özellikle 2008 yılında gerçekleşen küresel finans krizinden itibaren Çin stratejik olarak belirlediği sektörlerde yasal düzenlemelerin yanında önemli ölçüde devlet kontrolünde ve devlet müdahalesinde bulunmaktadır. Gelişen stratejik sektör olarak görülen yenilenebilir enerji sektöründe de benzer bir yaklaşım olup olmadığını sorgulayan bu inceleme sonucunda, bu sektöre de Çin devletinin çeşitli yöntemlerle müdahale ettiği görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Yayımlanmış Eserler
  • Asif, M. (2021). Introduction to energy and environmental security. İçinde M. Asif (Ed.), Energy and environmental security in developing countries (ss. 355-374). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63654-8
  • Boyd, O., & Copsey, T. (2011). What’s in the five-year plan. İçinde I. Hilton (Ed.), China’s green revolution energy, environment and the 12th five-year plan (ss. 13-15). China Dialogue.
  • Breslin, S. (2012). Government-industry relations in China: A review of the art of the state. İçinde A. Walter & X. Zhang (Eds.), East Asian capitalism: Diversity, continuity, and change (ss. 29-45). Oxford University Press.
  • Chen, D. (2013). China’s state-owned enterprises: How much do we know? From CNOOC to its siblings. University of Calgary, The School of Public Policy SPP Research Papers, 6(19), 1-27.
  • Chen, G. C. (2016). Governing sustainable energies in China. Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature.
  • Chen, G. C., & Lees, C. (2016). Growing China’s renewables sector: A developmental state approach. New Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, 21(6), 574-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2016.1183113
  • Chichilnisky, G. (1997). What is sustainable development. Land Economics, 73(4), 467-491. https://doi.org/10.2307/3147240
  • Dent, C. M. (2014). China's renewable energy development: Policy, industry and business perspectives. Asia Pacific Business Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, 21(1), 26-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2014.939892
  • Guo, X., Xiao, B., & Song, L. (2019). What cause the decline of energy intensity in China’s cities? A comprehensive panel-data analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 1298-1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.075
  • Johansson, A. C., & Feng, X. (2016). The state advances, the private sector retreats? Firm effects of China's great stimulus programme. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 40(6), 1635-1668. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bev075
  • Lo, K., & Wang, M. Y. (2013). Energy conservation in China’s twelfth five-year plan period: Continuation or paradigm shift? Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.042
  • Meng, Z., Sun, H., & Liu, X. (2022). Impact of green fiscal policy on the investment efficiency of renewable energy enterprises in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(50), 76216-76234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20832-8
  • Proskuryakova, L. N., & Loginova, I. (2021). Energy and environment: Sustainable development goals and global policy landscape. İçinde M. Asif (Ed.), Energy and environmental security in developing countries (ss. 399-411). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63654-8_14
  • Schreurs, M. A. (2011). Climate change politics in an authoritarian state: The ambivalent case of China. İçinde J. Dryzek, R. Norgaard & D. Scholsberg (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of climate change and society (ss. 449-463). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566600.003.0030
  • Sheng, C. (2020). Not just the state: The role of entrepreneurs in China’s energy transition. Energy Research and Social Science, 70, 101814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101814
  • Shin, W. N. (2011). China’s green revolution a test for Europe? İçinde I. Hilton (Ed.), China’s green revolution energy, environment and the 12th five-year plan (ss. 38-41). China Dialogue.
  • Wang, Q., & Chen, X. (2015). Energy policies for managing China’s carbon emission. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 470-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.033
  • Wang, B., Wang, Q., Wei, Y. M., & Li, Z. P. (2018). Role of renewable energy in China’s energy security and climate change mitigation: An index decomposition analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.012
  • Zhang, S., & Andrews-Speed, P. (2020). State versus market in China's low-carbon energy transition: An institutional perspective. Energy Research & Social Science, 66, 101503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101503
  • İnternet Kaynakları
  • Angang, H., & Jiaochen, L. (2011). China’s green era begins. China Dialogue. https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/4149-china-s-green-era-begins/
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023). The world bank in China. The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview
  • Fang, Z., & Jialu, Z. (2023). State-owned enterprises responses to China’s carbon neutrality goals and implications for foreign investors. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs (GJIA). https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2023/02/15/state-owned-enterprises-responses-to-chinas-carbon-neutrality-goals-and-implications-for-foreign-investors/
  • Green Policy Platform. (2011). The 12th five-year plan for economic and social development of the people's republic of China. Green Policy Platform. https://www.greenpolicyplatform.org/national-documents/12th-five-year-plan-economic-and-social-development-peoples-republic-china
  • Hawkins, A., & Cheung, R. (2023). China on course to hit wind and solar power target five years ahead of time. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/29/china-wind-solar-power-global-renewable-energy-leader
  • IEA. (2021). China 13th renewable energy development five year plan (2016-2020). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/policies/6277-china-13th-renewable-energy-development-five-year-plan-2016-2020
  • IEA. (2023a). Emergency response and energy security. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/about/emergency-response-and-energy-security
  • IEA. (2023b). World energy outlook 2023. International Energy Agency. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/42b23c45-78bc-4482-b0f9-eb826ae2da3d/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf
  • OECD. (2018). China’s progress towards green growth. OECD iLibrary. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/china-s-progress-towards-green-growth_76401a8c-en
  • REN 21. (2017). Renewables 2017 global status report. REN 21. https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2017_Full-Report_English.pdf
  • REN 21. (2022). Renewables 2022 global status report. REN 21. https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf
  • Reuters. (2020). China's Xi targets steeper cut in carbon intensity by 2030. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/climate-change-un-china-idINKBN28M0VE
  • Shuo, L. (2023). Is China really leading the clean energy revolution? Not exactly. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/06/china-clean-energy-revolution-coal-power
  • Statista. (2023a). Growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) in China from 2012 to 2022 with forecasts until 2028. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263616/gross-domestic-product-gdp-growth-rate-in-china/
  • Statista. (2023b). Oil consumption in China from 1998 to 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/265235/oil-consumption-in-china-in-thousand-barrels-per-day/#:~:text=Oil%20consumption%20in%20China%20amounted,10%20million%20barrels%20per%20day
  • The Economist. (2011). Government’s role in industry, the long arm of the state, the government is flexing its muscles in business. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/special-report/2011/06/25/the-long-arm-of-the-state
  • United Nations. (2015). Resolution adopted by the general assembly on 25 september 2015. United Nations. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Resolution_A_RES_70_1_EN.pdf
  • United Nations. (2022). Energy statistics pocketbook 2022. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/pubs/documents/2022pb-web.pdf
  • Wang, X., Sun, K., & Xiao, Z. (2022). Industrial policy and the rise of China’s strategic emerging industries. American Economic Association. https://www.aeaweb.org/conference/2023/program/paper/SQSRZ3Bk
  • World Economic Forum Insight Report. (2023). Fostering effective energy transition 2023. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/fostering-effective-energy-transition-2023/in-full
  • Yifan, J., Baiyu, G., & Geall, S. (2022). China’s five year plan for energy: One eye on security today, one on a low-carbon future. China Dialogue. https://chinadialogue.net/en/climate/chinas-five-year-plan-for-energy-one-eye-on-security-today-one-on-a-low-carbon-future/
  • Zhong, N. (2023). SOEs help China enter new green era. China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202303/13/WS640e8e34a31057c47ebb4167.html
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

M. Nergis Ataçay 0000-0002-9723-0536

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 27 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Ataçay, M. N. (2023). Çin’de Gelişen Bir Stratejik Sektör Olarak Yenilenebilir Enerji. Alınteri Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.30913/alinterisosbil.1392937