An Evolutionary Game-Theoretic Perspective on the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Öz
The Prisoner’s Dilemma is the canonical model in microeconomics for the tension between individual rationality and collective welfare. Standard game-theoretic analysis predicts that mutual defection is the unique Nash equilibrium, despite being Pareto-dominated by mutual cooperation. This study revisits the Prisoner’s Dilemma through the lens of evolutionary game theory, in which strategy frequencies in a population evolve according to differential payoffs. We derive the replicator equation for the one-shot game and show analytically that the all-defectors state is the unique asymptotically stable equilibrium and the unique evolutionarily stable strategy. We then extend the analysis to the infinitely repeated game with continuation probability , contrasting the reactive strategy Tit-for-Tat (TFT) with Always Defect (ALLD). We derive the critical continuation probability above which TFT becomes an ESS within the restricted two-strategy space (that is, resists invasion by ALLD), the bistable replicator dynamics that emerge in that regime, and a closed-form expression for the unstable interior equilibrium that separates the two basins of attraction. The bifurcation structure is interpreted economically as a precise formalisation of Axelrod’s “shadow of the future.” All results are derived from first principles and illustrated with numerical examples.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Published Works
- Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books.
- Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7466396
- Bergstrom, T. C. (2003). The algebra of assortative encounters and the evolution of cooperation. International Game Theory Review, 5(3), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219198903001021
- Eshel, I., & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1982). Assortment of encounters and evolution of cooperativeness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 79(4), 1331-1335. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.4.1331
- Fudenberg, D., & Maskin, E. (1986). The folk theorem in repeated games with discounting or with incomplete information. Econometrica, 54(3), 533-554. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911307
- Hofbauer, J., & Sigmund, K. (1998). Evolutionary games and population dynamics. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173179
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Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Oyun Teorisi
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Aras Yolusever
*
0000-0001-9810-2571
Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi
30 Eylül 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
11 Mayıs 2026
Kabul Tarihi
8 Haziran 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3